Ten ways to restrict children's freedom to play: The problem of surplus safety

Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood

Volumn 11, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 263-277

  Wyver, Shirley ^a   Tranter, Paul ^b   Naughton, Geraldine ^c   Little, Helen ^a   Sandseter, Ellen Beate Hansen ^d   Bundy, Anita ^e  

^a MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

^c AUSTRALIAN CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^d Queen Mauds College   (Norway)

^e UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77957743470     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14639491     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2304/ciec.2010.11.3.263     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Adolph, K.E. (2008) Learning to Move, Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17(3), 213-218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00577.x.
2. American Academy of Pediatrics (2009) The Built Environment: designing communities to promote physical activity in children. Committee on Environmental Health (Position Statement), Pediatrics, 123, 1591-1598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-0750
3. Australian Bureau of Statistics (2006) 2006 Year Book Australia. ABS Catalogue No. 1301.0. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics.
4. Australian Government, Department of Health and Ageing (2009) Get up and Grow: healthy eating and physical activity for early childhood. https://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/phd-early-childhoodnutrition-index
5. Bergen, D. (2002) The Role of Pretend Play in Children's Cognitive Development, Early Childhood Research & Practice, 4(1). http://ecrp.uiuc.edu/v4n1/bergen.html
6. Bijur, P., Golding, J., Haslum, M. & Kurzon, M.A. (1988) Behavioral Predictors of Injury in School-Age Children, American Journal of Diseases of Children, 142, 1307-1312.
7. Borse, N.N., Gilchrist, J., Dellinger, A.M., Rudd, R.A., Ballesteros, M.F. & Sleet, D.A. (2008) Patterns of Unintentional Injuries among 0-19 Year Olds in the United States, 2000-2006. CDC Childhood Injury Report. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control.
8. Bown, K. & Sumsion, J. (2007) Voices from the Other Side of the Fence: early childhood teachers' experiences with mandatory regulatory requirements, Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 8(1), 30-49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2304/ciec.2007.8.1.30
9. Boyer, T. (2006) The Development of Risk-Taking: a multi-perspective review, Developmental Review, 26, 291-345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2006.05.002
10. Buchanan, C. (1999) Building Better Playgrounds: a project for parents? UAB Magazine, 19(3). http://main.uab.edu/show.asp?durki=25353
11. Bundy, A.C., Luckett, T., Naughton, G.A., et al (2008) Playful Interaction: occupational therapy for all on the school playground, American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 62, 522-527.
12. Bundy, A., Luckett, T., Tranter, P., et al (2009) The Risk is that There is 'No Risk': a simple, innovative intervention to increase children's activity levels, International Journal of Early Years Education, 17(1), 33-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09669760802699878
13. Bundy, A., Tranter, P., Naughton, G., Wyver, S. & Luckett, T. (2009) Playfulness: interactions between play contexts and child development, in J. Bowes & R. Grace (Eds) Children, Families and Communities: contexts and consequences, 3rd edn, 76-87. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
14. Christensen, P. & Mikkelsen, M.R. (2008) Jumping off and Being Careful: children's strategies of risk management in everyday life, Sociology of Health & Illness, 30(1), 112-130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9566.2007.01046.x
15. Community Services (2004) Children's Services Regulation 2004. http://www.community.nsw.gov.au/for_agencies_that_work_with_us/childrens_services.html (accessed 26 August 2010).
16. Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations (DEEWR) (2009) Belonging, Being and Becoming: the early years learning framework for Australia. http://www.deewr.gov.au/EarlyChildhood/Policy_Agenda/Quality/Pages/EarlyYearsLearningFrame work.aspx
17. Dolan, K., MacDonald, M., Silins, E. & Topp, L. (2005) Needle and Syringe Programs: a review of the evidence. Canberra: Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing. http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/D5355A6C5D2029F9CA25764F007.
18. Direktoratet for samfunnssikkerhet og beredskap (DSB) (1996) FOR 1996-07-19 nr 703: Forskrift om sikkerhet ved lekeplassutstyr. Norwegian Directorate for Civil Protection and Emergency Planning. http://www.lovdata.no/cgi-wift/ldles?doc=/sf/sf/sf-19960719-0703.html
19. Farley, T.A., Meriwether, R.A., Baker, E.T., Watkins, L.T., Johnson, C.C. & Webber, L.S. (2007) Safe Play Spaces to Promote Physical Activity in Inner-City Children: results from a pilot study of an environmental intervention, American Journal of Public Health, 97(9), 1625-1631. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2006.092692
