Efficacy and complications of surgery for Crohn's disease

Gastroenterology and Hepatology

Volumn 6, Issue 9, 2010, Pages 587-596

  Lewis, Robert T ^b   Maron, David J ^a  

^a DEPARTMENT OF COLORECTAL SURGERY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Crohn's disease; Fistula; Stricture; Surgery

Indexed keywords

ABDOMINAL ABSCESS; ANUS DISEASE; ANUS FISTULA; BALLOON DILATATION; COLON OBSTRUCTION; CROHN DISEASE; ENDOSCOPIC SURGERY; ENTEROCUTANEOUS FISTULA; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; HUMAN; INTESTINE OBSTRUCTION; PERIANAL ABSCESS; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; RECTUM RESECTION; REVIEW; SMALL INTESTINE RESECTION; WOUND INFECTION;

EID: 77958586634     PISSN: 15547914     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (147)

1. Canin-Endres J, Salky B, Gattorno F, Edye M. Laparoscopically assisted intestinal resection in 88 patients with Crohn's disease. Surg Endosc. 1999;13:595-599.
2. Mekhjian HS, Switz DM, Watts HD, Deren JJ, Katon RM, Beman FM. National cooperative Crohn's disease study: Factors determining recurrence of Crohn's disease after surgery. Gastroenterology. 1979;77(4 pt 2):907-913.
3. Louis E, Collard A, Oger AF, Degroote E, Aboul Nasr El Yafi FA, Belaiche J. Behaviour of Crohn's disease according to the Vienna classification: changing pattern over the course of the disease. Gut. 2001;49:777-782.
4. Chardavoyne R, Flint GW, Pollack S, Wise L. Factors affecting recurrence following resection for Crohn's disease. Dis Colon Rectum. 1986;29:495-502.
5. Van Assche G, Geboes K, Rutgeerts P. Medical therapy for Crohn's disease strictures. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2004;10:55-60. (Pubitemid 38072447)
6. Burke JP, Mulsow JJ, O'Keane C, Docherty NG, Watson RW, O'Connell PR. Fibrogenesis in Crohn's disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102:439-448.
7. Hugot JP, Laurent-Puig P, Gower-Rousseau C, et al. Mapping of a susceptibility locus for Crohn's disease on chromosome 16. Nature. 1996;379:821-823.
8. Gardiner KR, Dasari BV. Operative management of small bowel Crohn's disease. Surg Clin North Am. 2007;87:587-610.
9. Hellers G, Bergstrand O, Ewerth S, Holmstrom B. Occurrence and outcome after primary treatment of anal fistulae in Crohn's disease. Gut. 1980;21:525-527. (Pubitemid 10059414)
10. Sandborn WJ, Fazio VW, Feagan BG, Hanauer SB, American Gastroenterological Association Clinical Practice Committee. AGA technical review on perianal Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology. 2003;125:1508-1530.
11. Schwartz DA, Loftus EV Jr, Tremaine WJ, et al. The natural history of fistulizing Crohn's disease in Olmsted county, Minnesota. Gastroenterology. 2002;122:875-880.
12. Lockhart-Mummery HE. Symposium. Crohn's disease: Anal lesions. Dis Colon Rectum. 1975;18:200-202.
13. Williams DR, Coller JA, Corman ML, Nugent FW, Veidenheimer MC. Anal complications in Crohn's disease. Dis Colon Rectum. 1981;24:22-24.
14. Markowitz J, Daum F, Aiges H, Kahn E, Silverberg M, Fisher SE. Perianal disease in children and adolescents with Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology. 1984;86(5 pt 1):829-833.
15. Palder SB, Shandling B, Bilik R, Griffiths AM, Sherman P. Perianal complications of pediatric Crohn's disease. J Pediatr Surg. 1991;26:513-515.
16. Nguyen GC, Torres EA, Regueiro M, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease characteristics among African Americans, Hispanics, and non-Hispanic whites: characterization of a large North American cohort. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101:1012-1023.
17. Beaugerie L, Seksik P, Nion-Larmurier I, Gendre JP, Cosnes J. Predictors of Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology. 2006;130:650-656.
18. Rankin GB, Watts HD, Melnyk CS, Kelley ML Jr. National cooperative Crohn's disease study: extraintestinal manifestations and perianal complications. Gastroenterology. 1979;77(4 pt 2):914-920.
