Sources and risk factors for contamination, survival, persistence, and heat resistance of Salmonella in low-moisture foods

Journal of Food Protection

Volumn 73, Issue 10, 2010, Pages 1919-1936

  Podolak, Richard ^a   Enache, Elena ^a   Stone, Warren ^a   Black, Darryl G ^a   Elliott, Philip H ^a  

^a Grocery Manufacturers Association   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARACHIS HYPOGAEA; SALMONELLA;

EID: 78649390672     PISSN: 0362028X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4315/0362-028X-73.10.1919     Document Type: Review

References (134)

1. Abd, S. J., K. L. McCarthy, and L. J. Harris. 2008. Use of the Weibull model to evaluate the impact of storage time and temperature on thermal inactivation of Salmonella Enteritidis PT 30 on oil-roasted almonds. P1-33, IAFP 2008 Abstract Book. IAFP annual meeting, Columbus, OH, 3 to 6 August.
2. Abee, T., and J. A. Wouters. 1999. Microbial stress response in minimal processing. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 50:65-91.
3. Almond Board of California. 2007. Processing authority kit.
4. Almond Board of California. 2007. Guidelines for validation of oil roasting processes, v 1.0, index VG003, Modesto, CA.
5. Anriany, Y. A., R. M. Weiner, J. A. Johnson, C. E. De Rezende, and S. W. Joseph. 2001. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104 displays a rugose phenotype. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67: 4048-4056.
6. Archer, J., E. T. Jervis, J. Bird, and J. E. Gaze. 1998. Heat resistance of Salmonella Weltevreden in low-moisture environments. J. Food Prot. 61:969-973.
7. Baird-Parker, A. C., M. Boothroyd, and M. Jones. 1970. The effect of water activity on the heat resistance of heat sensitive and heat resistant strains of salmonellae. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 33:515-22.
8. Barrile, J. C., and J. F. Cone. 1970. Effect of added moisture on the heat resistance of Salmonella Anatum in milk chocolate. Appl. Microbiol. 19:177-178.
9. Barrile, J. C., J. F. Cone, and P. G. Keeney. 1970. A study of salmonellae survival in milk chocolate. Manuf. Confect. 50:34-39.
10. Bell, C., and A. Kyriakides. 2002. Salmonella-a practical approach to the organism and its control in foods. Blackwell Science, Malden,MA.
11. Betts, R. 2007. "Water, water, everywhere nor any drop to drink"-The problem of Salmonella in low-moisture foods. IAFP Special Interest Session on Salmonella growth, persistence and survival in low-moisture foods and their environment-strategies for control. 94th Annu. Meet. IAFP, Buena Vista, FL, 8 to 11 July 2007.
12. Beuchat, L. R. 2009. Behavior of Salmonella in foods with low water activity. Presentation at IAFP Rapid response symposium "Salmonella in peanut butter products: understanding the risk and controlling the process," Arlington, VA, 26 March 2009.
13. Beuchat, L. R., and E. K. Heaton. 1975. Salmonella survival on pecans as influenced by processing and storage conditions. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 29:795-801.
14. Booth, J. 21 July 2006. Cadbury's chocolate caused Salmonella outbreak. Times Online. Available at: http://www.timesonline.co.uk/ article/0,2-2280121, 00.html. Accessed 26 May 2010.
15. Breuer, T. 1999. CDC investigations: the May 1998 outbreak of Salmonella Agona linked to cereal. Cereal Foods World 44:185-186.
16. Brockman, S. O., I. Piechotowski, and P. Kimmig. 2004. Salmonella in sesame seed products. J. Food Prot. 67:178-180.
17. Bucher, O., J. Y. D'Aoust, and R. A. Holley. 2008. Thermal resistance of Salmonella serovars isolated from raw, frozen chicken nuggets-strips, nugget meat and pelleted broiler feed. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 124:195-198.
