A review on deep-sea fungi: Occurrence, diversity and adaptations

Botanica Marina

Volumn 53, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 479-492

  Raghukumar, Chandralata ^a   Damare, Samir R ^a   Singh, Purnima ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY   (India)

Author keywords

adaptations; culturing; deep sea; fungi; hydrostatic pressure

Indexed keywords

ABUNDANCE; ADAPTATION; DEEP-SEA BENTHOS; DEEP-SEA SEDIMENT; FUNGUS; HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE; LITERATURE REVIEW; SPECIES DIVERSITY; SPECIES OCCURRENCE;

FUNGI;

EID: 78649850965     PISSN: 00068055     EISSN: 14374323     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1515/BOT.2010.076     Document Type: Review

References (112)

1. Abe, F. 2004. Piezophysiology of yeast: occurrence and significance. Cell. Mol. Biol. 50: 437-445.
2. Abe, F. 2007. Induction of DAN/TIR yeast cell wall mannoprotein genes in response to high hydrostatic pressure and low temperature. FEBS Lett. 581: 4993-4998.
3. Abe, F. and K. Horikoshi. 1995. Hydrostatic pressure promotes the acidification of vacuoles in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 130: 307-312.
4. 2+. Biotechnol. Lett. 23: 2027-2034.
5. Abe, F., H. Minegishi, T. Miura, T. Nagahama, R. Usami and K. Horikoshi. 2006. Characterization of cold-and high-pressureactive polygalacturonases from a deep-sea yeast, Cryptococcus liquefaciens strain N6. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 70: 296-299.
6. Alexander, E., A. Stock, H.-W. Breiner, A. Behnke, J. Bunge, M. M. Yakimov and T. Stoeck. 2009. Microbial eukaryotes in the hypersaline anoxic L'Atalante deep-sea basin. Environ. Microbiol. 11: 360-381.
7. Alker, A. P., G. W. Smith and K. Kim. 2001. Characterization of Aspergillus sydowii (Thom & Church), a fungal pathogen of Caribbean Sea fan corals. Hydrobiologia 460: 105-111.
8. Alongi, D. M. 1990. Bacterial growth rates, production and estimates of detrital carbon utilization in deep-sea sediments of the Solomon and Coral Seas. Deep-Sea Res. 37: 731-746.
9. Amann, R. I. and B. M. Fuchs. 2008. Single-cell identification in microbial communities by improved fluorescence in situ hybridization techniques. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 6: 339-348.
10. Bailey, V. L., J. L. Smith and H. Bolton Jr. 2002. Fungal-to-bacterial ratios investigated for enhanced C sequestration. Soil Biol. Biochem. 34: 997-1007.
11. Balser, T. C., K. K. Treseder and M. Ekenler. 2005. Using lipid analysis and hyphal length to quantify AM and saprophytic fungal abundance along a soil chronosequence. Soil Biol. Biochem. 37: 601-604.
12. Barghoorn, E. S. and D. H. Linder. 1944. Marine fungi: their taxonomy and biology. Farlowia 1: 395-467.
13. Bartlett, D. H. 1991. Pressure sensing in deep-sea bacteria. Res. Microbiol. 142: 923-925.
14. Bass, D., A. Howe, N. Brown, H. Barton, M. Demidova, H. Michelle, L. Li, H. Sanders, S. C. C. Watkinson, S. Willcock and T. A. A. Richards. 2007. Yeast forms dominate fungal diversity in the deep oceans. Proc. R. Soc. B. 274: 3069-3077.
15. Beare, M. H., M. L. Cabrera, P. F. Hendrix and D. C. Coleman. 1994. Aggregate-protected and unprotected pools of organic matter in conventional and no-tillage soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 58: 787-795.
16. Berger, L. R. and L. Q. Tam. 1970. A method to grow obligately aerobic bacteria at increased hydrostatic pressure. Limnol. Oceanogr. 15: 483-493.
17. Bernhardt, G., R. Jaenicke and H. D. Lüdemann. 1987. High-pressure equipment for growing methanogenic microorganisms on gaseous substrates at high temperatures. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53: 1876-1879.