19. Gelbmann CM, Rogler G, Gross V, et al. Prior bowel resections, perianal disease, and a high initial Crohn's disease activity index are associated with corticosteroid resistance in active Crohn's disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97:1438-1445.
20. Makowiec F, Jehle EC, Starlinger M. Clinical course of perianal fistulas in Crohn's disease. Gut. 1995;37:696-701.
21. Post S, Betzler M, von Ditfurth B, Schurmann G, Kuppers P, Herfarth C. Risks of intestinal anastomoses in Crohn's disease. Ann Surg. 1991;213:37-42.
22. Prantera C. Indications for surgery in Crohn's disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 1990;85:900-901.
23. Whelan G, Farmer RG, Fazio VW, Goormastic M. Recurrence after surgery in Crohn's disease. Relationship to location of disease (clinical pattern) and surgical indication. Gastroenterology. 1985;88:1826-1833.
24. Heuman R, Boeryd B, Bolin T, Sjodahl R. The influence of disease at the margin of resection on the outcome of Crohn's disease. Br J Surg. 1983;70:519-521.
25. Hassan C, Zullo A, De Francesco V, et al. Systematic review: endoscopic dilatation in Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007;26:1457-1464.
26. Travis SP, Stange EF, Lemann M, et al; European Crohn's and Colitis Organisation. European evidence based consensus on the diagnosis and management of Crohn's disease: current management. Gut. 2006;55(suppl 1):i16-35.
27. Katariya RN, Sood S, Rao PG, Rao PL. Stricture-plasty for tubercular strictures of the gastro-intestinal tract. Br J Surg. 1977;64:496-498.
28. Cima RR, Pemberton JH. Strictureplasty in Crohn's disease. In: Cameron JL, ed. Current Surgical Therapy. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby-Elsevier; 2008.
29. Fazio VW, Tjandra JJ. Strictureplasty for Crohn's disease with multiple long strictures. Dis Colon Rectum. 1993;36:71-72.
30. Roy P, Kumar D. Strictureplasty. Br J Surg. 2004;91:1428-1437.
31. Michelassi F, Taschieri A, Tonelli F, et al. An international, multicenter, prospective, observational study of the side-to-side isoperistaltic strictureplasty in Crohn's disease. Dis Colon Rectum. 2007;50:277-284.
32. Poggioli G, Laureti S, Pierangeli F, Ugolini F. A new model of strictureplasty for multiple and long stenoses in Crohn's ileitis: side-to-side diseased to disease-free anastomosis. Dis Colon Rectum. 2003;46:127-130.
33. Tichansky D, Cagir B, Yoo E, Marcus SM, Fry RD. Strictureplasty for Crohn's disease: meta-analysis. Dis Colon Rectum. 2000;43:911-919.
34. Broering DC, Eisenberger CF, Koch A, et al. Strictureplasty for large bowel stenosis in Crohn's disease: Quality of life after surgical therapy. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2001;16:81-87. (Pubitemid 32318341)
35. Yamamoto T, Fazio VW, Tekkis PP. Safety and efficacy of strictureplasty for Crohn's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dis Colon Rectum. 2007;50:1968-1986.
36. Mintz Y, Talamini MA. Crohn's disease of the small bowel. In: Cameron JL, ed. Current Surgical Therapy. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby-Elsevier; 2008.
37. Weston LA, Roberts PL, Schoetz DJ Jr, Coller JA, Murray JJ, Rusin LC. Ileocolic resection for acute presentation of Crohn's disease of the ileum. Dis Colon Rectum. 1996;39:841-846.
38. Fazio VW, Marchetti F, Church M, et al. Effect of resection margins on the recurrence of Crohn's disease in the small bowel. A randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg. 1996;224:563-571; discussion 571-573.
39. Hamilton SR, Reese J, Pennington L, Boitnott JK, Bayless TM, Cameron JL. The role of resection margin frozen section in the surgical management of Crohn's disease. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1985;160:57-62.
40. Milsom JW, Hammerhofer KA, Bohm B, Marcello P, Elson P, Fazio VW. Prospective, randomized trial comparing laparoscopic vs. conventional surgery for refractory ileocolic Crohn's disease. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001;44:1-8; discussion 8-9.