20. Fenech, M. & Sumsion, J. (2007) Promoting High Quality Early Childhood Education and Care Services: beyond risk management, performative constructions of regulation, Journal of Early Childhood Research, 5(3), 263-283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1476718X07080472
21. Franklin, L. & Cromby, J. (2009) Everyday Fear: parenting and childhood in a culture of fear, in L. Franklin & R. Richardson (Eds) The Many Forms of Fear, Horror and Terror, 162-174. Oxford: Inter-Disciplinary Press.
22. Giles-Corti, B., Kelty, S.F., Zubrick, S.R. & Villanueva, K.P. (2009) Encouraging Walking for Transport and Physical Activity in Children and Adolescents: how important is the built environment? Sports Medicine, 39, 995-1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/11319620-000000000-00000
23. Gill, T. (2007) No Fear: growing up in a risk averse society. London: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation. http://www.gulbenkian.org.uk/media/item/1266/223/No-fear-19.12.07.pdf
24. Golinkoff, R.M., Hirsh-Pasek, K. & Singer, D.G. (2006) Why Play=Learning: a challenge for parents and educators, in D.G. Singer, R.M. Golinkoff & K. Hirsh-Pasek (Eds) Play=Learning: how play motivates and enhances children's cognitive and social-emotional growth, 3-12. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
25. Grieshaber, S. (2000) Regulating the Early Childhood Field, Australian Journal of Early Childhood, 25(2), 1-6.
26. Grossman, D.C. (2000) The History of Injury Control and the Epidemiology of Child and Adolescent Injuries, The Future of Children, 10(1), 23-53.
27. Guldberg, H. (2001) Child Safety Has Its Own Dangers. Spiked Online. http://www.spiked-online.com/Articles/000000005434.htm
28. Guldberg, H. (2009) Reclaiming Childhood: freedom and play in an age of fear. Abingdon: Routledge.
29. International Center for Technology Assessment (2000) In-Car Air Pollution. 2000. http://www.icta.org/projects/trans/incar.pdf (accessed 15 September 2004).
30. Isenberg, J.P. (2002) Play: essential for all children, Childhood Education, 79, 3-39.
31. Jacobsen, P.L., Racioppi, F. & Rutter, H. (2009) Who Owns the Road? How Motorised Traffic Discourages Walking and Bicycling, Injury Prevention, 15, 365-373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ip.2009.022566
32. Joh, A.S. & Adolph, K.E. (2006) Learning from Falling, Child Development, 77(1), 89-102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00858.x
33. Knox, P.L. (2005) Creating Ordinary Places: slow cities in a fast world, Journal of Urban Design, 10(1), 1-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13574800500062221
34. Little, H. (2006) Children's Risk-Taking Behaviour: implications for early childhood policy and practice, International Journal of Early Years Education, 14(2), 141-154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09669760600661427
35. Little, H. (2010) Risk, Challenge and Safety in Outdoor Play: pedagogical and regulatory tensions, Asia-Pacific Journal of Research in Early Childhood Education, 4(1), 3-24.
36. Little, H. & Wyver, S. (2008) Outdoor Play: does avoiding the risks reduce the benefits? Australian Journal of Early Childhood, 33(2), 33-40.
37. Little, H. (in press) Relationship between Parents' Beliefs and their Responses to Children's Risk-Taking Behaviour during Outdoor Play, Journal of Early Childhood Research.
38. Malone, K. (1999) Growing up in Cities as a Model of Participatory Planning and 'Place-Making' with Young People, Youth Studies Australia, 18(2), 17-23.
39. Mayer, H. & Knox, P.L. (2006) Slow Cities: sustainable places in a fast world, Journal of Urban Affairs, 28(4), 321-334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9906.2006.00298.x
40. McWilliams, C., Ball, S.C., Benjamin, S.E., Hales, H., Vaughn, A. & Ward, D.S. (2009) Best-Practice Guidelines for Physical Activity at Child Care, Pediatrics, 124, 1650-1659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-0952
41. National Childcare Accreditation Council (NCAC) (2001) Putting Children First: quality improvement and accreditation system sourcebook, 2nd edn. Sydney: National Childcare Accreditation Council.
42. New, R.S., Mardell, B. & Robinson, D. (2005) Early Childhood Education as Risky Business: going beyond what's 'safe' to discovering what is possible, Early Childhood Research & Practice, 7(2). http://ecrp.uiuc.edu/v7n2/index.html
43. Nixon, J.W., Acton, C.H.C., Wallis, B., Ballesteros, M.F. & Battistutta, D. (2003) Injury Frequency and Use of Playground Equipment in Public Schools and Parks in Brisbane, Australia, Injury Prevention, 9, 210-213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ip.9.3.210
44. Norton, C., Nixon, J. & Sibert, J. (2004) Playground Injuries to Children, Archives of Diseases in Childhood, 89(2), 103-108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/adc.2002.013045
45. Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research (2005) Act no. 64 of June 2005 relating to Kindergartens (the Kindergarten Act). Oslo: Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research.
46. Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research (2006) Framework Plan for the Content and Tasks of Kindergartens, issued 1 March. Oslo: Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research.