18. Biddle, J. F., C. H. House and J. E. Brenchley. 2005. Microbial stratification in deeply buried marine sediment reflects change in sulfate/methane profiles. Geobiology 3: 287-295.
19. Biddle, J. F., S. Fitz-Gibbon, S. C. Schuster, J. E. Brenchley and C. H. House. 2008. Metagenomic signatures of the Peru Margin subseafloor biosphere show a genetically distinct environment. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105: 10583-10588.
20. Bills, G. F. and J. D. Polishook. 1994. Abundance and diversity of microfungi in leaf litter of a lowland rain forest in Costa Rica. Mycologia 86: 187-198.
21. Bronick, C. J. and R. Lal. 2005. Soil structure and management: a review. Geoderma 124: 3-22.
22. Brown, M. V., G. K. Philip, J. A. Bunge, M. C. Smith, A. Bissett, F. M. Lauro, J. A. Fuhrman and S. P. Donachi. 2009. Microbial community structure in the North Pacific Ocean, three-domain marine community composition analysis. ISME J. 3: 1374-1386.
23. Burgaud, G., T. Le Calvez, D. Arzur, P. Vandenkoornhuyse and G. Barbier. 2009. Diversity of culturable marine filamentous fungi from deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Environ. Microbiol. 11: 1588-1600.
24. Burgaud, G., D. Arzur, L. Durand, M.-A. Cambon-Bonavita and G. Barbier. 2010. Marine culturable yeasts in deep-sea hydrothermal vents: species richness and association with fauna. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 73: 121-133.
25. Burns, R. G. 1978. Enzymes in soil: some theoretical and practical considerations. In: (R. G. Burns, ed) Soil enzymes. Academic Press, London. pp. 295-339.
26. Cao, L. 2010. Fungal communities of methane clathrate-bearing deep sea sediments. In: (K. N. Timmis, ed) Handbook of hydrocarbon and lipid microbiology. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. pp. 2226-2230.
27. Chiu, C. Y., T. H. Chen, K. Imberger and G. Tian. 2006. Particle size fractionation of fungal and bacterial biomass in subalpine grassland and forest soils. Geoderma 130: 265-271.
28. Chróst, R. J. 1991. Environmental control of the synthesis and activity of aquatic microbial ectoenzymes. In: (R. J. Chróst, ed) Microbial enzymes in aquatic environments. Springer-Verlag, New York. pp. 29-59.
29. Connell, L., A. Barrett, A. Templeton and H. Staudigel. 2009. Fungal diversity associated with an active deep sea volcano: Vailulu'u Seamount, Samoa. Geomicrobiol. J. 26: 597-605.
30. Damare, S. 2007. Deep-sea fungi: occurrence and adaptations. PhD Thesis, Goa University. 247 pp.
31. Damare, S. and C. Raghukumar. 2008. Fungi and macroaggregation in deep-sea sediments. Microb. Ecol. 56: 168-177.
32. Damare, S., C. Raghukumar and S. Raghukumar. 2006a. Fungi in deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Basin. Deep-Sea Res. I 53: 14-27.
33. Damare, S., C. Raghukumar, U. D. Muraleedharan and S. Raghukumar. 2006b. Deep-sea fungi as a source of alkaline and coldtolerant proteases. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 39: 172-181.
34. Damare, S., M. Nagarajan and C. Raghukumar. 2008. Spore germination of fungi belonging to Aspergillus species under deepsea conditions. Deep-Sea Res. I 55: 670-678.
35. Dang, H., H. Zhu, J. Wang and T. Li. 2009. Extracellular hydrolytic enzyme screening of culturable heterotrophic bacteria from deep-sea sediments of the Southern Okinawa Trough. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 25: 71-79.
36. Daniel, I., P. Oger and R. Winter. 2006. Origins of life and biochemistry under high-pressure conditions. Chem. Soc. Rev. 35: 858-875.