41. Maartense S, Dunker MS, Slors JF, et al. Laparoscopic-assisted versus open ileocolic resection for Crohn's disease: a randomized trial. Ann Surg. 2006;243:143-149; discussion 150-153.
42. Stocchi L, Milsom JW, Fazio VW. Long-term outcomes of laparoscopic versus open ileocolic resection for Crohn's disease: follow-up of a prospective randomized trial. Surgery 2008;144:622-627; discussion 627-628.
43. Tan JJ, Tjandra JJ. Laparoscopic surgery for Crohn's disease: a meta-analysis. Dis Colon Rectum. 2007;50:576-585.
44. Casillas S, Delaney CP, Senagore AJ, Brady K, Fazio VW. Does conversion of a laparoscopic colectomy adversely affect patient outcome? Dis Colon Rectum. 2004;47:1680-1685.
45. Evans J, Poritz L, MacRae H. Influence of experience on laparoscopic ileocolic resection for Crohn's disease. Dis Colon Rectum. 2002;45:1595-1600.
46. Goyer P, Alves A, Bretagnol F, Bouhnik Y, Valleur P, Panis Y. Impact of complex Crohn's disease on the outcome of laparoscopic ileocecal resection: a comparative clinical study in 124 patients. Dis Colon Rectum. 2009;52:205-210.
47. Cho SM, Cho SW, Regueiro M. Postoperative management of Crohn's disease. Med Clin North Am. 2010;94:179-188.
48. Michelassi F, Balestracci T, Chappell R, Block GE. Primary and recurrent Crohn's disease. Experience with 1379 patients. Ann Surg. 1991;214:230-238; discussion 238-240.
49. Michelassi F, Stella M, Balestracci T, Giuliante F, Marogna P, Block GE. Incidence, diagnosis, and treatment of enteric and colorectal fistulae in patients with Crohn's disease. Ann Surg. 1993;218:660-666.
50. Broe PJ, Bayless TM, Cameron JL. Crohn's disease: are enteroenteral fistulas an indication for surgery? Surgery. 1982;91:249-253.
51. Hwang JM, Varma MG. Surgery for inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14:2678-2690.
52. Fazio VW, Wilk P, Turnbull RB Jr, Jagelman DG. The dilemma of Crohn's disease: ileosigmoidal fistula complicating Crohn's disease. Dis Colon Rectum. 1977;20:381-386. (Pubitemid 8153846)
53. Schein M. What's new in postoperative enterocutaneous fistulas? World J Surg. 2008;32:336-338.
54. McIntyre PB, Ritchie JK, Hawley PR, Bartram CI, Lennard-Jones JE. Management of enterocutaneous fistulas: a review of 132 cases. Br J Surg. 1984;71:293-296.
55. Lloyd DA, Gabe SM, Windsor AC. Nutrition and management of enterocutaneous fistula. Br J Surg. 2006;93:1045-1055.
56. Nubiola P, Badia JM, Martinez-Rodenas F, et al. Treatment of 27 postoperative enterocutaneous fistulas with the long half-life somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995. Ann Surg. 1989;210:56-58.
57. Draus JM Jr, Huss SA, Harty NJ, Cheadle WG, Larson GM. Enterocutaneous fistula: Are treatments improving? Surgery. 2006;140:570-576; discussion 576-578.
58. Present DH, Rutgeerts P, Targan S, et al. Infliximab for the treatment of fistulas in patients with Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:1398-1405. (Pubitemid 29205403)
59. Sands BE, Anderson FH, Bernstein CN, et al. Infliximab maintenance therapy for fistulizing Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:876-885.
60. Miehsler W, Reinisch W, Kazemi-Shirazi L, et al. Infliximab: lack of efficacy on perforating complications in Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2004;10:36-40.
61. Schecter WP, Hirshberg A, Chang DS, et al. Enteric fistulas: principles of management. J Am Coll Surg. 2009;209:484-491.
62. Ribeiro MB, Greenstein AJ, Yamazaki Y, Aufses AH Jr. Intra-abdominal abscess in regional enteritis. Ann Surg. 1991;213:32-36.
63. Gutierrez A, Lee H, Sands BE. Outcome of surgical versus percutaneous drainage of abdominal and pelvic abscesses in Crohn's disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101:2283-2289.
