메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 10, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 266-273

Corticosteroids in sepsis: Pathophysiological rationale and the selection of patients

Author keywords

Bacterial infections; Glucocorticoids; Sepsis; Septic shock; Therapeutics

Indexed keywords

11 HYDROXYCORTICOSTEROID; 11BETA HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE 1; 11BETA HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE 2; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2; DEXAMETHASONE; GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR ALPHA; GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR BETA; HYDROCORTISONE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; INDUCIBLE NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; INTERLEUKIN 1; INTERLEUKIN 6; PROSTACYCLIN; THROMBOCYTE ACTIVATING FACTOR; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

EID: 78549295537     PISSN: 18715303     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/187153010791936865     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (5)

References (111)
  • 1
    • 0000155282 scopus 로고
    • Suprarenal cortical hormone and salt in the treatment of pneumonia and other severe infections
    • Perla, D. and Marmorston, J. (1940) Suprarenal cortical hormone and salt in the treatment of pneumonia and other severe infections. Endocrinology, 27, 367-374.
    • (1940) Endocrinology , vol.27 , pp. 367-374
    • Perla, D.1    Marmorston, J.2
  • 2
    • 0017064383 scopus 로고
    • Steroids in the treatment of clinical septic shock
    • Schumer, W. (1976) Steroids in the treatment of clinical septic shock. Ann. Surg., 184, 333-341.
    • (1976) Ann. Surg , vol.184 , pp. 333-341
    • Schumer, W.1
  • 3
    • 0023252009 scopus 로고
    • A controlled clinical trial of high-dose methylprednisolone in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock
    • Bone, R.C.; Fisher, C.J. Jr.; Clemmer, T.P.; Slotman, G.J.; Metz, C.A. and Balk, R.A. (1987) A controlled clinical trial of high-dose methylprednisolone in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N. Engl. J. Med., 317, 653-658.
    • (1987) N. Engl. J. Med , vol.317 , pp. 653-658
    • Bone, R.C.1    Fisher Jr., C.J.2    Clemmer, T.P.3    Slotman, G.J.4    Metz, C.A.5    Balk, R.A.6
  • 5
    • 0025974325 scopus 로고
    • Cortisol response to corticotropin and survival in septic shock
    • Rothwell, P.M.; Udwadia, Z.F. and Lawler, P.G. (1991) Cortisol response to corticotropin and survival in septic shock. Lancet, 337, 582-583.
    • (1991) Lancet , vol.337 , pp. 582-583
    • Rothwell, P.M.1    Udwadia, Z.F.2    Lawler, P.G.3
  • 6
    • 0342980285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A 3-level prognostic classification in septic shock based on cortisol levels and cortisol response to corticotro-pin
    • Annane, D.; Sebille, V.; Troche, G.; Raphael, J.C.; Gajdos, P. and Bellissant, E. (2000) A 3-level prognostic classification in septic shock based on cortisol levels and cortisol response to corticotro-pin. JAMA, 283, 1038-1045.
    • (2000) JAMA , vol.283 , pp. 1038-1045
    • Annane, D.1    Sebille, V.2    Troche, G.3    Raphael, J.C.4    Gajdos, P.5    Bellissant, E.6
  • 10
    • 0034530751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plasma cortisol levels before and during low-dose hydrocortisone therapy and their relationship to hemo-dynamic improvement in patients with septic shock
    • Oppert, M.; Reinicke, A.; Graf, K.J.; Barckow, D.; Frei, U. and Eckardt, K.U. (2000) Plasma cortisol levels before and during low-dose hydrocortisone therapy and their relationship to hemo-dynamic improvement in patients with septic shock. Intensive Care Med., 26, 1747-1755.
    • (2000) Intensive Care Med , vol.26 , pp. 1747-1755
    • Oppert, M.1    Reinicke, A.2    Graf, K.J.3    Barckow, D.4    Frei, U.5    Eckardt, K.U.6
  • 13
    • 54049108090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surviving sepsis campaign: A critical reappraisal
    • Salluh, J.I.; Bozza, P.T. and Bozza, F.A. (2008) Surviving sepsis campaign: a critical reappraisal. Shock, 30, 70-72.
    • (2008) Shock , vol.30 , pp. 70-72
    • Salluh, J.I.1    Bozza, P.T.2    Bozza, F.A.3
  • 14
    • 33750122662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Surviving Sepsis guidelines: Evidence-based ... or evidence-biased?
