The Preterm Neonate with Relative Adrenal Insufficiency and Vasopressor-resistant Hypotension

Hemodynamics and Cardiology: Neonatology Questions and Controversies

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 195-207

  Cole, Cynthia ^a  

^a BETH ISRAEL DEACONESS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77957970438     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-4160-3162-8.10010-7     Document Type: Chapter

References (100)

1. Colasurdo MA, Hanna CE, Gilhooly JT, et al. Hydrocortisone replacement in extremely premature infants with cortisol insufficiency. Clin Res 1989, 37:180A.
2. Ward RM, Rich-Denson C Addisonian crisis in extremely premature neonates. Clin Res 1991, 39:11A.
3. Hanna CE, et al. Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal function in the extremely low birth weight infant. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993, 76:384-387.
4. Ho J, et al. Septic shock and sepsis: a comparison of total and free plasma cortisol levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005.
5. Seri I, Tan R, Evans J Cardiovascular effects of hydrocortisone in preterm infants with pressor-resistant hypotension. Pediatrics 2001, 107:1070-1074.
6. Schneider AJ, Voerman HJ Abrupt hemodynamic improvement in late septic shock with physiological doses of glucocorticoids. Intensive Care Med 1991, 17:436-437.
7. Briegel J, et al. Haemodynamic improvement in refractory septic shock with cortisol replacement therapy. Intensive Care Med 1992, 18:318.
8. Caplan RH, et al. Occult hypoadrenalism in critically ill patients. Arch Surg 1994, 129:456.
9. Guttentag SH, Rubin LP, Douglas R, Ringer SA, Berg G, Liley H The glucocorticoid pathway in ill and well extremely low birthweight infants. Pediatric Res 1991, 29:77A.
10. Fauser A, Pohlandt F, Bartmann P, Gortner L Rapid increase of blood pressure in extremely low birth weight infants after a single dose of dexamethasone. Eur J Pediatr 1993, 152:354-356.
11. Reynolds JW, Hanna CE Glucocorticoid-responsive hypotension in extremely low birth weight newborns. Pediatrics 1994, 94:135-136.
12. Scott SM, Watterberg KL Effect of gestational age, postnatal age, and illness on plasma cortisol concentrations in premature infants. Pediatr Res 1995, 37:112-116.
13. Watterberg KL, Scott SM Evidence of early adrenal insufficiency in babies who develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatrics 1995, 95:120-125.
14. Bouchier D, Weston PJ Randomised trial of dopamine compared with hydrocortisone for the treatment of hypotensive very low birth weight infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 1997, 76:F174-F178.
15. Hanna CE, et al. Corticosteroid binding globulin, total serum cortisol, and stress in extremely low-birth-weight infants. Am J Perinatol 1997, 14:201-204.
16. Scott SM, Alverson DC, Backstrom C, Bessman S Positive effect of cortisol on cardiac output in the preterm infant. Pediatr Res 1995, 37:236A.
17. Ng PC, et al. Refractory hypotension in preterm infants with adrenocortical insufficiency. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2001, 84:F122-F124.
18. Korte C, et al. Adrenocortical function in the very low birth weight infant: improved testing sensitivity and association with neonatal outcome. J Pediatr 1996, 128:257-263.
19. Cooper MS, Stewart PM Corticosteroid insufficiency in acutely ill patients. N Engl J Med 2003, 348:727-734.
20. Annane D, et al. Effect of treatment with low doses of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone on mortality in patients with septic shock. JAMA 2002, 288:862-871.
21. Seri I, et al. Cardiovascular response to dopamine in hypotensive preterm neonates with severe hyaline membrane disease. Eur J Pediatr 1984, 142:3-9.
22. Seri I Circulatory support of the sick preterm infant. Semin Neonatol 2001, 6:85-95.
23. Roze J, Ch Tohier C, Maingueneau C, Lefevre M, Mouzard A Response to dobutamine and dopamine in the hypotensive very preterm infant. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 1993, 69:59-63.
24. Rivers EP, et al. Adrenal insufficiency in high-risk surgical ICU patients. Chest 2001, 119:889-896.
25. Noori S, et al. Cardiovascular effects of low-dose dexamethasone in very low birth weight neonates with refractory hypotension. Biol Neonate 2005, 89:82-87.