64. Garcia JC, Persky SE, Bonis PA, Topazian M. Abscesses in Crohn's disease: outcome of medical versus surgical treatment. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2001;32:409-412.
65. Jawhari A, Kamm MA, Ong C, Forbes A, Bartram CI, Hawley PR. Intraabdominal and pelvic abscess in Crohn's disease: results of noninvasive and surgical management. Br J Surg. 1998;85:367-371.
66. Cirocco WC, Reilly JC, Rusin LC. Life-threatening hemorrhage and exsanguination from Crohn's disease. Report of four cases. Dis Colon Rectum. 1995;38:85-95.
67. Mahmoud N, Rombeau JL, Ross HM, Fry RD. Colon and rectum. In: Townsend CM, Beauchamp RD, Evers BM, Mattox KL, eds. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery. 17th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2004.
68. Kronberger IE, Graziadei IW, Vogel W. Small bowel adenocarcinoma in Crohn's disease: a case report and review of literature. World J Gastroenterol. 2006;12:1317-1320.
69. Michelassi F, Testa G, Pomidor WJ, Lashner BA, Block GE. Adenocarcinoma complicating Crohn's disease. Dis Colon Rectum. 1993;36:654-661.
70. Poylin VY, Fischer JE. Small bowel tumors. In: Cameron JL, ed. Current Surgical Therapy. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby-Elsevier; 2008.
71. Solem CA, Harmsen WS, Zinsmeister AR, Loftus EV Jr. Small intestinal adenocarcinoma in Crohns disease: a case-control study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2004;10:32-35.
72. Olaison G, Smedh K, Sjodahl R. Natural course of Crohn's disease after ileocolic resection: endoscopically visualised ileal ulcers preceding symptoms. Gut. 1992;33:331-335.
73. Sachar DB. The problem of postoperative recurrence of Crohn's disease. Med Clin North Am. 1990;74:183-188.
74. Reese GE, Nanidis T, Borysiewicz C, Yamamoto T, Orchard T, Tekkis PP. The effect of smoking after surgery for Crohn's disease: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2008;23:1213-1221.
75. Renda MC, Orlando A, Civitavecchia G, et al. The role of CARD15 mutations and smoking in the course of Crohn's disease in a Mediterranean area. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103:649-655.
76. Regueiro M, Schraut W, Baidoo L, et al. Infliximab prevents Crohn's disease recurrence after ileal resection. Gastroenterology. 2009;136:441-450.e1; quiz 716.
77. Keighley MR, Allan RN. Current status and influence of operation on perianal Crohn's disease. Int J Colorectal Dis. 1986;1:104-107.
78. Regueiro M, Mardini H. Treatment of perianal fistulizing Crohn's disease with infliximab alone or as an adjunct to exam under anesthesia with seton placement. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2003,9:98-103.
79. Topstad DR, Panaccione R, Heine JA, Johnson DR, MacLean AR, Buie WD. Combined seton placement, infliximab infusion, and maintenance immunosuppressives improve healing rate in fistulizing anorectal Crohn's disease: a single center experience. Dis Colon Rectum. 2003;46:577-583.
80. Schwartz DA, White CM, Wise PE, Herline AJ. Use of endoscopic ultrasound to guide combination medical and surgical therapy for patients with Crohn's perianal fistulas. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2005;11:727-732.
81. Schwartz DA, Wiersema MJ, Dudiak KM, et al. A comparison of endoscopic ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, and exam under anesthesia for evaluation of Crohn's perianal fistulas. Gastroenterology. 2001;121:1064-1072.
82. Schaefer O, Lohrmann C, Langer M. Assessment of anal fistulas with high-resolution subtraction MR-fistulography: comparison with surgical findings. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2004;19:91-98.
83. Buchanan GN, Halligan S, Bartram CI, Williams AB, Tarroni D, Cohen CR. Clinical examination, endosonography, and MR imaging in preoperative assessment of fistula in ano: comparison with outcome-based reference standard. Radiology. 2004;233:674-681.
84. Lunniss PJ, Barker PG, Sultan AH, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of fistula-in-ano. Dis Colon Rectum. 1994;37:708-718.