37. Domart-Coulon, L. J., C. S. Sinclair, R. T. Hill, S. Tambutté, S. Puverel and G. K. Ostrander. 2004. A basidiomycete isolated from the skeleton of Pocillopora damicornis (Scleractinia) selectively stimulates short-term survival of coral skeletogenic cells. Mar. Biol. 144: 583-592.
38. Dupont, J., S. Magnin, F. Rousseau, M. Zbinden, G. Frebourg, S. Samadi, B. R. de Forges and E. B. G. Jones. 2009. Molecular and ultrastructural characterization of two ascomycetes found on sunken wood off Vanuatu Islands in the deep Pacific Ocean. Mycol. Res. 113: 1351-1364.
39. Edgcomb, V. P., D. T. Kysela, A. Teske and A. de Vera Gomez. 2002. Benthic eukaryotic diversity in the Guaymas Basin hydrothermal vent environment. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 7658-7662.
40. Edgcomb, V. P., D. Beaudoin, R. Gast, J. F. Biddle and A. Teske. 2010. Marine subsurface eukaryotes: the fungal majority. Environ. Microbiol. Doi:10.111/j.1462-2920.2010.02318.x.
41. Fernandes, P. M. B. 2005. How does yeast respond to pressure? Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 38: 1239-1245.
42. Fernandes, P. M. B., M. Farina and E. Kurtenbach. 2001. Effect of hydrostatic pressure on the morphology and ultrastructure of wild-type and trehalose synthase mutant cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 32: 42-46.
43. Fernandes, P. M. B., T. Domitrovic, C. M. Cao and E. Kurtenbach. 2004. Genomic expression pattern in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells in response to high hydrostatic pressure. FEBS Lett. 556: 153-160.
44. Gadanho, M. and J. Sampaio. 2005. Occurrence and diversity of yeasts in the mid-Atlantic ridge hydrothermal fields near the Azores Archipelago. Microb. Ecol. 50: 408-417.
45. Gessner, M. O. and S. Y. Newell. 2001. Biomass, growth rate and production of filamentous fungi in plant litter. In: (C. J. Hurst, M. McInerney, L. Stetzenbach, G. Knudsen and M. Walter, eds) Manual of environmental microbiology, 2nd edition. ASM Press, Washington DC, USA.
46. Giovannoni, S. J. and U. Stingl. 2007. The importance of culturing bacterioplankton in the "omics" age. Nature Rev. Microbiol. 5: 820-826.
47. Golubic, S., G. Radtke and T. Le Campion-Alsumard. 2005. Endolithic fungi in marine ecosystems. Trends Microbiol. 13: 229-235.
48. Groß, M., I. J. Kosmoswosky, R. Lorenz, H. P. Molitoris and R. Jaenicke. 1994. Response of bacteria and fungi to high-pressure stress as investigated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 15: 1559-1565.
49. Helmke, E. 1979. Zur Kultivierung von aeroben Actinomyceten mariner und terrestrischer Herkunft unter hydrostatischem Druck. Veröffent. Inst. Meeresforsch. Bremerhv. 18: 1-20.
50. Höhnk, W. 1969. Über den pilzlichen Befall kalkiger Hartteile von Meerestieren. Ber. Dtsch. Wiss. Komm. Meeresforsch. 20: 129-140.
51. Hoppe, H. G. 1983. Significance of exoenzymatic activities in the Indian Ocean: phenomena of phosphatase activity in the mesopelagic zone. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 19: 139-148.
52. Hyde, K. D., E. B. G. Jones and S. T. Moss. 1986. Mycelial adhesion to surfaces. In: (S. T. Moss, ed) The biology of marine fungi. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. pp. 331-340.
53. Ivanova, A. E. and O. E. Marfenina. 2001. The effect of ecological factors on spore germination and the viability of the mycelial fragments of microscopic fungi. Microbiology 70: 195-199.
54. Iwahashi, H., S. C. Kaul, K. Obuchi and Y. Komatsu. 1991. Induction of barotolerance by heat shock treatment in yeast. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 80: 325-328.