    • Singer, M. (2006) The Surviving Sepsis guidelines: evidence-based ... or evidence-biased? Crit. Care Resusc., 8, 244-245.
    • (2006) Crit. Care Resusc , vol.8 , pp. 244-245
    • Singer, M.1
  • 16
    • 49949107383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New recommendations for the use of corticosteroids in sepsis: Not so fast!
    • Salluh, J.I. and Soares, M. (2008) New recommendations for the use of corticosteroids in sepsis: not so fast! Crit. Care Med., 36, 2489-2490.
    • (2008) Crit. Care Med , vol.36 , pp. 2489-2490
    • Salluh, J.I.1    Soares, M.2
  • 17
    • 42949137026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Steroids in sepsis: Another swing of the pendulum in our clinical trials
    • Vincent, J.L. (2008) Steroids in sepsis: another swing of the pendulum in our clinical trials. Crit. Care, 12, 141.
    • (2008) Crit. Care , vol.12 , pp. 141
    • Vincent, J.L.1
  • 20
    • 0029037126 scopus 로고
    • The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and immune-mediated inflammation
    • Chrousos, G.P. (1995) The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and immune-mediated inflammation. N. Engl. J. Med., 332, 1351-1362.
    • (1995) N. Engl. J. Med , vol.332 , pp. 1351-1362
    • Chrousos, G.P.1
  • 22
    • 0000528032 scopus 로고
    • (J. D. Wilson; D. W. Foster, Eds.); W. S, Saunders Company: Philadelphia
    • Orth, D.N.; Kovacs, W.J. and DeBold, C.R. (1992); In Textbook of Endocrinology, (J. D. Wilson; D. W. Foster, Eds.); W. S. Saunders Company: Philadelphia, pp. 489-531.
    • (1992) In Textbook of Endocrinology , pp. 489-531
    • Orth, D.N.1    Kovacs, W.J.2    Debold, C.R.3
  • 23
    • 0025119776 scopus 로고
    • Interaction between corticosteroid binding globulin and activated leukocytes in vitro
    • Hammond, G.L.; Smith, C.L.; Underhill, C.M. and Nguyen, V.T. (1990) Interaction between corticosteroid binding globulin and activated leukocytes in vitro. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 172, 172-177.
    • (1990) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun , vol.172 , pp. 172-177
    • Hammond, G.L.1    Smith, C.L.2    Underhill, C.M.3    Nguyen, V.T.4
  • 24
    • 34249681467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of temperature on protein binding of cortisol
    • Vogeser, M. and Briegel, J. (2007) Effect of temperature on protein binding of cortisol. Clin. Biochem., 40, 724-727.
    • (2007) Clin. Biochem , vol.40 , pp. 724-727
    • Vogeser, M.1    Briegel, J.2
  • 26
    • 58249105731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency
    • Marik, P.E. (2009) Critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency. Chest, 135, 181-193.
    • (2009) Chest , vol.135 , pp. 181-193
    • Marik, P.E.1
  • 27
    • 1842530882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical review: Corticotherapy in sepsis
    • Prigent, H.; Maxime, V. and Annane, D. (2004) Clinical review: corticotherapy in sepsis. Crit. Care, 8, 122-129.
    • (2004) Crit. Care , vol.8 , pp. 122-129
    • Prigent, H.1    Maxime, V.2    Annane, D.3
  • 28
    • 0034744072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Induction of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 but not -2 in human aortic smooth muscle cells by inflammatory stimuli
    • Cai, T.Q.; Wong, B.; Mundt, S.S.; Thieringer, R.; Wright, S.D. and Hermanowski-Vosatka, A. (2001) Induction of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 but not -2 in human aortic smooth muscle cells by inflammatory stimuli. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 77, 117-122.
    • (2001) J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol , vol.77 , pp. 117-122
    • Cai, T.Q.1    Wong, B.2    Mundt, S.S.3    Thieringer, R.4    Wright, S.D.5    Hermanowski-Vosatka, A.6
  • 31
    • 0028831128 scopus 로고
    • Characterization of mechanisms involved in transrepression of NF-kappa B by activated glucocorticoid receptors
    • Scheinman, R.I.; Gualberto, A.; Jewell, C.M.; Cidlowski, J.A. and Baldwin, A.S. Jr. (1995) Characterization of mechanisms involved in transrepression of NF-kappa B by activated glucocorticoid receptors. Mol. Cell. Biol., 15, 943-953.