85. Beets-Tan RG, Beets GL, van der Hoop AG, et al. Preoperative MR imaging of anal fistulas: does it really help the surgeon? Radiology. 2001;218:75-84.
86. Buchanan GN, Halligan S, Williams AB, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging for primary fistula in ano. Br J Surg. 2003;90:877-881. (Pubitemid 36886393)
87. Singh B, McC Mortensen NJ, Jewell DP, George B. Perianal Crohn's disease. Br J Surg. 2004;91:801-814.
88. Pritchard TJ, Schoetz DJ Jr, Roberts PL, Murray JJ, Coller JA, Veidenheimer MC. Perirectal abscess in Crohn's disease. Drainage and outcome. Dis Colon Rectum. 1990;33:933-937.
89. Sohn N, Korelitz BI, Weinstein MA. Anorectal Crohn's disease: definitive surgery for fistulas and recurrent abscesses. Am J Surg. 1980;139:394-397.
90. Giovannini M, Bories E, Moutardier V, et al. Drainage of deep pelvic abscesses using therapeutic echo endoscopy. Endoscopy. 2003;35:511-514.
91. Williams JG, Rothenberger DA, Nemer FD, Goldberg SM. Fistula-in-ano in Crohn's disease. Results of aggressive surgical treatment. Dis Colon Rectum. 1991;34:378-384.
92. Halme L, Sainio AP. Factors related to frequency, type, and outcome of anal fistulas in Crohn's disease. Dis Colon Rectum. 1995;38:55-59.
93. Sangwan YP, Schoctz DJ Jr, Murray JJ, Roberts PL, Coller JA. Perianal Crohn's disease. Results of local surgical treatment. Dis Colon Rectum. 1996;39:529-535.
94. Faucheron JL, Saint-Marc O, Guibert L, Parc R. Long-term seton drainage for high anal fistulas in Cohn's disease - a sphincter-saving operation? Dis Colon Rectum. 1996;39:208-211.
95. Pearl RK, Andrews JR, Orsay CP, et al. Role of the seton in the management of anorectal fistulas. Dis Colon Rectum. 1993;36:573-577; discussion 577-579.
96. Thornton M, Solomon MJ. Long-term indwelling seton for complex anal fistulas in Crohn's disease. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;48:459-463.
97. Buchanan GN, Owen HA, Torkington J, Lunniss PJ, Nicholls RJ, Cohen CR. Long-term outcome following loose-seton technique for external sphincter preservation in complex anal fistula. Br J Surg. 2004;91:476-480.
98. Eitan A, Koliada M, Bickel A. The use of the loose seton technique as a definitive treatment for recurrent and persistent high trans-sphincteric anal fistulas: a long-term outcome. J Gastrointest Surg. 2009;13:1116-1119.
99. Edwards CM, George BD, Jewell DP, Warren BF, Mortensen NJ, Kettlewell MG. Role of a defunctioning stoma in the management of large bowel Crohn's disease. Br J Surg. 2000;87:1063-1066.
100. Dejaco C, Harrer M, Waldhoer T, Miehsler W, Vogelsang H, Reinisch W. Antibiotics and azathioprine for the treatment of perianal fistulas in Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003;18:1113-1120.
101. Bernstein LH, Frank MS, Brandt LJ, Boley SJ. Healing of perineal Crohn's disease with metronidazole. Gastroenterology. 1980;79:599.
102. Turunen UM, Farkkila MA, Hakala K, et al. Long-term treatment of ulcerative colitis with ciprofloxacin: a prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Gastroenterology. 1998;115:1072-1078.
103. Brandt LJ, Bernstein LH, Boley SJ, Frank MS. Metronidazole therapy for perineal Crohn's disease: a follow-up study. Gastroenterology. 1982;83:383-387.
104. Jakobovits J, Schuster MM. Metronidazole therapy for Crohn's disease and associated fistulae. Am J Gastroenterol. 1984;79:533-540.
105. Pearson DC, May GR, Fick GH, Sutherland LR. Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine in crohn disease. A meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 1995;123:132-142.
106. Hinterleitner TA, Petritsch W, Aichbichler B, Fickert P, Ranner G, Krejs GJ. Combination of cyclosporine, azathioprine and prednisolone for perianal fistulas in Crohn's disease. Z Gastroenterol. 1997;35:603-608.
