Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction in critically ill patients with traumatic brain injury: Incidence, pathophysiology, and relationship to vasopressor dependence and peripheral interleukin-6 levels

Critical Care Medicine

Volumn 32, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 404-408

  Dimopoulou, Ioanna ^a   Tsagarakis, Stylianos ^a   Kouyialis, Andreas T ^a   Roussou, Paraskevi ^b   Assithianakis, Georgios ^a   Christoforaki, Marietta ^a   Ilias, Ioannis ^a   Sakas, Damianos E ^a   Thalassinos, Nikolaos ^a   Roussos, Charis ^a  

^a EVANGELISMOS HOSPITAL   (Greece)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS   (Greece)

Author keywords

Human corticotropin releasing hormone test; Interleukin 6; Low dose corticotropin stimulation test; Primary adrenal dysfunction; Traumatic brain injury

Indexed keywords

CORTICOTROPIN; CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING FACTOR; HYDROCORTISONE; HYPERTENSIVE FACTOR; INTERLEUKIN 6; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

ADOLESCENT; ADRENAL DISEASE; ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY; ADULT; ARTICLE; ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION; BLOOD SAMPLING; BRAIN INJURY; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; CRITICAL ILLNESS; FEMALE; HUMAN; HYDROCORTISONE BLOOD LEVEL; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; INCIDENCE; INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; MALE; MEASUREMENT; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; PROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; PROVOCATION TEST; UNIVERSITY;

ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE; ADULT; BRAIN INJURIES; CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE; CRITICAL ILLNESS; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYDROCORTISONE; HYPOTHALAMO-HYPOPHYSEAL SYSTEM; INCIDENCE; INTERLEUKIN-6; MALE; PITUITARY-ADRENAL SYSTEM; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; VASOCONSTRICTOR AGENTS;