    • (1995) Mol. Cell. Biol , vol.15 , pp. 943-953
    • Scheinman, R.I.1    Gualberto, A.2    Jewell, C.M.3    Cidlowski, J.A.4    Baldwin Jr, A.S.5
  • 32
    • 34547902854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glucocorticoids and the innate immune system: Crosstalk with the toll-like receptor signaling network
    • Chinenov, Y. and Rogatsky, I. (2007) Glucocorticoids and the innate immune system: crosstalk with the toll-like receptor signaling network. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 275, 30-42.
    • (2007) Mol. Cell. Endocrinol , vol.275 , pp. 30-42
    • Chinenov, Y.1    Rogatsky, I.2
  • 33
    • 0033398206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New rationale for glucocorticoid treatment in septic shock
    • Meduri, G.U. (1999) New rationale for glucocorticoid treatment in septic shock. J. Chemother., 11, 541-550.
    • (1999) J. Chemother , vol.11 , pp. 541-550
    • Meduri, G.U.1
  • 34
    • 0030702823 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of glucocorticoid insensitivity with increased expression of glucocorticoid receptor beta
    • Leung, D.Y.; Hamid, Q.; Vottero, A.; Szefler, S.J.; Surs, W.; Minshall, E.; Chrousos, G.P. and Klemm, D.J. (1997) Association of glucocorticoid insensitivity with increased expression of glucocorticoid receptor beta. J. Exp. Med., 186, 1567-1574.
    • (1997) J. Exp. Med , vol.186 , pp. 1567-1574
    • Leung, D.Y.1    Hamid, Q.2    Vottero, A.3    Szefler, S.J.4    Surs, W.5    Minshall, E.6    Chrousos, G.P.7    Klemm, D.J.8
  • 35
    • 4344614867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute effect of a single intravenous bolus of 50 mg hydrocortisone on cardiovascular autonomic modulation in septic shock [abstract]
    • Orlikowsky, D.; Castel, M. and Annane, D. (2003) Acute effect of a single intravenous bolus of 50 mg hydrocortisone on cardiovascular autonomic modulation in septic shock [abstract]. Crit. Care Med., 31, A124.
    • (2003) Crit. Care Med , vol.31
    • Orlikowsky, D.1    Castel, M.2    Annane, D.3
  • 36
    • 0031722907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impaired pressor sensitivity to noradrenaline in septic shock patients with and without impaired adrenal function reserve
    • Annane, D.; Bellissant, E.; Sebille, V.; Lesieur, O.; Mathieu, B.; Raphael, J.C. and Gajdos, P. (1998) Impaired pressor sensitivity to noradrenaline in septic shock patients with and without impaired adrenal function reserve. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 46, 589-597.
    • (1998) Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol , vol.46 , pp. 589-597
    • Annane, D.1    Bellissant, E.2    Sebille, V.3    Lesieur, O.4    Mathieu, B.5    Raphael, J.C.6    Gajdos, P.7
  • 40
    • 0029088326 scopus 로고
    • Targeted disruption of the glucocorticoid receptor gene blocks adrenergic chromaffin cell development and severely retards lung maturation
    • Cole, T.J.; Blendy, J.A.; Monaghan, A.P.; Krieglstein, K.; Schmid, W.; Aguzzi, A.; Fantuzzi, G.; Hummler, E.; Unsicker, K. and Schutz, G. (1995) Targeted disruption of the glucocorticoid receptor gene blocks adrenergic chromaffin cell development and severely retards lung maturation. Genes Dev., 9, 1608-1621.
    • (1995) Genes Dev , vol.9 , pp. 1608-1621
    • Cole, T.J.1    Blendy, J.A.2    Monaghan, A.P.3    Krieglstein, K.4    Schmid, W.5    Aguzzi, A.6    Fantuzzi, G.7    Hummler, E.8    Unsicker, K.9    Schutz, G.10
  • 41
    • 0023922510 scopus 로고
    • Adrenalectomy sensitizes mice to the lethal effects of interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor
    • Bertini, R.; Bianchi, M. and Ghezzi, P. (1988) Adrenalectomy sensitizes mice to the lethal effects of interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor. J. Exp. Med., 167, 1708-1712.