107. Egan LJ, Sandborn WJ, Tremaine WJ. Clinical outcome following treatment of refractory inflammatory and fistulizing Crohn's disease with intravenous cyclosporine. Am J Gastroenterol. 1998;93:442-448.
108. Gurudu SR, Griffel LH, Gialanella RJ, Das KM. Cyclosporine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: short-term and long-term results. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1999;29:151-154.
109. Sandborn WJ, Present DH, Isaacs KL, et al. Tacrolimus for the treatment of fistulas in patients with Crohn's disease: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 2003;125:380-388.
110. Parsi MA, Lashner BA, Achkar JP, Connor JT, Brzezinski A. Type of fistula determines response to infliximab in patients with fistulous Crohn's disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;99:445-449.
111. Ricart E, Panaccione R, Loftus EV, Tremaine WJ, Sandborn WJ. Infliximab for Crohn's disease in clinical practice at the Mayo Clinic: the first 100 patients. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96:722-729.
112. Schiff MH, Burmester GR, Kent JD, et al. Safety analyses of adalimumab (HUMIRA) in global clinical trials and US postmarketing surveillance of patients with theumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006;65:889-894.
113. Colombel JF, Sandborn WJ, Rutgeerts P, et al. Adalimumab for maintenance of clinical response and remission in patients with Crohn's disease: the CHARM trial. Gastroenterology. 2007;132:52-65.
114. Colombel JF, Schwartz DA, Sandborn WJ, et al. Adalimumab for the treatment of fistulas in patients with Crohn's disease. Gut. 2009;58:940-948.
115. Hobbiss JH, Schofield PF. Management of perianal Crohn's disease. J R Soc Med. 1982;75:414-417.
116. Morrison JG, Gathright JB Jr, Ray JE, Ferrari BT, Hicks TC, Timmcke AE. Surgical management of anorectal fistulas in Crohn's disease. Dis Colon Rectum. 1989;32:492-496.
117. Nordgren S, Fasth S, Hulten L. Anal fistulas in Crohn's disease: incidence and outcome of surgical treatment. Int J Colorectal Dis. 1992;7:214-218.
118. Alexander-Williams J, Steinberg DM, Fielding JS, Thompson H, Cooke WT. Proceedings: perianal Crohn's disease. Gut. 1974;15:822-823.
119. Lindsey I, Smilgin-Humphreys MM, Cunningham C, Mortensen NJ, George BD. A randomized, controlled trial of fibrin glue vs. conventional treatment for anal fistula. Dis Colon Rectum. 2002;45:1608-1615.
120. Swinscoe MT, Ventakasubramaniam AK, Jayne DG. Fibrin glue for fistula-in-ano: the evidence reviewed. Tech Coloproctol. 2005;9:89-94.
121. Vitton V, Gasmi M, Barthet M, Desjeux A, Orsoni P, Grimaud JC. Long-term healing of Crohn's anal fistulas with fibrin glue injection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005;21:1453-1457.
122. Loungnarath R, Dietz DW, Mutch MG, Birnbaum EH, Kodner IJ, Fleshman JW. Fibrin glue treatment of complex anal fistulas has low success rate. Dis Colon Rectum. 2004;47:432-436.
123. O'Connor L, Champagne BJ, Ferguson MA, Orangio GR, Schertzer ME, Armstrong DN. Efficacy of anal fistula plug in closure of Crohn's anorectal fistulas. Dis Colon Rectum. 2006;49:1569-1573.
124. Champagne BJ, O'Connor LM, Ferguson M, Orangio GR, Schertzer ME, Armstrong DN. Efficacy of anal fistula plug in closure of cryptoglandulat fistulas: long-term follow-up. Dis Colon Rectum. 2006;49:1817-1821. (Pubitemid 44853437)
125. Ky AJ, Sylla P, Steinhagen R, Steinhagen E, Khaitov S, Ly EK. Collagen fistula plug for the treatment of anal fistulas. Dis Colon Rectum. 2008;51:838-843.
126. Talbot C, Sagar PM, Johnston MJ, Finan PJ, Burke D. Infliximab in the surgical management of complex fistulating anal Crohn's disease. Colorectal Dis. 2005;7:164-168.
