Measuring point defect density in individual carbon nanotubes using polarization-dependent X-ray microscopy

ACS Nano

Volumn 4, Issue 8, 2010, Pages 4431-4436

  Felten, Alexandre ^a   Gillon, Xavier ^a   Gulas, Michal ^a   Pireaux, Jean Jacques ^a   Ke, Xiaoxing ^b   Van Tendeloo, Gustaaf ^b   Bittencourt, Carla ^c   Najafi, Ebrahim ^d   Hitchcock, Adam P ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NAMUR   (Belgium)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ANTWERP   (Belgium)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MONS   (Belgium)

^d MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Carbon nanotube; Irradiation; NEXAFS; X ray spectromicroscopy

Indexed keywords

ANISOTROPIC NANOSTRUCTURES; CHARACTERIZATION TECHNIQUES; HIGH SPATIAL RESOLUTION; ION DOSE; KILOELECTRONVOLT; LINEAR DICHROISM; NANO-DEVICES; NANOTUBE DIAMETERS; NEXAFS; POLARIZATION DEPENDENCE; SPECIFIC LOCATION; STRUCTURAL DEFECT; X RAY MICROSCOPY; X-RAY SPECTROMICROSCOPY;

CARBON NANOTUBES; CHEMICAL PROPERTIES; DEFECTS; DICHROISM; ELECTRIC PROPERTIES; ELECTRON IRRADIATION; IONS; MECHANICAL PROPERTIES; POINT DEFECTS; POLARIZATION; X RAY MICROSCOPES; X RAYS;

DEFECT DENSITY;

CARBON NANOTUBE;

ARTICLE; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; CHEMISTRY; CONFORMATION; METHODOLOGY; MICROSCOPY; X RAY;

MICROSCOPY; MODELS, MOLECULAR; MOLECULAR CONFORMATION; NANOTUBES, CARBON; X-RAYS;