18. Burnett, S. L., E. R. Gehm, W. R. Weissinger, and L. R. Beuchat. 2000. Survival of Salmonella in peanut butter and peanut butter spread. J. Appl. Microbiol. 89:472-477.
19. Busta, F. F., and M. L. Speck. 1968. Antimicrobial effect of cocoa on salmonellae. Appl. Microbiol. 16:424-425.
20. Butcher, G. D., and R. D. Miles. 1995. Minimizing contamination in feed mills producing poultry feed. Veterinary Medicine-Large Animal Clinical Sciences Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville.
21. Caro, A., P. Got., J. Lesne, S. Binard, and Bernard Baleux. 1999. Viability and virulence of experimentally stressed nonculturable Salmonella Typhimurium. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65:3229-3232.
22. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1993. Salmonella serotype Tennessee in powdered milk products and infant formula- Canada and United States, 1993. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 42:516-517.
23. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1998. Multistate outbreak of Salmonella serotype Agona infections linked to toasted oats cereal-United States, April-May 1998. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 47:462-464.
24. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2007. Multistate outbreak of Salmonella serotype Tennessee infections associated with peanut butter-United States, 2006-2007. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 56:521-524.
25. Chen, Y., V. N. Scott, T. A. Freier, J. Kuehm, M. Moorman, J. Meyer, T. Morille-Hinds, L. Post, L. A. Smoot, S. Hood, J. Shebuski, and J. Banks. 2009. Control of Salmonella in lowmoisture foods II: hygiene practices to minimize Salmonella contamination and growth. Food Prot. Trends 29:435-445.
26. Chen, Y., V. N. Scott, T. A. Freier, J. Kuehm, M. Moorman, J. Meyer, T. Morille-Hinds, L. Post, L. A. Smoot, S. Hood, J.Shebuski, and J. Banks. 2009. Control of Salmonella in lowmoisture foods III: process validation and environmental monitoring. Food Prot. Trends 26:493-508.
27. Chiewchan, N., W. Pakdee, and S. Devahastin. 2007. Effect of water activity on thermal resistance of Salmonella Krefeld in liquid medium and on rawhide surface. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 114:43-49.
28. Christian, J. H. B. 2000. Drying and reduction of water activity, pp. 146-174. In B. Lund, A. Baird-Parker, and G. M. Gould (ed.), The microbiological safety and quality of food. Aspen Publishers, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD.
29. Christian, J. H. B., and B. J. Stewart. 1973. Survival of Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella Newport in died foods, as influenced by water activity and oxygen, p. 107-119. In B. C. Hobbs and J. H. B. Christian (ed.), The microbiological safety of foods. Academic Press, London.
30. Clark, C., J. Cunningham, R. Ahmed, D. Woodward, K. Fonseca, S. Isaacs, A. Ellis, C. Anand, K. Ziebell, A. Muckle, P. Sockett, and F. Rodgers. 2001. Characterization of Salmonella associated with pig ear dog treats in Canada. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39:3962-3968.
31. Craven, P. C., D. C. Mackel, W. B. Baine, W. H. Barker, and E. J. Gangarosa. 1975. International outbreak of Salmonella Eastbourne infection traced to contaminated chocolate. Lancet 1:788-792.
32. Crumrine, M. H., V. D Foltz, and J. O. Harris. 1971. Transmission of Salmonella Montevideo in wheat by stored-product insects. Appl. Microbiol. 22:578-580.
33. D'Aoust, J.-Y. 1977. Salmonella and the chocolate industry: a review. J. Food Prot. 40:718-727.
34. D'Aoust, J.-Y., and A. M. Sewell. 1986. Slow rehydration for detection of Salmonella spp. in feeds and feed ingredients. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 51:1220-1223.
35. Dega, C. A., J. M. Goepfert, and C. H. Amundson. 1972. Heat resistance of salmonellae in concentrated milk. Appl. Microbiol. 23:415-420.
36. De Rezende, C. L. E., E. T. Mallinson, A. Gupta, and S. W. Joseph. 2001. Salmonella spp. are affected by different levels of water activity in closed microcosms. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 26: 222-225.