127. Matos D, Lunniss PJ, Phillips RK. Total sphincter conservation in high fistula in ano: results of a new approach. Br J Surg. 1993;80:802-804.
128. Makowiec F, Jehle EC, Becker HD, Starlinger M. Clinical course after transanal advancement flap repair of perianal fistula in patients with Crohn's disease. Br J Surg. 1995;82:603-606.
129. Joo JS, Weiss EG, Nogueras JJ, Wexner SD. Endorectal advancement flap in perianal Crohn's disease. Am Surg. 1998;64:147-150.
130. Robertson WG, Mangione JS. Cutaneous advancement flap closure: alternative method for treatment of complicated anal fistulas. Dis Colon Rectum. 1998;41:884-886; discussion 886-887.
131. Marchesa P, Hull TL, Fazio VW. Advancement sleeve flaps for treatment of severe perianal Crohn's disease. Br J Surg. 1998;85:1695-1698.
132. Galis-Rozen E, Tulchinsky H, Rosen A, et al. Long-term outcome of loose seton for complex anal fistula: a two-centre study of patients with and without Crohn's disease. Colorectal Dis. 2010;12:358-362.
133. Andreani SM, Dang HH, Grondona P, Khan AZ, Edwards DP. Rectovaginal fistula in Crohn's disease. Dis Colon Rectum. 2007;50:2215-2222.
134. Sands BE, Blank MA, Patel K, van Deventer SJ, ACCENT II Study. Long-term treatment of rectovaginal fistulas in Crohns disease: response to infliximab in the ACCENT II study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;2:912-920.
135. Hull TL, Fazio VW. Surgical approaches to low anovaginal fistula in Crohn's disease. Am J Surg. 1997;173:95-98.
136. Kodner IJ, Mazor A, Shemesh EI, Fry RD, Fleshman JW, Birnbaum EH. Endorectal advancement flap repair of rectovaginal and other complicated anorectal fistulas. Surgery. 1993;114:682-689; discussion 689-690.
137. Berman IR. Sleeve advancement anorectoplasty for complicated anorectal/vaginal fistula. Dis Colon Rectum. 1991;34:1032-1037.
138. Sher ME, Bauer JJ, Gelernt I. Surgical repair of rectovaginal fistulas in patients with Crohn's disease: transvaginal approach. Dis Colon Rectum. 1991;34:641-648.
139. Galandiuk S, Kimberling J, Al-Mishlab TG, Stromberg AJ. Perianal Crohn's disease: predictors of need for permanent diversion. Ann Surg. 2005;241:796-801; discussion 801-802.
140. Mueller MH, Geis M, Glatzle J, et al. Risk of fecal diversion in complicated perianal Crohn's disease. J Gastrointest Surg. 2007;11:529-537.
141. Singh B, George BD, Mortensen NJ. Surgical therapy of perianal Crohn's disease. Dig Liver Dis. 2007;39:988-992.
142. Yamamoto T, Allan RN, Keighley MR. Effect of fecal diversion alone on perianal Crohn's disease. World J Surg. 2000;24:1258-1262; discussion 1262-1263.
143. Kasparek MS, Glatzle J, Temeltcheva T, Mueller MH, Koenigstainer A, Kreis ME. Long-term quality of life in patients with Crohn's disease and perianal fistulas: influence of fecal diversion. Dis Colon Rectum. 2007;50:2067-2074.
144. Cohen JL, Stricker JW, Schoetz DJ Jr, Coller JA, Veidenheimer MC. Rectovaginal fistula in Crohn's disease. Dis Colon Rectum. 1989;32:825-828.
145. Yamamoto T, Bain IM, Allan RN, Keighley MR. Persistent perineal sinus after proctocolectomy for Crohn's disease. Dis Colon Rectum. 1999;42:96-101.
146. Rius J, Nessim A, Nogueras JJ, Wexner SD. Gracilis transposition in complicated perianal fistula and unhealed perineal wounds in Crohn's disease. Eur J Surg. 2000;166:218-222.
147. van der Hagen SJ, Baeten CG, Soeters PB, Russel MG, Beets-Tan RG, van Gemert WG. Anti-TNF-alpha (infliximab) used as induction treatment in case of active proctitis in a multistep strategy followed by definitive surgery of complex anal fistulas in Crohn's disease: a preliminary report. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;48:758-767.