26. Noori S, Seri I Pathophysiology of newborn hypotension outside the transitional period. Early Hum Dev 2005, 81:399-404.
27. Ng PC, Fok TF, Lee CH, Ma KC, Chan IHS, Wong E Refractory hypotension in preterm infants with adrenocortical insufficiency. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2001, 84:F122-F124.
28. Ng PC, et al. Transient adrenocortical insufficiency of prematurity and systemic hypotension in very low birthweight infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2004, 89:F119-F126.
29. Lamberts SW, Bruining HA, de Jong FH Corticosteroid therapy in severe illness. N Engl J Med 1997, 337:1285-1292.
30. Keh D, et al. Immunologic and hemodynamic effects of "low-dose" hydrocortisone in septic shock: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003, 167:512-520.
31. Huysman MW, et al. Adrenal function in sick very preterm infants. Pediatr Res 2000, 48:629-633.
32. Helbock HJMI, Conte FA Glucocorticoid-responsive hypotension in extremely low birth weight newborns. Pediatrics 1993, 92:715-717.
33. Dimopoulou I, et al. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction in critically ill patients with traumatic brain injury: incidence, pathophysiology, and relationship to vasopressor dependence and peripheral interleukin-6 levels. Crit Care Med 2004, 32:404-408.
34. Briegel J, Gorst H, Haller M, et al. Stress doses of hydrocortisone reverse hyperdynamic septic shock: a prospective, randomized, double blind, single center study. Crit Care Med 1999, 27:723-732.
35. Annane D, Briegel J, Sprung CL Corticosteroid insufficiency in acutely ill patients. N Engl J Med 2003, 348:2157-2159.
36. Annane D, et al. Clinical equipoise remains for issues of adrenocorticotropic hormone administration, cortisol testing, and therapeutic use of hydrocortisone. Crit Care Med 2003, 31:2250-2251;. author reply 2252-2253.
37. Alverson D, Scott SM, Backstrom C, Bessman S Persistently low cardiac output during the first day of life predicts high mortality in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome. Pediatr Res 1995, 37:193A.
38. Hoen S, et al. Cortisol response to corticotropin stimulation in trauma patients: influence of hemorrhagic shock. Anesthesiology 2002, 97:807-813.
39. Gaissmaier RE, Pohlandt F Single-dose dexamethasone treatment of hypotension in preterm infants. J Pediatr 1999, 134:701-705.
40. Yoder BA, Martin H, Mc Curnin DC, Coalson JJ Impaired urinary cortisol excretion and early cardiopulmonary dysfunction in immature baboons. Pediatr Res 2002, 51:426-432.
41. Ng PC, et al. Reference ranges and factors affecting the human corticotropin-releasing hormone test in preterm, very low birth weight infants. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002, 87:4621-4628.
42. Joosten KF, et al. Endocrine and metabolic responses in children with meningoccocal sepsis: striking differences between survivors and nonsurvivors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000, 85:3746-3753.
43. Chrousos GP The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and immune mediated inflammation. N Engl J Med 1995, 332:1351-1362.
44. Watterberg KL, et al. Effect of dose on response to adrenocorticotropin in extremely low birth weight infants. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005, 90:6380-6385.
45. Dickstein G, et al. Adrenocorticotropin stimulation test: effects of basal cortisol level, time of day, and suggested new sensitive low dose test. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991, 72:773-778.
46. Annane D Time for a consensus definition of corticosteroid insufficiency in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2003, 31:1868-1869.
47. Arnold J, et al. Longitudinal study of plasma cortisol and 17-hydroxyprogesterone in very-low-birth-weight infants during the first 16 weeks of life. Biol Neonate 1997, 72:148-155.
48. Agus M One step forward: an advance in understanding of adrenal insufficiency in the pediatric critically ill. Crit Care Med 2005, 33:911-912.
49. Contreras LN, et al. A new less-invasive and more informative low-dose ACTH test: salivary steroids in response to intramuscular corticotrophin. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2004, 61:675-682.
50. Hoen S, et al. Hydrocortisone increases the sensitivity to alpha1-adrenoceptor stimulation in humans following hemorrhagic shock. Crit Care Med 2005, 33:2737-2743.