37. Doyle, M. E., and A. S. Mazzotta. 2000. Review of studies on the thermal resistance of salmonellae. J. Food Prot. 63:779-795.
38. Du, M., J. Chen, X. Zhang, A. Li, Y. Li, and Y. Wang. 2007. Retention of virulence in a viable but nonculturable Edwardsiella tarda isolate. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73:1349-1354.
39. Earnshaw, R. G., J. Appleyard, and R. M. Hurst.1995. Understanding physical inactivation process: combined preservation opportunities using heat, ultrasound and pressure. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 28:197-219.
40. Ehret, E. 2009. Salmonella in peanut products: understanding the risk and controlling the process. Overview of a 2007 voluntary recall. GMA Rapid Response Symposium, Arlington, VA, 23 March 2009.
41. Elliot, E. L. 2005. Salmonella Enteritidis outbreak from raw almonds. Food Saf. Mag. 11:3, 24, 26, 28-32.
42. European Commission. 2003. Opinion of the scientific committee on veterinary measures relating to public health on salmonellae in foodstuffs (adopted on 14 and 15 April 2003). Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/ scv/out66-en.pdf. Accessed 26 May 2010.
43. Evans, M. R., J. P Tromans, E. L. S. Dexter, C. D. Ribeiro, and D. Gardner. 1996. Consecutive Salmonella outbreaks traced to the same baker. Epidemiol. Infect. 116:161-167.
44. Flowers, R. S. 2004. Salmonella, pp. 3-6. In Bacteria associated with foodborne diseases. Institute of Food Technologists. Available at: http://www.ift.org/Knowledge%20Center/Read%20IFT% 20Publications/ Science%20Reports/Scientific%20Status%20Summaries/ Bacteria%20Associated%20with%20Foodborne%20Diseases.aspx. Accessed 26 May 2010.
45. Foster, J. W., and M. P. Spector. 1995. How Salmonella survive against the odds. Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 49:145-74.
46. Funk, J. 5 April 2007. Moisture led to Salmonella outbreak. AP News. Available at: http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2007-04-05-160772288-x.htm? loc=interstitialskip. Accessed 26 May 2010.
47. George, S. M., L. C. C. Richardson, I. E. Pol, and M. W. Peck. 1998. Effect of oxygen concentration and redox potential on recovery of sublethally heat-damaged cells of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enteritidis and Listeria monocytogenes. J. Appl. Microbiol. 84:903-909.
48. Gill, O. N., P. N. Sockett, C. L. Bartlett, M. S. Vaile, B. Rowe, R. J. Gilbert, C. Dulake, H. C. Murrell, and S. Salmaso. 1983. Outbreak of Salmonella napoli infection caused by contaminated chocolate bars. Lancet 12:574-577.
49. Goepfert, J. M., and R. A. Biggie. 1968. Heat resistance of Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Senftenberg 775W in milk chocolate. Appl. Microbiol. 16:1939-1940.
50. Goepfert, J. M., I. K. Iskander, and C. H. Amundson. 1970. Relation of the heat resistance of salmonellae to the water activity of the environment. Appl. Microbiol. 19:429-433.
51. Greenwood, M. H., and W. L. Hooper. 1983. Chocolate bars contaminated with Salmonella napoli: an infectivity study. Brit. Med. J. 286:1394.
52. Grocery Manufacturers Association. 2009. Control of Salmonella in low-moisture foods. Available at: http://www.gmaonline.org/science/ SalmonellaControlGuidance.pdf. Accessed 26 May 2010.
53. Grocery Manufacturers Association. 2010. Equipment design checklist for low moisture foods. Available at: http://www.gmaonline.org/science/GMA- Equipment-Design-Checklist-January2010.xls. Accessed 26 May 2010.
54. Gupte, A. R., C. L. E. de Rezende, and S. W. Joseph. 2003. Induction and resuscitation of viable but nonculturable Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69:6669-6675.