EID: 78650154871     PISSN: 19360851     EISSN: 1936086X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/nn1002248     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. Krasheninnikov, A. V.; Banhart, F. Engineering of Nanostructured Carbon Materials with Electron or Ion Beams. Nat. Mater. 2007, 6, 723-733.
2. Buongiorno Nardelli, M.; Fattebert, J.-L.; Orlikowski, D.; Roland, C.; Zhao, Q.; Bernholc, J. Mechanical Properties, Defects and Electronic Behavior of Carbon Nanotubes. Carbon 2000, 38, 1703-1711.
3. Charlier, J. C. Defects in Carbon Nanotubes. Acc. Chem. Res. 2002, 35, 1063-1069.
4. Raghuveer, M. S.; Kumar, A.; Frederick, M. J.; Louie, G. P.; Ganesan, P. G.; Ramanath, G. Site-Selective Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes. Adv. Mater. 2006, 18, 547-552.
5. Gómez-Navarro, C.; De Pablo, P. J.; Gomez-Herrero, J.; Biel, B.; Garcia-Vidal, F. J.; Rubio, A.; Flores, F. Tuning the Conductance of Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Ion Irradiation in the Anderson Localization Regime. Nat. Mater. 2005, 4, 534-539.
6. Felten, A.; Bittencourt, C.; Colomer, J.-F.; Van Tendeloo, G.; Pireaux, J.-J. Nucleation of Metal Clusters on Plasma Treated Multi Wall Carbon Nanotubes. Carbon 2007, 45,110-116.
7. Horvath, Z. E.; Koos, A. A.; Kertesz, K.; Molnar, G.; Vertesy, G.; Bein, M. C.; Frigyes, T.; Meszaros, Z.; Gyulai, J.; Biro, L. P. The Role of Defects in Chemical Sensing Properties of Carbon Nanotube Films. Appl. Phys. A: Mater. Sci. Process. 2008, 93, 495-504.
8. Jung, Y. J.; Homma, Y.; Vajtai, R.; Kobayashi, Y.; Ogino, T.; Ajayan, P. M. Straightening Suspended Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Ion Irradiation. Nano Lett. 2004, 4,1109-1113.
9. Terrones, M.; Banhart, F.; Grobert, N.; Charlier, J. C.; Terrones, H.; Ajayan, P. M. Molecular Junctions by Joining Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2002, 89,075505.
10. Gopal, V.; Radmilovic, V. R.; Daraio, C.; Jin, S.; Yang, P. D.; Stach, E. A. Rapid Prototyping of Site-Specific Nanocontacts by Electron and Ion Beam Assisted Direct-Write Nanolithography. Nano Lett. 2004, 4, 2059-2063.
11. Khan, F. M. The Physics of Radiation Therapy, 4th ed.; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Baltimore, MD, 2009.
12. Leffers, T.; Singh, B. Jernkontorets Ann. 1981, 165,58-62.
13. Banhart, F. Irradiation Effects in Carbon Nanostructures. Rep. Prog. Phys. 1999, 62, 1181-1221.
14. Doorn, S. K.; Zheng, L. X.; O'Connell, M. J.; Zhu, Y. T.; Huang, S. M.; Liu, J. Raman Spectroscopy and Imaging of Ultralong Carbon Nanotubes. J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 3751-3758. (Pubitemid 40402251)
15. Fan, Y.; Goldsmith, B. R.; Collins, P. G. Indentifying and Counting Point Defects in Carbon Nanotubes. Nat. Mater.2005, 4, 906-911.
16. Sfeir, M. Y.; Wang, F.; Huang, L. M.; Chuang, C. C.; Hone, J.; O'Brien, S. P.; Heinz, T. F.; Brus, L. E. Probing Electronic Transitions in Individual Carbon Nanotubes by Rayleigh Scattering. Science 2004, 306, 1540-1543.
17. Chakraborty, A. K.; Woolley, R. A. J.; Butenko, Y. V.; Dhanak, V. R.; Siller, L.; Hunt, M. R.C. A Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study of Ion-Irradiation Induced Defects in Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes. Carbon 2007, 45, 2744-2750.
18. Chao, W.; Harteneck, B. D.; Liddle, J. A.; Anderson, E. H.; Attwood, D. T. Soft X-ray Microscopy at Spatial Resolution Better than 15 nm. Nature 2005, 435, 1210-1213.
19. Najafi, E.; Hernández-Cruz, D.; Obst, M.; Hitchcock, A. P.; Douhard, B.; Pireaux, J. J.; Felten, A. Polarization Dependence of the C 1s X-ray Absorption Spectra of Individual Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. Small 2008, 4,2279-2285.
20. Najafi, E.; Hernández-Cruz, D.; Obst, M.; Hitchcock, A. P.; Felten, A.; Douhard, B.; Pireaux, J. J.; Kaznatcheev, K.; Karunakaran, C. Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopy of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 2009, 186, 012106-9.
21. Egerton, R. F. Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy in the Electron Microscope, 2nd ed.; Plenum Press: New York, 1996.
22. Bosman, M.; Watanabe, M.; Alexander, D. T. L.; Keast, V. J. Mapping Chemical and Bonding Information Using Multivariate Analysis of Electron Energy-Loss Spectrum Images. Ultramicroscopy 2006, 106, 1024-1032.
23. 2 Percentage and Crystal Orientation in Carbon Multilayers. Carbon 2009, 47,94-101.
24. Banerjee, S.; Hemraj-Benny, T.; Sambasivan, S.; Fischer, D. A.; Misewich, J. A.; Wong, S. S. Near-Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Investigations of Order in Carbon Nanotube-Based Systems. J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 8489-8495.
25. Grobert, N. Carbon Nanotubes - Becoming Clean. Mater. Today 2007, 10, 28-35.
26. Felten, A.; Bittencourt, C.; Pireaux, J. J.; Reichelt, M.; Mayer, J.; Hernandez-Cruz, D.; Hitchcock, A. P. Individual Multiwall Carbon Nanotube Spectroscopy by Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopy. Nano Lett. 2007, 7, 2435-2440.
27. Biersack, J. P.; Haggmark, L. A Monte Carlo Computer Program for the Transport of Energetic Ions in Amorphous Targets. Nucl. Instrum. Methods 1980, 174, 257-269. http://www.srim.org
28. Gao, B.; Wu, Z. Y.; Agren, H.; Luo, Y. Chirality and Diameter Dependent X-ray Absorption of Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes. J. Chem. Phys. 2009, 131, 034704-10.
29. Kilcoyne, A. L. D.; Tyliszczak, T.; Steele, W. F.; Fakra, S.; Hitchcock, P.; Franck, K.; Anderson, E.; Harteneck, B.; Rightor, E. G.; Mitchell, G. E.; Hitchcock, A. P.; Yang, L.; Warwick, T.; Ade, H. Interferometer-Controlled Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopes at the Advanced Light Source. J. Synchrotron Radiat. 2003, 10, 125-136.
30. Hernández-Cruz, D.; Hitchcock, A. P.; Tyliszczak, T.; Rousseau, M.-E.; Pézolet, M. In Situ Azimuthal Rotation Device for Linear Dichroism Measurements in Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopy. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 2007, 78,033703-9.
31. Kaznatcheev, K. V.; Karunakaran, Ch.; Lanke, U. D.; Urquhart, S. G.; Obst, M.; Hitchcock, A. P. Soft X-ray Spectromicroscopy Beamline at the CLS: Commissioning Results. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 2007, 582, 96-99.
32. Watts, B.; Ade, H. A Simple Method for Determining Linear Polarization and Energy Calibration of Focused Soft X-ray Beams. J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 2008, 162, 49-55.
33. Kim, S. H.; Mulholland, G. W.; Zachariah, M. R. Density Measurement of Size Selected Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes by Mobility-Mass Characterization. Carbon 2009, 47, 1297-1302.