51. Marik PE, Zaloga GP Adrenal insufficiency during septic shock. Crit Care Med 2003, 31:141-145.
52. Williams HW, Bluhy RG Diseases of the adrenal cortex. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 1998, 2035-2057. McGraw-Hill, New York. A.S. Facuci, K.J. Isselbacher (Eds.).
53. Pizarro CF, Damiani D, Carcillo JA Absolute and relative adrenal insufficiency in children with septic shock. Crit Care Med 2005, 33:855-859.
54. Pittinger TP, Sawin RS Adrenocortical insufficiency in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a pilot study. J Pediatr Surg 2000, 35:223-225;. discussion 225-226.
55. Rothwell PM, Udwadia ZF, Lawler PG Cortisol response to corticotropin and survival in septic shock. Lancet 1991, 337:582-583.
56. Briegel J, et al. Immunomodulation in septic shock: hydrocortisone differentially regulates cytokine responses. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001, 12(Suppl. 17):S70-S74.
57. Ng PC, Lam CWK, Fok TF, Lee CH, Ma KC, Chan IHS, Wong E The pituitary-adrenal responses to exogenous human corticotropin-releasing hormone in preterm, very low birth weight infants. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997, 82:797-799.
58. Bolt RJ, van Weissenbruch MM, Cranendonk A, Lafeber HN, Delemarre-Van De Waal HA The corticotrophin-releasing hormone test in preterm infants. Clin Endocrinol 2002, 56:207-213.
59. Thomas S, et al. Response to ACTH in the newborn. Arch Dis Child 1986, 61:57-60.
60. Soliman AT, et al. Circulating adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol concentrations in normal, appropriate-for-gestational-age newborns versus those with sepsis and respiratory distress: cortisol response to low-dose and standard-dose ACTH tests. Metabolism 2004, 53:209-214.
61. Karlsson R, et al. Timing of peak serum cortisol values in preterm infants in low-dose and the standard ACTH tests. Pediatr Res 1999, 45:367-369.
62. Karlsson R, et al. Adrenocorticotropin and corticotropin-releasing hormone tests in preterm infants. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000, 85:4592-4595.
63. Watterberg KL, et al. Prophylaxis against early adrenal insufficiency to prevent chronic lung disease in premature infants. Pediatrics 1999, 104:1258-1263.
64. Watterberg KL, et al. Prophylaxis of early adrenal insufficiency to prevent bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a multicenter trial. Pediatrics 2004, 114:1649-1657.
65. Hingre RV, et al. Adrenal steroidogenesis in very low birth weight preterm infants. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994, 78:266-270.
66. Bolt RJ, et al. Maturity of the adrenal cortex in very preterm infants is related to gestational age. Pediatr Res 2002, 52:405-410.
67. Trainer PJ, et al. Urinary free cortisol in the assessment of hydrocortisone replacement therapy. Horm Metab Res 1993, 25:117-120.
68. Ng PC, Fok TF, Lee CH, Ma KC, Chan IHS, Wong E The pituitary-adrenal responses to exogenous human corticotropin-releasing hormone in preterm, very low birth weight infants. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997, 82:797-799.
69. Jett PL, et al. Variability of plasma cortisol levels in extremely low birth weight infants. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997, 82:2921-2925.
70. al Saedi S, et al. Reference ranges for serum cortisol and 17-hydroxyprogesterone levels in preterm infants. J Pediatr 1995, 126:985-987.
71. Mesiano S, Jaffe RB Developmental and functional biology of the primate fetal adrenal cortex. Endocr Rev 1997, 18:378-403.
72. Tsuneyoshi I, Kanmura Y, Yoshimura N Nitric oxide as a mediator of reduced arterial responsiveness in septic patients. Crit Care Med 1996, 24:1083-1086.
73. Tsuneyoshi I, Kanmura Y, Yoshimura N Lipoteichoic acid from Staphylococcus aureus depresses contractile function of human arteries in vitro due to the induction of nitric oxide synthase. Anesth Analg 1996, 82:948-953.
74. Tsuneyoshi I, Kanmura Y, Yoshimura N Methylprednisolone inhibits endotoxin-induced depression of contractile function in human arteries in vitro. Br J Anaesth 1996, 76:251-257.