55. Hall, P. 2008. Salmonella in sesame seed products. Recontamination issue in the food processing industry: what, where and how important are they. IAFP Latin America Symposium on Food Safety, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil, 26 to 28 May 2008.
56. Harris, L. J. 2008. Salmonella-factors affecting resistance to heat. International Association for Food Protection Symposium 8- Validating processes for reducing Salmonella in low water activity foods. IAFP annual meeting, Columbus, OH, 3 to 6 August 2008.
57. Hedberg, C. W., J. A. Korlath, J.-Y. D'Aoust, K. E. White, W. L. Schell, M. R. Miller, D. N. Cameron, K. L. MacDonald, and M. T. Osterholm. 1992. A multistate outbreak of Salmonella Javiana and Salmonella Oranienburg infections due to consumption of contaminated cheese. JAMA 22:3204-3208.
58. Hensel, H., K. Brück, and P. Raths. 1973. Homeothermic organisms, p. 503-761. In H. Precht, J. Christophersen, H. Hensel, and W. Larcher (ed.), Temperature and life. Springer, New York.
59. Hills, B. P., C. E. Manning, Y. Ridge and T. Brocklehurst. 1997. Water availability and the survival of Salmonella typhimurium in porous systems. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 36:187-98.
60. Hiramatsu, R., M. Matsumoto, K. Sakae, and Y. Miyazaki. 2005. Ability of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. to survive in a desiccation model system and in dry foods. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:6657-6663.
61. Hockin, J. C., J.-Y. D'Aoust, D. Bowering, J. H. Jessop, B. Khanna, H. Lior, and M. E. Milling. 1989. An international outbreak of Salmonella Nima from imported chocolate. J. Food Prot. 52:51-54.
62. Horner, K. J., and G. D. Anagnostopoulos. 1972. Viability of Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Senftenberg heated and recovered on a solid medium of controlled water activity. J. Sci. Food Agric. 23:543-544.
63. International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods. 2005. Cereals and cereal products, section IV, flour, starches, and meals, p. 409-413; Nuts, oilseeds, and dried legumes, section VI, legume products, p. 460-461. In Microorganisms in foods 6: microbial ecology of food commodities, 2nd ed. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers. New York.
64. Isaacs, S., J. Aramini, B. Ceibin, J. A. Farrar, R. Ahmed, D. Middleton, A. U. Chandran, L. J. Harris, M. Howes, E. Chan, A. S. Pichette, K. Campbell, A. Gupta, L. Y. Lior, M. Pearce, C. Clark, F. Rodgers, F. Jamieson, I. Brophy, and A. Ellis. 2005. An international outbreak of salmonellosis associated with raw almonds contaminated with a rare phage type of Salmonella Enteritidis. J. Food Prot. 68:191-198.
65. Janning, B., P. H. in't Veld, S. Notermans, and J. Kramer. 1994. Resistance of bacterial strains to dry conditions: use of anhydrous silica gel in a desiccation model system. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 77:319-324.
66. Jung, Y. S., and L. R. Beuchat. 1999. Survival of multidrug-resistant Salmonella typhimurium DT104 in egg powders as affected by water activity and temperature. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 49:1-8.
67. Juven, B. J., N. A. Cox, J. S. Bailey, J. E. Thomson, O. W. Charles, and J. V. Shutze. 1984. Survival of Salmonella in dry food and feed. J. Food Prot. 47:445-448.
68. Kapperud, G., J. Lassen, K. Dommarsnes, B. E. Kristiansen, D. A. Caugant, E. Ask, and M. Jahkola. 1990. Outbreak of Salmonella typhimurium infection traced to contaminated chocolate and caused by a strain lacking the 60-megadalton virulence plasmid. J. Clin. Microbiol. 28:2597-2601.
69. Kieboom, J., K. D. Harshi, M. H. Tempelaars, W. C. Hazeleger, T. Abee, and R. R. Beumer. 2006. Survival, elongation, and elevated tolerance of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis at reduced water activity. J. Food Prot. 69:2681-2686.