55. Iwahashi, H., H. Shimizu, M. Odani and Y. Komatsu. 2003. Piezophysiology of genome wide gene expression levels in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Extremophiles 7: 291-298.
56. Iwahashi, H., M. Odani, E. Ishidou and E. Kitagawa. 2005. Adaptation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to high hydrostatic pressure causing growth inhibition. FEBS Lett. 579: 2847-2852.
57. Jannasch, H. W. and C. O. Wirsen. 1977. Microbial life in the deep sea. Sci. Am. 6: 42-52.
58. Jannasch, H. W., C. O. Wirsen and C. L. Winget. 1973. A bacteriological pressure-retaining deep-sea sampler and culture vessel. Deep-Sea Res. 20: 661-664.
59. Jebraj, C. S. and C. Raghukumar. 2009. Anaerobic denitrification in fungi from the coastal marine sediments off Goa, India. Mycol. Res. 113: 100-109.
60. Kandeler, E., M. Stemmer and E. M. Klimanek. 1999. Response of soil microbial biomass, urease and xylanase within particle-size fractions to long-term soil management. Soil Biol. Biochem. 31: 261-273.
61. Kato, C. 1999. Barophiles (piezophiles). In: (K. Horikoshi and K. Tsujii, eds) Extremophiles in deep-sea environments. Springer-Verlag, Tokyo. pp. 91-111.
62. Kirk, P. W. Jr. 1980. The mycostatic effect of seawater on spores of terrestrial and marine higher fungi. Bot. Mar. 23: 233-238.
63. Kohlmeyer, J. 1977. New genera and species of higher fungi from the deep sea (1615-5315 m). Rev. Mycol. 41: 189-206.
64. Kohlmeyer, J. and E. Kohlmeyer. 1979. Marine mycology: the higher fungi. Academic Press, New York. 690 pp.
65. Lai, X., L. Cao, H. Tan, S. Fang, Y. Huang and S. Zhou. 2007. Fungal communities from methane hydrate-bearing deep-sea marine sediments in South China Sea. ISME. J. 1: 756-762.
66. Le Calvez, T., G. Burgaud, S. Mahe, G. Barbier and P. Vandenkoornhuyse. 2009. Fungal diversity in deep-sea hydrothermal ecosystems. App. Environ. Microbiol. 75: 6415-6421.
67. Lindquist, S. and E. A. Craig. 1988. The heat-shock proteins. Ann. Rev. Genet. 22: 631-677.
68. Liu, H., H. P. Herbert and H. P. Fang. 2002. Extraction of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of sludges. J. Biotechnol. 95: 249-256.
69. Lopez-Garcia, P., F. Rodriguez-Valera, C. Pedros-Allo and D. Moreira. 2001. Unexpected diversity of small eukaryotes in deep-sea Antarctic plankton. Nature 409: 603-607.
70. Lopez-Garcia, P., H. Philip, F. Gail and D. Moreira. 2003. Autochthonous eukaryotic diversity in hydrothermal sediment and experimental microcolonizers at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100: 697-702. (Pubitemid 36126115)
71. Lopez-Garcia, P., A. Vereshchaka and D. Moreira. 2007. Eukaryotic diversity associated with carbonates and fluid-seawater interface in Lost City hydrothermal field. Environ. Microbiol. 9: 546-554.
72. Lorenz, R. and H. P. Molitoris. 1992. High pressure cultivation of marine fungi: apparatus and method. Colloq. INSERM 224: 537-539.
73. Mille-Lindblom, C., E. Wachenfeldt and L. J. Tranvik. 2004. Ergosterol as a measure of living fungal biomass: persistence in environmental samples after fungal death. J. Microbiol. Methods 59: 253-262.
74. Miller, J. F., E. L. Almond, N. N. Shah, J. M. Ludlow, J. A. Zollweg, W. B. Street and S. H. Zinder. 1988. High pressure-temperature bioreactor for studying pressure temperature relationships in bacterial growth and productivity. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 31: 404-413.
75. Miura, T., F. Abe, A. Inoue, R. Usami and K. Horikoshi. 2001. Purification and characterization of novel extracellular endopolygalacturonases from a deep-sea yeast, Cryptococcus sp. N6, isolated from the Japan Trench. Biotechnol. Lett. 23: 1735-1739.