    • (1988) J. Exp. Med , vol.167 , pp. 1708-1712
    • Bertini, R.1    Bianchi, M.2    Ghezzi, P.3
  • 42
    • 0034460335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mice with an increased glucocorticoid receptor gene dosage show enhanced resistance to stress and endotoxic shock
    • Reichardt, H.M.; Umland, T.; Bauer, A.; Kretz, O. and Schutz, G. (2000) Mice with an increased glucocorticoid receptor gene dosage show enhanced resistance to stress and endotoxic shock. Mol. Cell. Biol., 20, 9009-9017.
    • (2000) Mol. Cell. Biol , vol.20 , pp. 9009-9017
    • Reichardt, H.M.1    Umland, T.2    Bauer, A.3    Kretz, O.4    Schutz, G.5
  • 43
    • 0026650341 scopus 로고
    • In vivo effects of the antiglucocorticoid RU 486 on glucocorticoid and cytokine responses to Escherichia coli endotoxin. Infect
    • Hawes, A.S.; Rock, C.S.; Keogh, C.V.; Lowry, S.F. and Calvano, S.E. (1992) In vivo effects of the antiglucocorticoid RU 486 on glucocorticoid and cytokine responses to Escherichia coli endotoxin. Infect. Immun., 60, 2641-2647.
    • (1992) Immun , vol.60 , pp. 2641-2647
    • Hawes, A.S.1    Rock, C.S.2    Keogh, C.V.3    Lowry, S.F.4    Calvano, S.E.5
  • 44
    • 23944438876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathophysiology of mifepristone-induced septic shock due to Clostridium sordellii
    • Miech, R.P. (2005) Pathophysiology of mifepristone-induced septic shock due to Clostridium sordellii. Ann. Pharmacother., 39, 1483-1488.
    • (2005) Ann. Pharmacother , vol.39 , pp. 1483-1488
    • Miech, R.P.1
  • 46
    • 0026048714 scopus 로고
    • The pathogenesis of sepsis
    • Bone, R.C. (1991) The pathogenesis of sepsis. Ann. Intern. Med., 115, 457-469.
    • (1991) Ann. Intern. Med , vol.115 , pp. 457-469
    • Bone, R.C.1
  • 47
  • 48
    • 8544232153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of glucocorticoid receptor binding by nitric oxide in endotoxemic rats
    • Duma, D.; Silva-Santos, J.E. and Assreuy, J. (2004) Inhibition of glucocorticoid receptor binding by nitric oxide in endotoxemic rats. Crit. Care Med., 32, 2304-2310.
    • (2004) Crit. Care Med , vol.32 , pp. 2304-2310
    • Duma, D.1    Silva-Santos, J.E.2    Assreuy, J.3
  • 49
    • 33750102027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adjunctive corticosteroids for Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in patients with HIV-infection
    • [49] Briel, M.; Bucher, H.C.; Boscacci, R. and Furrer, H. (2006) Adjunctive corticosteroids for Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in patients with HIV-infection. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 3, CD006150.
    • (2006) Cochrane Database Syst. Rev , vol.3
    • Briel, M.1    Bucher, H.C.2    Boscacci, R.3    Furrer, H.4
  • 51
    • 0028906714 scopus 로고
    • Adrenal insufficiency occurring during septic shock: Incidence, outcome, and relationship to peripheral cytokine levels
    • Soni, A.; Pepper, G.M.; Wyrwinski, P.M.; Ramirez, N.E.; Simon, R.; Pina, T.; Gruenspan, H. and Vaca, C.E. (1995) Adrenal insufficiency occurring during septic shock: incidence, outcome, and relationship to peripheral cytokine levels. Am. J. Med., 98, 266-271.
    • (1995) Am. J. Med , vol.98 , pp. 266-271
    • Soni, A.1    Pepper, G.M.2    Wyrwinski, P.M.3    Ramirez, N.E.4    Simon, R.5    Pina, T.6    Gruenspan, H.7    Vaca, C.E.8
  • 52
    • 0035144237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunomodulation in septic shock: Hydrocortisone differentially regulates cytokine responses
    • Briegel, J.; Jochum, M.; Gippner-Steppert, C. and Thiel, M. (2001) Immunomodulation in septic shock: hydrocortisone differentially regulates cytokine responses. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 12, S70-S74.