70. Kirby, R. M., and R. Davies. 1990. Survival of dehydrated cells of Salmonella typhimurium LT2 at high temperatures. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 68:241-246.
71. Kirk, M. D., C. L. Little, M. Lem, M. Fyre, D. Genobile, A. Tan, J. Threlfall, A. Paccagnella, D. Lightfoot, H. Lyi, L. McIntyre, L. Ward, D. J. Brown, S. Surnam, and I. S. Fisher. 2004. An outbreak due to peanuts in their shell caused by Salmonella enterica serotypes Stanley and Newport-sharing molecular information to solve international outbreaks. Epidemiol. Infect. 132:571-577.
72. Koch, J., A. Schrauder, K. Alpers, D. Werber, C. Frank, R. Prager, W. Rabsch, S. Broll, F. Feil, P. Roggentin, J. Bockemuhl, H. Tschape, A. Ammon, and K. Stark. 2005. Salmonella Agona outbreak from contaminated aniseed, Germany. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 11:1124-1128.
73. Kopanic, R. J., B. W. Sheldon, and C. G. Wright. 1994. Cockroaches as vectors of Salmonella: laboratory and field trials.J. Food Prot. 57:125-132.
74. Kotzekidou, P. 1998. Microbial stability and fate of Salmonella Enteritidis in halva, a low-moisture confection. J. Food Prot. 61: 181-185.
75. Kusumaningrum, H. D., G. Riboldi, W. C. Hazeleger, and R. R. Beumer. 2003. Survival of foodborne pathogens on stainless steel surfaces and cross-contamination to foods. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 85:227-236.
76. Lee, B., S. Kermasha, and B. E. Baker. 1989. Thermal, ultrasonic and ultraviolet inactivation of Salmonella in thin films of aqueous media and chocolate. Food Microbiol. 6:143-152.
77. Lee, S. Y., S. W. Oh, H. J. Chung, J. I. Reyes-De-Corcuera, J. R. Powers, and D. H. Kang. 2006. Reduction of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis on the surface of raw shelled almonds by exposure to steam. J. Food Prot. 69:591-595.
78. Lehmacher, A., J. Bockemuhl, and S. Aleksic. 1995. Nationwide outbreak of human salmonellosis in Germany due to contaminated paprika and paprika-powdered potato chips. Epidemiol. Infect. 115: 501-511.
79. Lesne, J., S. Berthet, S. Binard, A. Rouxel, and F. Humbert. 2000. Changes in culturability and virulence of Salmonella typhimurium during long-term starvation under desiccating conditions. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 60:195-203.
80. Lewis, D. A., R. Paramathasan, D. G. White, L. S. Neil, A. C. Tanner, S. D. Hill, J. C. Bruce, J. M. Stuart, A. M. Ridley, and E. J. Threlfall. 1996. Marshmallows cause an outbreak of infection with Salmonella Enteritidis phage type 4. Commun. Dis. Rep. CDR Rev. 6:R183-R186.
81. Li Cari, J., and N. Potter. 1970. Salmonella survival during spray drying and subsequent handling of skim milk powder. III. Effect of storage temperature on Salmonella and dried milk properties. J. Dairy Sci. 53:876-882.
82. Liu, T. S., G. H. Snoeyenbos, and V. L. Carlson. 1969. Thermal resistance of Salmonella Senftenberg 775W in dry animal feeds. Avian Dis. 13:611-631.
83. Lund, B. M., and T. Eklund. 2000. Control of pH and use of organic acids, p. 175-199. In B. M. Lund, T. C. Baird-Parker, and G. W. Gould (ed.), Microbiological safety and quality of food. Aspen Publishers, Gaithersburg, MD.
84. Ma, L., G. Zhang, P. Gerner-Smidt, Y. Mantripragada, I. Ezeoke, and M. P. Doyle. 2009. Thermal inactivation of Salmonella in peanut butter. J. Food Prot. 8:1596-1601.