EID: 10744229139     PISSN: 00903493     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000108885.37811.CA     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Barreca T, Perria C, Sannia A, et al: Evaluation of anterior pituitary function in patients with posttraumatic diabetes insipidus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1980; 51:1279-1282
2. King LR, Knowles HC Jr, McLaurin RL, et al: Pituitary hormone response to head injury. Neurosurgery 1981; 9:229-235
3. Edwards OM, Clark JD: Post-traumatic hypopituitarism: Six cases and a review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 1986; 65:281-290
4. Lenzen J, Hildebrand G, Laun A, et al: Function tests on the neuroendocrine hypothalamo-pituitary system following acute midbrain syndrome, with special reference to computertomographical and magnetic resonance imaging results. Neurosurg Rev 1993; 16:183-187
5. Benvega S, Campenni A, Ruggeri RM, et al: Clinical Review 113: Hypopituitarism secondary to head trauma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85:1353-1361
6. Kelly DF, Gaw Gonzalo IT, Cohan P, et al: Hypopituitarism following traumatic brain injury and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: A preliminary report. J Neurosurg 2000; 93:743-752
7. Woolf PD, Hamill RW, McDonald JV, et al: Transient hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism after head trauma: Effects on steroid precursors and correlation with sympathetic nervous system activity. Clin Endocrinol 1986; 25:265-274
8. Clark JDA, Raggatt PR, Edwards OM: Hypothalamic hypogonadism following major head injury. Clin Endocrinol 1988; 29:153-165
9. Clark JDA, Raggatt PR, Edwards OM: Abnormalities of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis after head injury. Clin Endocrinol 1992; 36:481-485
10. Matsuura H, Nakazawa S, Wakabayashi I: Thyrotropin-releasing hormone provocative release of prolactin and thyrotropin in acute head injury. Neurosurgery 1985; 16:791-795
11. Della Corte F, Mancini A, Valle D, et al: Provocative hypothalamopituitary axis tests in severe head injury: Correlations with severity and prognosis. Crit Care Med 1998; 26:1419-1426
12. Gottardis M, Nigitsch C, Schmutzhard E, et al: The secretion of human growth hormone stimulated by human growth hormone releasing factor following severe cranio-cerebral trauma. Intensive Care Med 1990; 16:163-166
13. Hackl JM, Gottardis M, Wieser CH, et al: Endocrine abnormalities in severe traumatic brain injury: A cue to prognosis in severe craniocerebral trauma? Intensive Care Med 1991; 17:25-29
14. Bondanelli M, Ambrosio MR, Margutti A, et al: Evidence for integrity of the growth hormone / insulin-like growth factor-1 axis in patients with severe head trauma during rehabilitation. Metabolism 2002; 51:1363-1369
15. King LR, McLaurin RL, Lewis HP, et al: Plasma cortisol levels after head injury. Ann Surg 1970; 172:975-984
16. Steinbok P, Thompson G: Serum cortisol abnormalities after craniocerebral trauma. Neurosurgery 1979; 5:559-565
17. Koiv L, Merisalu E, Zilmer K, et al: Changes of sympatho-adrenal and hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical system in patients with head injury. Acta Neurol Scand 1997; 96:52-58
18. Lieberman SA, Oberoi AL, Gilkison CR, et al: Prevalence of neuroendocrine dysfunction in patients recovering from traumatic brain injury. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86:2752-2756
19. Hoen S, Asehnoune K, Brailly-Tabart S, et al: Cortisol response to corticotropin stimulation in trauma patients: Influence of hemorrhagic shock. Anesthesiology 2002; 97:807-813
20. Dickstein G, Shechner C, Nicholson WE, et al: Adrenocorticotropin stimulation test: Effects of basal cortisol level, time of day, and suggested new sensitive low dose test. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991; 72:773-778
21. Grinspoon SK, Biller BMK: Clinical Review 62: Laboratory assessment of adrenal insufficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994; 79:923-931
22. Oelkers W: Adrenal insufficiency. N Engl J Med 1996; 335:1206-1212
23. Bornstein SR, Chroussos GP: Clinical review 104: Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)- and non-ACTH-mediated regulation of the adrenal cortex: neural and immune inputs. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84:1729-1736
24. Lamberts SWJ, Bruining HA, de Jong FH: Drug therapy: corticosteroid therapy in severe illness. N Engl J Med 1997; 337:1285-1292
25. Teasdale G, Jennett B: Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness: A practical scale. Lancet 1974; 2:81-84
26. Marshall LF, Marshall SB, Klauber MR, et al: A new classification of head injury based on computerized tomography. J Neurosurg 1991; 75:S14-S20
27. Vincent JL, de Mendonca A, Cantraine F, et al: Use of SOFA score to assess the incidence of organ dysfunction/failure in intensive care units: Results of a multicenter, prospective study. Crit Care Med 1998; 26:1793-1800
28. Gonzalbez J, Villabona C, Ramon J, et al: Establishment of reference values for standard dose short synacthen test (250 μg), low dose short synacthen test (1 μg) and insulin tolerance test for assessment of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in normal subjects. Clin Endocrinol 2000; 53:199-204
29. Schlaghecke R, Kornely E, Santen RT, et al: The effect of long-term glucocorticoid therapy on pituitary-adrenal responses to exogenous corticotropin-releasing hormone. N Engl J Med 1992; 326:226-230
30. Schroeder S, Wichers M, Klingmuller D, et al: The hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenal axis of patients with severe sepsis: Altered response to corticotropin-releasing hormone. Crit Care Med 2001; 29:310-316
31. Ambrosi B, Barbetta L, Re T, et al: The one microgram adrenocorticotropin test in the assessment of hypothalamic-pitutary-adrenal function. Eur J Endocrinol 1998; 139:575-579
32. Tordjman K, Jaffe A, Trostanetsky Y, et al: Low-dose (1 μg) adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) stimulation as a screening test for impaired hypothalamo-pitutary-adrenal axis function: Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy in comparison with the high-dose (250 μg) test. Clin Endocrinol 2000; 52:633-640
33. Soni A, Pepper GM, Wyrwinski PM, et al: Adrenal insufficiency occurring during septic shock: Incidence, outcome, and relationship to peripheral cytokine levels. Am J Med 1995; 98:266-271
34. Dimopoulou I, Ilias I, Roussou P, et al: Adrenal function in non-septic long-stay critically ill patients: Evaluation with the low-dose (1 mcg) corticotropin stimulation test. Intensive Care Med 2002; 28:1168-1171
35. Marik PE, Zaloga GP: Adrenal insufficiency during septic shock. Crit Care Med 2003; 31:141-145
36. Dimopoulou I, Tsagarakis S, Anthi A, et al: High incidence of decreased cortisol reserve in brain-dead potential organ donors. Crit Care Med 2003; 31:1113-1117
37. Marik PE, Zaloga GP: Adrenal insufficiency in the critically ill: A new look at an old problem. Chest 2002; 122:1784-1796
38. Keh D, Boehnke T, Weber-Cartens S, et al: Immunologic and hemodynamic effects of "low-dose" hydrocortisone in septic shock: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 167:512-520
39. Mastorakos G, Chrousos GP, Weber JS: Recombinant interleukin-6 activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 77:1690-1694
40. Tsagarakis S, Kontogeorgos G, Kovacs K: The role of cytokines in the normal and neoplastic pituitary. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 1998; 28:73-90
41. Papanicolaou DA, Tsigos C, Oldfield EH, et al: Acute glucocorticoid deficiency is associated with plasma elevations of interleukin-6: Does the latter participate in the symptomatology of the steroid withdrawal syndrome and adrenal insufficiency? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81:2303-2306