    • (2001) J. Am. Soc. Nephrol , vol.12
    • Briegel, J.1    Jochum, M.2    Gippner-Steppert, C.3    Thiel, M.4
  • 53
    • 0028113787 scopus 로고
    • Low-dose hydrocortisone infusion attenuates the systemic inflammatory response syndrome. The Phospholipase A2 Study Group
    • Briegel, J.; Kellermann, W.; Forst, H.; Haller, M.; Bittl, M.; Hoffmann, G.E.; Buchler, M.; Uhl, W. and Peter, K. (1994) Low-dose hydrocortisone infusion attenuates the systemic inflammatory response syndrome. The Phospholipase A2 Study Group. Clin. Investig., 72, 782-787.
    • (1994) Clin. Investig , vol.72 , pp. 782-787
    • Briegel, J.1    Kellermann, W.2    Forst, H.3    Haller, M.4    Bittl, M.5    Hoffmann, G.E.6    Buchler, M.7    Uhl, W.8    Peter, K.9
  • 54
    • 0037332027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pulmonary infiltrates in patients receiving long-term glucocorticoid treatment: Etiology, prognostic factors, and associated inflammatory response
    • Agusti, C.; Rano, A.; Filella, X.; Gonzalez, J.; Moreno, A.; Xaubet, A. and Torres, A. (2003) Pulmonary infiltrates in patients receiving long-term glucocorticoid treatment: etiology, prognostic factors, and associated inflammatory response. Chest, 123, 488-498.
    • (2003) Chest , vol.123 , pp. 488-498
    • Agusti, C.1    Rano, A.2    Filella, X.3    Gonzalez, J.4    Moreno, A.5    Xaubet, A.6    Torres, A.7
  • 56
    • 33746651070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Utility of procalcitonin concentration in the evaluation of patients with malignant diseases and elevated C-reactive protein plasma concentrations
    • Schuttrumpf, S.; Binder, L.; Hagemann, T.; Berkovic, D.; Trumper, L. and Binder, C. (2006) Utility of procalcitonin concentration in the evaluation of patients with malignant diseases and elevated C-reactive protein plasma concentrations. Clin. Infect. Dis., 43, 468-473.
    • (2006) Clin. Infect. Dis , vol.43 , pp. 468-473
    • Schuttrumpf, S.1    Binder, L.2    Hagemann, T.3    Berkovic, D.4    Trumper, L.5    Binder, C.6
  • 57
    • 34548085640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • BAL neutrophils, serum procalcitonin, and C-reactive protein to predict bacterial infection in the immunocompromised host
    • Stolz, D.; Stulz, A.; Muller, B.; Gratwohl, A. and Tamm, M. (2007) BAL neutrophils, serum procalcitonin, and C-reactive protein to predict bacterial infection in the immunocompromised host. Chest, 132, 504-514.
    • (2007) Chest , vol.132 , pp. 504-514
    • Stolz, D.1    Stulz, A.2    Muller, B.3    Gratwohl, A.4    Tamm, M.5
  • 59
    • 0032863149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of glucocorticoids on inflammatory response in nonimmunosuppressed patients with pneumonia: A pilot study
    • Monton, C.; Ewig, S.; Torres, A.; El-Ebiary, M.; Filella, X.; Rano, A. and Xaubet, A. (1999) Role of glucocorticoids on inflammatory response in nonimmunosuppressed patients with pneumonia: a pilot study. Eur. Respir. J., 14, 218-220.
    • (1999) Eur. Respir. J , vol.14 , pp. 218-220
    • Monton, C.1    Ewig, S.2    Torres, A.3    El-Ebiary, M.4    Filella, X.5    Rano, A.6    Xaubet, A.7
  • 60
    • 0027257361 scopus 로고
    • Hydrocortisone and tumor necrosis factor in severe community-acquired pneumonia: A randomized controlled study
    • Marik, P.; Kraus, P.; Sribante, J.; Havlik, I.; Lipman, J. and Johnson, D.W. (1993) Hydrocortisone and tumor necrosis factor in severe community-acquired pneumonia: a randomized controlled study. Chest, 104, 389-392.
    • (1993) Chest , vol.104 , pp. 389-392
    • Marik, P.1    Kraus, P.2    Sribante, J.3    Havlik, I.4    Lipman, J.5    Johnson, D.W.6
  • 64
    • 73049110148 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical efficacy of prednisolone in patients with community- acquired pneumonia, a randomized clinical trial [abstract]
    • Snijders, C.S.; de Graaff, T.S. and van der Werf, W.G. (2009) Clinical efficacy of prednisolone in patients with community- acquired pneumonia, a randomized clinical trial [abstract]. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 178, A6116.