85. Mattick, K. L., F. Jørgensen, J. D. Legan, M. B. Cole, J. Porter, H. M. Lappin-Scott, and T. J. Humphrey. 2000. Survival and filamentation of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis PT4 and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104 at low water activity. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66:1274-1279.
86. Mattick, K. L., F. Jorgensen, P. Wang, J. Pound, M. H. Vandeven, L. R. Ward, J. D. Legan, H. M. Lappin-Scott, and T. J. Humphrey.2001. Effect of challenge temperature and solute type on heat tolerance of Salmonella serovars at low water activity. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67: 4128-4136.
87. Mattick, K. L., R. J. Rowbury, and T. J. Humphrey. 2003. Morphological changes to Escherichia coli O157:H7, commensal E. coli and Salmonella spp. in response to marginal growth conditions, with special reference to mildly stressing temperatures. Sci. Prog. 86:1031-13.
88. McDonough, F. E., and R. E. Hargrove. 1968. Heat resistance of Salmonella in dried milk. J. Dairy Sci. 51:1587-1591.
89. 89. McMeechan, A., M. Roberts, T. A. Cogan, F. Jorgensen, A. Stevenson, C. Lewis, G. Rowley, and T. J. Humphrey. 2007. Role of the alternative sigma factors sE and sS in survival of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium during starvation, refrigeration and osmotic shock. Microbiology 153:263-269.
90. Miller, D. L., J. M. Goepfert, and C. H. Amundson. 1972. Survival of salmonellae and Escherichia coli during the spray drying of various food products. J. Food Sci. 37:828-831.
91. Minnesota Department of Health Consumer Fact Sheet. 2007. Prevent cross-contamination. Available at: http://www.health.state.mn.us/foodsafety/ clean/xcontamination.pdf. Accessed 26 May 2010.
92. Moats, W. A., R. Dabbah, and V. M. Edwards. 1971. Survival of Salmonella Anatum heated in various media. Appl. Microbiol. 21: 476-481.
93. Morita, T., H. Kitazawa, T. Iida, and S. Kamata. 2006. revention of Salmonella cross-contamination in an oil meal manufacturing plant. J. Appl. Microbiol. 101:464-473.
94. Ng, H., H. G. Bayne, and J. A. Garibaldi. 1969. Heat resistance of Salmonella: the uniqueness of Salmonella Senftenberg 775W. Appl. Microbiol. 17:78-82.
95. Oliver, J. D., and R. Bockian. 1995. In vivo resuscitation, and virulence towards mice, of viable but nonculturable cells of Vibrio vulnificus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:2620-2623.
96. Perren, R., and F. Escher. 1997. Investigation on the hot air roasting of nuts. Manuf. Confect. 69:591-595.
97. Pitout, J. D., M. D. Reisbig, M. Mulvey, L. Chui, M. Louie, L. Crowe, D. L. Church, S. Elsayed, D. Gregson, R. Ahmed, P. Tilley, and N. Hanson. 2003. Association between handling of pet treats and infection with Salmonella enterica serotype Newport expressing the AmpC b-lactamase, CMY-2. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41:4578-4582.
98. Pommepuy, M., M. Butin, A. Derrien, M. Gourmelon, R. R. Colwell, and M. Cormier. 1996. Retention of enteropathogenicity by viable but nonculturable Escherichia coli exposed to seawater and sunlight. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:4621-4626.
99. Powell, S., and R. W. Atwell. 1998. An evaluation of the collection and analysis of epidemiological data for support of food safety control systems. J. Food Prot. 61:1170-1174.
100. Ray, B., J. J. Jezeski, and F. F. Busta. 1971. Isolation of salmonellae from naturally contaminated dried milk products. II. Influence of storage time on the isolation of salmonellae. J. Milk Food Technol. 34:423-427.
101. Ray, B., J. J. Jezeski, and F. F. Busta. 1972. Isolation of salmonellae from naturally contaminated dried milk product. J. Milk Food Technol. 35:607-614.