76. Molope, M. B., I. C. Grieve and E. R. Page. 1987. Contributions of fungi and bacteria to aggregate stability of cultivated soils. J. Soil Sci. 38: 71-77.
77. Moreira, D. and P. Lopez-Garcia. 2003. Are hydrothermal vents oases for parasitic protists? Trends Parasitol. 19: 556-558.
78. Nagano, Y., T. Nagahama, Y. Hatada, T. Numoura, H. Takami, J. Miyazaki, K. Takai and K. Horikoshi. 2010. Fungal diversity in deep-sea sediments - the presence of novel fungal groups. Fungal Ecol. 3: 316-325.
79. Newell, S. Y. 1996. Established and potential impacts of eukaryotic mycelial decomposers in marine/terrestrial ecotones. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 200: 187-206.
80. Parkes, R. J., G. Webster, B. A. Cragg, A. J. Weightman, C. J. Newberry, T. G. Ferdelman, J. Kallmeyer, B. B. Jorgensen, I. W. Aiello and J. C. Fry. 2005. Deep sub-seafloor prokaryotes stimulated at interfaces over geological time. Nature 436: 390-394.
81. Pettit, R. K. 2010. Culturability and secondary metabolite diversity of extreme microbes: Expanding contribution of deep-sea and deep-sea vent microbes to natural product discovery. Mar. Biotechnol. Doi: 10.1007/s10126-010-9294-y.
82. Poulicek, M., R. Machiroux and C. Toussaint. 1986. Chitin diagenesis in deep-water sediments. In: (R. Muzzarelli, C. Jeunix and G. W. Gooday, eds) Chitin in nature and technology. Plenum Press, New York. pp. 523-530.
83. Raghukumar, C. 2008. Marine fungal biotechnology: an ecological perspective. Fungal Divers. 31: 19-35.
84. Raghukumar, C. and S. R. Damare. 2008. Deep-sea fungi. In: (C. Michiels, D. H. Bartlett and A. Aertsen, eds) High-pressure microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC, USA. pp. 265-292.
85. Raghukumar, C. and S. Raghukumar. 1998. Barotolerance of fungi isolated from deep-sea sediments of the Indian Ocean. Aquat. Microbiol. Ecol. 15: 153-163.
86. Raghukumar, C., S. Raghukumar, S. Sharma and D. Chandramohan. 1992. Endolithic fungi from deep-sea calcareous substrate: isolation and laboratory studies. In: (B. N. Desai, ed) Oceanography of the Indian Ocean. Oxford & IBH, New Delhi. pp. 3-9.
87. Raghukumar, C., G. Sheelu, P. A. Loka Bharati, S. Nair and C. Mohandass. 2001. Microbial biomass and organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin. Mar. Geores. Geotechnol. 19: 1-16.
88. Raghukumar, C., S. Raghukumar, G. Sheelu, S. M. Gupta, B. Nagender Nath and B. R. Rao. 2004. Buried in time: culturable fungi in a deep-sea sediment core from the Chagos Trench, Indian Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. I 51: 1759-1768.
89. Raghukumar, C., N. B. Nath, R. Sharma, P. A. Loka Bharathi and S. G. Dalal. 2006. Long-term changes in microbial and biochemical parameters in the Central Indian Basin. Deep-Sea Res. I 53: 1695-1717.
90. Raghukumar, C., S. R. Damare, U. D. Muraleedharan. 2009. A process for the production of low temperature-active alkaline protease from a deep-sea fungus. European patent No. EP1692296 (B1) dated 15.04.2009.
91. Roth, F. J., P. A. Orpurt Jr and D. G. Ahearn. 1964. Occurrence and distribution of fungi in a subtropical marine environment. Can. J. Bot. 42: 375-383.
92. Selbmann, L., F. Stingele and M. Petruccioli. 2003. Exopolysaccharide production by filamentous fungi: the example of Botryosphaeria rhodina. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 84: 135-145.
93. Singh, P., C. Raghukumar, P. Verma and Y. Shouche. 2010. Phylogenetic diversity of culturable fungi from the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Basin and their growth characteristics. Fungal Divers. 40: 89-102.