    • (2009) Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med , vol.178
    • Snijders, C.S.1    de Graaff, T.S.2    van der Werf, W.G.3
  • 65
    • 0027316064 scopus 로고
    • Metabolic and scintigraphic studies of radioiodinated human C-reactive pro- tein in health and disease
    • Vigushin, D.M.; Pepys, M.B. and Hawkins, P.N. (1993) Metabolic and scintigraphic studies of radioiodinated human C-reactive pro- tein in health and disease. J. Clin. Invest., 91, 1351-1357.
    • (1993) J. Clin. Invest , vol.91 , pp. 1351-1357
    • Vigushin, D.M.1    Pepys, M.B.2    Hawkins, P.N.3
  • 66
    • 0036120619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • C-reactive protein: A valuable marker of sepsis
    • Povoa, P. (2002) C-reactive protein: a valuable marker of sepsis. Intensive Care Med., 28, 235-243.
    • (2002) Intensive Care Med , vol.28 , pp. 235-243
    • Povoa, P.1
  • 67
    • 0025190892 scopus 로고
    • Interleukin-6 and the acute phase response
    • Heinrich, P.C.; Castell, J.V. and Andus, T. (1990) Interleukin-6 and the acute phase response. Biochem. J., 265, 621-636.
    • (1990) Biochem. J , vol.265 , pp. 621-636
    • Heinrich, P.C.1    Castell, J.V.2    Andus, T.3
  • 72
    • 0024993323 scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis reduces the hypotension induced by bacterial lipo- polysaccharides in the rat in vivo
    • Thiemermann, C. and Vane, J. (1990) Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis reduces the hypotension induced by bacterial lipo- polysaccharides in the rat in vivo. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 182, 591-595.
    • (1990) Eur. J. Pharmacol , vol.182 , pp. 591-595
    • Thiemermann, C.1    Vane, J.2
  • 73
    • 0026729102 scopus 로고
    • Detection of nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccha- ride-treated rats by ESR using carbon monoxide hemoglobin
    • Kosaka, H.; Watanabe, M.; Yoshihara, H.; Harada, N. and Shiga, T. (1992) Detection of nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccha- ride-treated rats by ESR using carbon monoxide hemoglobin. Bio- chem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 184, 1119-1124.
    • (1992) Bio- Chem. Biophys. Res. Commun , vol.184 , pp. 1119-1124
    • Kosaka, H.1    Watanabe, M.2    Yoshihara, H.3    Harada, N.4    Shiga, T.5
  • 74
    • 0024358829 scopus 로고
    • Hyperpolarizing vasodilators activate ATP-sensitive K+ channels in arterial smooth muscle
    • Standen, N.B.; Quayle, J.M.; Davies, N.W.; Brayden, J.E.; Huang, Y. and Nelson, M.T. (1989) Hyperpolarizing vasodilators activate ATP-sensitive K+ channels in arterial smooth muscle. Science, 245, 177-180.
    • (1989) Science , vol.245 , pp. 177-180
    • Standen, N.B.1    Quayle, J.M.2    Davies, N.W.3    Brayden, J.E.4    Huang, Y.5    Nelson, M.T.6
  • 75
    • 0026643053 scopus 로고
    • The ATP-sensitive K+ channel mediates hypotension in endotoxemia and hypoxic lactic acidosis in dog
    • Landry, D.W. and Oliver, J.A. (1992) The ATP-sensitive K+ channel mediates hypotension in endotoxemia and hypoxic lactic acidosis in dog. J. Clin. Invest., 89, 2071-2074.
    • (1992) J. Clin. Invest , vol.89 , pp. 2071-2074
    • Landry, D.W.1    Oliver, J.A.2
  • 76
    • 0032766506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Involvement of ATP-sensitive potassium channels in a model of a delayed vascular hyporeactivity induced by lipopolysaccharide in rats
    • Sorrentino, R.; d'Emmanuele di Villa Bianca, R.; Lippolis, L.; Sorrentino, L.; Autore, G. and Pinto, A. (1999) Involvement of ATP-sensitive potassium channels in a model of a delayed vascular hyporeactivity induced by lipopolysaccharide in rats. Br. J. Phar- macol., 127, 1447-1453.