75. Annane D, Bellissant E, Sebille V, et al. Impaired pressor sensitivity to noradrenaline in septic shock patients with and without impaired adrenal function reserve. Br J Clin Pharm 1998, 46:589-597.
76. Lee MM, et al. Serum adrenal steroid concentrations in premature infants. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1989, 69:1133-1136.
77. Heckmann M, et al. Reference range for serum cortisol in well preterm infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 1999, 81:F171-F174.
78. Watterberg KL, Gerdes JS, Cook KL Impaired glucocorticoid synthesis in premature infants developing chronic lung disease. Pediatr Res 2001, 50:190-195.
79. Linder N, et al. Longitudinal measurements of 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone in premature infants during the first three months of life. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 1999, 81:F175-F178.
80. Ng PC, et al. Early pituitary-adrenal response and respiratory outcomes in preterm infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2004, 89:F127-F130.
81. Scott SM Evidence for developmental hypopituitarism in ill preterm infants. J Perinatol 2004, 24:429-433.
82. Watterberg KL, et al. Links between early adrenal function and respiratory outcome in preterm infants: airway inflammation and patent ductus arteriosus. Pediatrics 2000, 105:320-324.
83. Peltoniemi O, et al. Pretreatment cortisol values may predict responses to hydrocortisone administration for the prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in high-risk infants. J Pediatr 2005, 146:632-637.
84. Pladys P, et al. Left ventricle output and mean arterial blood pressure in preterm infants during the 1st day of life. Eur J Pediatr 1999, 158:817-824.
85. Seri I Management of hypotension and low systemic blood flow in the very low birth weight neonate during the first postnatal week. J Perinatol 2006, 26(Suppl. 1):S8-S13.
86. Noori S, Friedlich P, Wong P, Ebrahimi M, Siassi B, Seri I Hemodynamic changes following low-dose hydrocortisone administration in vasopressor-treated neonates. Pediatrics 2006, 118:1456-1466.
87. Palta M, Gabbert D, Weinstein MR, Peters ME Multivariate assessment of traditional risk factors for chronic lung disease in very low birth weight neonates. J Pediatr 1991, 119:285-292.
88. Efird MM, et al. A randomized-controlled trial of prophylactic hydrocortisone supplementation for the prevention of hypotension in extremely low birth weight infants. J Perinatol 2005, 25:119-124.
89. Coalson JJ, et al. Neonatal chronic lung disease in extremely immature baboons. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999, 160:1333-1346.
90. Seri I, Evans JR Why do steroids increase blood pressure in preterm infants?. J Pediatr 2000, 136:420-421.
91. Oppert M, et al. Low-dose hydrocortisone improves shock reversal and reduces cytokine levels in early hyperdynamic septic shock. Crit Care Med 2005, 33:2457-2464.
92. Shenker Y, Skatrud JB Adrenal insufficiency in critically ill patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001, 163:1520-1523.
93. Segar JL, et al. Effect of antenatal glucocorticoids on sympathetic nerve activity at birth in preterm shee. Am J Physiol 1998, 274(1 Pt 2):R160-R167.
94. +-ATPase isoforms in the infant rat heart. Pediatr Res 1993, 33:1-4.
95. Bellissant E, Annane D Effect of hydrocortisone on phenylephrine mean arterial pressure dose-response relationship in septic shock. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000, 68:293-303.
96. Paquette L, Friedlich P, Ramanathan R, Seri I Cumulative doses of indomethacin and concurrent use of corticosteroids predict spontaneous intestinal perforation in very low birth weight neonates. J Perinatol 2006, 26:486-492.
97. Seri I Hydrocortisone is effective in treatment of vasopressor-resistant hypotension in very low birth weight neonates. J Pediatr 2006, 149:422-423.
98. Lodygensky GA, Rademaker K, Zimine S, et al. Structural and functional brain development after hydrocortisone treatment for neonatal chronic lung disease. Pediatrics 2005, 116:1-7.
99. Annane D, et al. A 3-level prognostic classification in septic shock based on cortisol levels and cortisol response to corticotropin. JAMA 2000, 283:1038-1045.
100. Aucott SW Hypotension in the newborn: who needs hydrocortisone?. J Perinatol 2005, 25:77-78.