102. Rayman, M. K., J.-Y. D'Aoust, B. Aris, C. Maishment, and R. Wasik. 1979. Survival of microorganisms in stored pasta. J. Food Prot. 42:330-334.
103. Reij, M. W., E. D. Den Aantrekker, and ILSI Europe Risk Analysis in Microbiology Task Force. 2004. Recontamination as a source of pathogens in processed foods. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 91:1-11.
104. Rowe, B., D. N. Hutchinson, R. J. Gilbert, B. H. Hales, N. T. Begg, H. C. Dawkins, M. Jacob, F. A. Rae, and M. Jepson. 1987. Salmonella Ealing infections associated with consumption of infant dried milk. Lancet 17:900-903.
105. Rushdy, A. A., J. M. Stuart, L. R. Ward, J. Bruce, E. J. Threlfall, P. Punia, and J. R. Bailey. 1998. National outbreak of Salmonella Senftenberg associated with infant food. Epidemiol. Infect. 120:125-128.
106. Rychlik, I., and P. A. Barrow. 2005. Salmonella stress management and its relevance to behaviour during intestinal colonisation and infection. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 29:1021-1040.
107. Scheil,W., S. Cameron, C. Dalton, C.Murray, and D.Wilson. 1998. A South Australian Salmonella Mbandaka outbreak investigation using a database to select controls. Aust. N. Z. J. Public Health 22:536-539.
108. Scott, V. N., Y. Chen, T. A. Freier, J. Kuehm, M. Moorman, J. Meyer, T. Morille-Hinds, L. Post, L. A. Smoot, S. Hood, J. Shebuski, and J. Banks. 2009. Control of Salmonella in lowmoisture foods, I: minimizing entry of Salmonella into a processing facility. Food Prot. Trends 29:342-353.
109. Shachar, D., and S. Yaron. 2006. Heat tolerance of Salmonella enterica serovars Agona, Enteritidis, and Typhimurium in peanut butter. J. Food Prot. 69:2687-91.
110. Smith, J. P., D. P. Daifas, W. El-Khry, J. Koukoutsis, and A. El- Khry. 2004. Shelf life and safety concerns of bakery products: a review. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 44:19-55.
111. Snoeyenbos, G. H., V. L. Carlson, B. A. McKie, and C. F. Smyser. 1967. An epidemiological study of salmonellosis of chickens. Avian Dis. 11:653-667.
112. Solano, C., B. Garcìa, J. Valle, C. Berasain, J.-M. Ghigo, C. Gamazo, and I. Lasa. 2002. Genetic analysis of Salmonella Enteritidis biofilm formation: critical role of cellulose. Mol. Microbiol. 43:793-808.
113. Sperber, W. H., and the North American Millers' Association Microbiology Working Group. 2007. Role of microbiological guidelines in the production and commercial use of milled cereal grains: a practical approach for the 21st century J. Food Prot. 70: 1041-1053.
114. Stevenson, K. E. 2006 Introduction to hazard analysis and critical control point systems, p. 1-4. In V. N. Scott and K. E. Stevenson (ed.), HACCP: a systematic approach to food safety. The Food Products Association (currently the Grocery Manufacturers Association), Washington, DC.
115. Stumbo, C. R. 1973. Thermobacteriology in food processing, 2nd ed. Academic Press, New York.
116. Sumner, S., T. M. Sandros, M. C. Harmon, V. N. Scott, and D. T. Bernard. 1991. Heat resistance of Salmonella typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes in sucrose solutions of various water activities. J. Food Sci. 6:1741-1743.
117. Tamminga, S. K., R. R. Beumer, E. H. Kampelmacher, and F. M. van Leusden. 1976. Survival of Salmonella Eastbourne and Salmonella Typhimurium in chocolate. J. Hyg. 76:41-47.
118. Taneja, S., and F. Ahmad. 1994. Increased thermal stability of proteins in the presence of amino acids. Biochem. J. 303:147-153.
119. Thomas, C. T., J. C. White, and K. Longree. 1966. Thermal resistance of salmonellae and staphylococci in foods. Appl. Microbiol. 14:815-820.