    • (1999) Br. J. Phar- Macol , vol.127 , pp. 1447-1453
    • Sorrentino, R.1
  • 78
    • 0034059718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In- volvement of soluble guanylate cyclase and calcium-activated po- tassium channels in the long-lasting hyporesponsiveness to phen- ylephrine induced by nitric oxide in rat aorta
    • Terluk, M.R.; da Silva-Santos, J.E. and Assreuy, J. (2000) In- volvement of soluble guanylate cyclase and calcium-activated po- tassium channels in the long-lasting hyporesponsiveness to phen- ylephrine induced by nitric oxide in rat aorta. Naunyn Schmiede- bergs Arch. Pharmacol., 361, 477-483.
    • (2000) Naunyn Schmiede- Bergs Arch. Pharmacol , vol.361 , pp. 477-483
    • Terluk, M.R.1    da Silva-Santos, J.E.2    Assreuy, J.3
  • 79
    • 0032813304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gluco- corticoids inhibit the expression of calcium-dependent potassium channels in vascular smooth muscle
    • Brem, A.S.; Bina, R.B.; Mehta, S. and Marshall, J. (1999) Gluco- corticoids inhibit the expression of calcium-dependent potassium channels in vascular smooth muscle. Mol. Genet. Metab., 67, 53-57.
    • (1999) Mol. Genet. Metab , vol.67 , pp. 53-57
    • Brem, A.S.1    Bina, R.B.2    Mehta, S.3    Marshall, J.4
  • 81
    • 0342723791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of vascular disease
    • Li, H. and Forstermann, U. (2000) Nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of vascular disease. J. Pathol., 190, 244-254.
    • (2000) J. Pathol , vol.190 , pp. 244-254
    • Li, H.1    Forstermann, U.2
  • 82
    • 0033053615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of glucocorticoid receptor binding by nitric oxide
    • Galigniana, M.D.; Piwien-Pilipuk, G. and Assreuy, J. (1999) Inhibition of glucocorticoid receptor binding by nitric oxide. Mol. Pharmacol., 55, 317-323.
    • (1999) Mol. Pharmacol , vol.55 , pp. 317-323
    • Galigniana, M.D.1    Piwien-Pilipuk, G.2    Assreuy, J.3
  • 83
    • 0034686672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prognostic value of cortisol response in septic shock
    • Annane, D. and Bellissant, E. (2000) Prognostic value of cortisol response in septic shock. JAMA, 284, 308-309.
    • (2000) JAMA , vol.284 , pp. 308-309
    • Annane, D.1    Bellissant, E.2
  • 85
    • 0034686654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prognostic value of cortisol response in septic shock
    • Chawla, K.; Kupfer, Y. and Tessler, S. (2000) Prognostic value of cortisol response in septic shock. JAMA, 284, 309.
    • (2000) JAMA , vol.284 , pp. 309
    • Chawla, K.1    Kupfer, Y.2    Tessler, S.3
  • 87
    • 0033829922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of hydrocortisone on phenylephrine--mean arterial pressure dose-response relationship in septic shock
    • Bellissant, E. and Annane, D. (2000) Effect of hydrocortisone on phenylephrine--mean arterial pressure dose-response relationship in septic shock. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 68, 293-303.
    • (2000) Clin. Pharmacol. Ther , vol.68 , pp. 293-303
    • Bellissant, E.1    Annane, D.2
  • 90
    • 34447629230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adrenal function testing in patients with septic shock
    • Salgado, D.R.; Verdeal, J.C. and Rocco, J.R. (2006) Adrenal function testing in patients with septic shock. Crit. Care, 10, R149.
    • (2006) Crit. Care , vol.10
    • Salgado, D.R.1    Verdeal, J.C.2    Rocco, J.R.3
  • 91
    • 0034686672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prognostic value of cortisol response in septic shock
    • Marik, P. and Zaloga, G. (2000) Prognostic value of cortisol response in septic shock. JAMA, 284, 308-309.
    • (2000) JAMA , vol.284 , pp. 308-309
    • Marik, P.1    Zaloga, G.2
  • 92
    • 34547662017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relative adrenal insufficiency as a predictor of disease severity, mortality, and beneficial effects of corticosteroid treatment in septic shock
    • de Jong, M.F.; Beishuizen, A.; Spijkstra, J.J. and Groeneveld, A.B. (2007) Relative adrenal insufficiency as a predictor of disease severity, mortality, and beneficial effects of corticosteroid treatment in septic shock. Crit. Care Med., 35, 1896-1903.