94. Snelgrove, P. V. R., T. H. Blackburn, P. Hutchings, D. Alongi, J. F. Grassle, H. Hummel, G. King, I. Koike, P. J. D. Lambshead, N. B. Ramsing, V. Solis-Weiss and D. W. Freckman. 1997. The importance of marine sediment biodiversity in ecosystem processes. Ambio 26: 578-582.
95. Stevenson, F. J. 1994. Humus chemistry, genesis, composition, reactions. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ. pp. 497.
96. Stoecker, K., C. Dorninger, H. Daims and M. Wagner. 2010. Double labeling of oligonucleotide probes for fluorescence in situ hybridization (DOPE-FISH) improves signal intensity and increases rRNA accessibility. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76: 922-926.
97. Suberkropp, K. and H. Meyers. 1996. Application of fungal and bacterial production methodologies to decomposing leaves in streams. App. Environ. Microbiol. 62: 1610-1615.
98. Synnes, M. 2007. Bioprospecting of organisms from the deep sea: scientific and environmental aspects. Clean Tech. Environ. Policy 9: 53-59.
99. Takami, H. 1999. Isolation and characterization of microorganisms from deep-sea mud. In: (K. Horikoshi and K. Tsujii, eds) Extremophiles in deep-sea environments. Springer, Tokyo, pp. 3-26.
100. Takishita, K., M. Tsuchiya, J. D. Reimer and T. Maruyama. 2006. Molecular evidence demonstrating the basidiomycetous fungus Cryptococcus curvatus is the dominant microbial eukaryote in sediment at the Kuroshima Knoll methane seep. Extremophiles 10: 165-169.
101. Takishita, K., N. Yubuki, N. Kakizoe, Y. Inagaki and T. Maruyama. 2007. Diversity of microbial eukaryotes in sediment at a deepsea methane cold seep: surveys of ribosomal DNA libraries from raw sediment samples and two enrichment cultures. Extremophiles 11: 563-576.
102. Tisdall, J. M. and J. M. Oades. 1982. Organic matter and water-stable aggregates in soils. J. Soil Sci. 33: 141-163.
103. Turley, C. M. and J. L. Dixon. 2002. Bacterial numbers and growth in surficial deep-sea sediments and phytodetritus in the NE Atlantic: Relationships with particulate organic carbon and total nitrogen. Deep-Sea Res. I 49: 815-826.
104. Van Veen, J. A. and E. A. Paul. 1979. Conversion of biovolume measurements of soil organisms, grown under various moisture tensions, to biomass and their nutrient content. App. Environ. Microbiol. 37: 686-692.
105. Whitman, W. B., D. C. Coleman and W. J. Wiebe. 1998. Prokaryotes: the unseen majority. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 6578-6583.
106. Yamasato, K., S. Goto, K. Ohwada, D. Okuno, H. Araki and H. Iizuka. 1974. Yeasts from the Pacific Ocean. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 20: 289-307.
107. Yanagibayashi, M., Y. Nogi, L. Li and C. Kato. 1999. Changes in the microbial community in Japan Trench sediment from a depth of 6292 m during cultivation without decompression. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 170: 271-279.
108. Yayanos, A. A. 1979. Isolation of a deep-sea barophilic bacterium and some of its growth characteristics. Science 205: 808-810.
109. Zengler, K., G. Toledo, M. Rappe, J. Elkins, E. J. Mathur, J. M. Short and M. Keller. 2002. Cultivating the uncultured. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 26: 15681-15686.
110. ZoBell, C. E. and F. H. Johnson. 1949. The influence of hydrostatic pressure on the growth and viability of terrestrial and marine bacteria. J. Bacteriol. 57: 179-189.
111. ZoBell, C. E. and R. Y. Morita. 1957. Barophilic bacteria in some deep-sea sediments. J. Bacteriol. 73: 563-568.
112. Zuccaro, A., R. C. Summerbell, W. Gams, H.-F. Schroers and J. I. Mitchell. 2004. A new Acremonium species associated with Fucus spp., and its affinity with a phylogenetically distinct marine Emericellopsis clade. Stud. Mycol. 50: 283-297.