120. Todar, K. 2006. Todar's online textbook of bacteriology. University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Bacteriology. Available at: http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/. Accessed 26 May 2010.
121. Uesugi, A. R., M. D. Danyluk, R. E. Mandrell, and L. J. Harris. 2007. Isolation of Salmonella Enteritidis phage type 30 from a single almond orchard over a 5-year period. J. Food Prot. 70:1784-1789.
122. Uesugi, A. R., and L. J. Harris. 2006. Growth of Salmonella Enteritidis phage type 30 in almond hull and shell slurries and survival in drying almond hulls. J. Food Prot. 69:712-718.
123. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 4 January 1999. Records from FDA pursuant to the Freedom of Information Act: Malt-O-Meal Company, EIRs 6/1-22/98, 6/1, 2, 3, 11 and 16/98 and 7/13-15, 21/ 98. Recall F-577-8.
124. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2007. Update on tainted veggie booty snack food. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/ Newsroom/ PressAnnouncements/2007/ucm108948.htm. Accessed 26 May 2010.
125. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2009. Records from FDA pursuant to the Freedom of Information Act: Peanut Corporation of America, form FDA 483. 1/09/09-2/05/09. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/CentersOffices/ORA/ ORAElectronicReadingRoom/ucm109818.htmAccessed 26 May 2010.
126. Van Cauwenberge, J. E., R. J. Bothast, and W. F. Kwolek. 1981. Thermal inactivation of eight Salmonella serotypes on dry corn flour. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 42:688-691.
127. Wang, G. 2008. Surrogate selection strategy. International Association of Food Protection Symposium S8: Validating processes for reducing Salmonella in low water activity foods. 95th Annu. Meet. IAFP, Columbus, OH, 3 to 6 August 2008.
128. Wan Norhana, M. N., S. E. Poole, H. C. Deeth, and G. A. Dykes. 2010. Prevalence, persistence and control of Salmonella and Listeria in shrimp and shrimp products: a review. Food Control 21:343-361. Available at: http://www.scribd.com/doc/24841160/2010-Prevalence-Persistenceand-Control-of- Salmonella-and-Listeria-In. Accessed 26 May 2010.
129. Werber, D., J. Dreesman, F. Feil, U. van Treeck, G. Fell, S. Ethelberg, A. M. Hauri, P. Roggentin, R. Prager, I. S. T. Fisher, S. C. Behnke, E. Bartelt, E. Weise, A. Ellis, A. Siitonen, Y. Andersson, H. Tschäpe, M. H. Kramer, and A. Ammon. 2005. International outbreak of Salmonella Oranienburg due to German chocolate. BMC Infect. Dis. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-5-7. Available at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2334/5/7. Accessed 26 May 2010.
130. White, D. G., A. Datta, P. McDermott, S. Friedman, S. Qaiyumi, S. Ayers, L. English, S. McDermott, D. D. Wagner, and S. Zhao. 2003. Antimicrobial susceptibility and genetic relatedness of Salmonella serovars isolated from animal-derived dog treats in the USA. J. Antimicrob. Chem. 52:860-863.
131. Winfield, M. D., and E. A. Groisman. 2003. Role of nonhost environments in the lifestyles of Salmonella and Escherichia coli. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69:3687-3694.
132. World Health Organization (WHO). 1995. Surveillance programme. Sixth report of WHO surveillance program for control of foodborne infections and intoxications in Europe. FAO/WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in food Hygiene and Zoonoses, Berlin.
133. Xavier, I. J., andS. C. Ingham. 1997. Increased D-values for Salmonella enteritidis following heat shock. J. Food Prot. 60:181-184.
134. Zink, D. 2008. Environmental investigation and regulatory response: Salmonella Tennessee in peanut butter in the United States, 2007. International Association of Food Protection Symposium S1-2008 Foodborne disease update: Salmonella in processed foods. 95th Annu. Meet. IAFP, Columbus, OH, 3 to 6 August 2008.