    • (2007) Crit. Care Med , vol.35 , pp. 1896-1903
    • de Jong, M.F.1    Beishuizen, A.2    Spijkstra, J.J.3    Groeneveld, A.B.4
  • 93
  • 94
    • 0033305459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin-1alpha, reduces glucocorticoid receptor translocation and function
    • Pariante, C.M.; Pearce, B.D.; Pisell, T.L.; Sanchez, C.I.; Po, C.; Su, C. and Miller, A.H. (1999) The proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin-1alpha, reduces glucocorticoid receptor translocation and function. Endocrinology, 140, 4359-4366.
    • (1999) Endocrinology , vol.140 , pp. 4359-4366
    • Pariante, C.M.1    Pearce, B.D.2    Pisell, T.L.3    Sanchez, C.I.4    Po, C.5    Su, C.6    Miller, A.H.7
  • 95
    • 37049011188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adrenal exhaustion in septic patients with vasopressor dependency
    • Guzman, J.A. and Guzman, C.B. (2007) Adrenal exhaustion in septic patients with vasopressor dependency. J. Crit. Care, 22, 319-323.
    • (2007) J. Crit. Care , vol.22 , pp. 319-323
    • Guzman, J.A.1    Guzman, C.B.2
  • 96
    • 3042762336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measurements of serum free cortisol in critically ill patients
    • Hamrahian, A.H.; Oseni, T.S. and Arafah, B.M. (2004) Measurements of serum free cortisol in critically ill patients. N. Engl. J. Med., 350, 1629-1638.
    • (2004) N. Engl. J. Med , vol.350 , pp. 1629-1638
    • Hamrahian, A.H.1    Oseni, T.S.2    Arafah, B.M.3
  • 99
    • 47249102596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biomarkers of sepsis: Lost in translation?
    • Salluh, J.I. and Bozza, P.T. (2008) Biomarkers of sepsis: lost in translation? Crit. Care Med., 36, 2192-2194.
    • (2008) Crit. Care Med , vol.36 , pp. 2192-2194
    • Salluh, J.I.1    Bozza, P.T.2
  • 100
    • 18844391752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Be-yond sepsis pathophysiology with cytokines: What is their value as biomarkers for disease severity?
    • Bozza, F.A.; Bozza, P.T. and Castro Faria Neto, H.C. (2005) Be-yond sepsis pathophysiology with cytokines: what is their value as biomarkers for disease severity? Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz., 100, 217-221.
    • (2005) Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz , vol.100 , pp. 217-221
    • Bozza, F.A.1    Bozza, P.T.2    Castro Faria Neto, H.C.3
  • 103
    • 0033866133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome: Exploring the paradigm of complex nonlinear systems
    • Seely, A.J. and Christou, N.V. (2000) Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome: exploring the paradigm of complex nonlinear systems. Crit. Care Med., 28, 2193-2200.
    • (2000) Crit. Care Med , vol.28 , pp. 2193-2200
    • Seely, A.J.1    Christou, N.V.2
  • 106
    • 69249135545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia and PIRO: A New Paradigm of Management
    • Rello, J.; Lisboa, T. and Wunderink, R
    • Rello, J.; Lisboa, T. and Wunderink, R. (2009) Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia and PIRO: A New Paradigm of Management. Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep., 11, 343-348.
    • (2009) Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep , vol.11 , pp. 343-348
  • 107
    • 57349165386 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ventilator-associated pneu-monia PIRO score: A tool for predicting ICU mortality and health-care resources use in ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • Lisboa, T.; Diaz, E.; Sa-Borges, M.; Socias, A.; Sole-Violan, J.; Rodriguez, A. and Rello, J. (2008) The ventilator-associated pneu-monia PIRO score: a tool for predicting ICU mortality and health-care resources use in ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest, 134, 1208-1216.
    • (2008) Chest , vol.134 , pp. 1208-1216
    • Lisboa, T.1    Diaz, E.2    Sa-Borges, M.3    Socias, A.4    Sole-Violan, J.5    Rodriguez, A.6    Rello, J.7
  • 111
    • 34247239939 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in meningococcal septic shock and experimental human endotoxemia
    • Sprong, T.; Pickkers, P.; Geurts-Moespot, A.; van der Ven-Jongekrijg, J.; Neeleman, C.; Knaup, M.; Leroy, D.; Calandra, T.; van der Meer, J.W.; Sweep, F. and van Deuren, M. (2007) Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in meningococcal septic shock and experimental human endotoxemia. Shock, 27, 482-487.
    • (2007) Shock , vol.27 , pp. 482-487
    • Sprong, T.1    Pickkers, P.2    Geurts-Moespot, A.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.