47. O'Campo, P., Rao, R., Gielen, A.C., Royalty, W. & Wilson, M. (2000) Injury-Producing Events among Children in Low-Income Communities: the role of community characteristics, Journal of Urban Health, 77(1), 34-49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02350961
48. Ordoñana, J.R., Caspi, A. & Moffitt, T.E. (2008) Unintentional Injuries in a Twin Study of Preschool Children: environmental, not genetic, risk factors, Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 33(2), 185-194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsm041
49. Palmer, C., Ziersch, A., Arthurson, K. & Baum, F. (2005) 'Danger Lurks around Every Corner': fear of crime and its impacts on opportunities for social interaction in stigmatised Australian suburbs, Urban Policy and Research, 23(4), 393-411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08111470500354216
50. Pellegrini, A.D. & Holmes, R.M. (2006) The Role of Recess in Primary School, in D.G. Singer, R.M. Golinkoff & K. Hirsh-Pasek (Eds) Play=Learning: how play motivates and enhances children's cognitive and socialemotional growth, 36-54. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
51. Pocock, B. (2001) The Effect of Long Hours on Family and Community Life: a survey of existing literature. Report prepared for the Queensland Department of Industrial Relations. http://www.sapo.org.au/binary/binary1021/A.pdf (accessed 15 June 2010).
52. Reilly, J.J., Kelly, L., Montgomery, C., et al (2006) Physical Activity to Prevent Obesity in Young Children: cluster randomised controlled trial, British Medical Journal, 333, 1041.
53. Rhee, K.E., Lumeng, J.C., Appugliese, D.P., Kaciroti, N. & Bradley, R.H. (2006) Parenting Styles and Overweight Status in First Grade, Pediatrics, 117(6), 2047-2054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2005-2259
54. Riggio, E. (2002) Child Friendly Cities: good governance in the best interests of the child, Environment and Urbanization, 14(2), 45-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095624780201400204
55. RoSPA (n.d.) RoSPA Play Safety: Disability and Discrimination Act. http://www.rospa.com/playsafety/dda.htm
56. Sandseter, E.B.H. (2007a) Categorizing Risky Play - how can we identify risk-taking in children's play? European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 15(2), 237-252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13502930701321733
57. Sandseter, E.B.H. (2007b) Risky Play among Four- and Five-Year-Old Children in Preschool, in S. O'Brien, P. Cassidy & H. Shonfeld (Eds) Vision into Practice: making quality a reality in the lives of young children. Conference Proceedings. Dublin: Centre for Early Childhood Development and Education.
58. Sandseter, E.B.H. (2009a) Risky Play and Risk Management in Norwegian Preschools - a qualitative observational study, Safety Science Monitor, 13(1).
59. Sandseter, E.B.H. (2009b) Characteristics of Risky Play, Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 9(1), 3-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14729670802702762
60. Sandseter, E.B.H. (2009c) Children's Expressions of Exhilaration and Fear in Risky Play, Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 10(2), 92-106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2304/ciec.2009.10.2.92
61. Sandseter, E.B.H. (2009d) Affordances for Risky Play in Preschool - the importance of features in the play environment, Early Childhood Education Journal, 36, 439-446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10643-009-0307-2
62. Sandseter, E.B.H. (2010) 'It tickles in my tummy!' Understanding Children's Risk-Taking in Play through Reversal Theory, Journal of Early Childhood Research, 8(1), 67-88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1476718X09345393
63. Schwebel, D.C., Brezausek, C.M. & Belsky, J. (2006) Does Time Spent in Child Care Influence Risk for Unintentional Injury? Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 31(2), 184-193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsj007
64. Staempfli, M.B. (2009) Reintroducing Adventure into Children's Outdoor Play Environments, Environment and Behavior, 41(2), 268-280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013916508315000
65. Szollos, A. (2009) Toward a Psychology of Chronic Time Pressure: conceptual and methodological review, Time & Society, 18(2/3), 332-350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0961463X09337847
66. Tandy, C. (1999) Children's Diminishing Play Space: a study of inter-generational change in children's use of their neighbourhoods, Australian Geographical Studies, 37(2), 154-164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8470.00076
67. Tranter, P. (2006) Overcoming Social Traps: a key to creating child friendly cities, in B. Gleeson & N. Sipe (Eds) Creating Child Friendly Cities: reinstating kids in the city, 121-135. New York: Routledge.
68. Tranter, P.J. & Malone, K. (2004) Geographies of Environmental Learning: an exploration of children's use of school grounds, Children's Geographies, 2(1), 131-155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1473328032000168813
69. Tranter, P. & Sharpe, S. (2008) Escaping Monstropolis: child-friendly cities, peak oil and Monsters Inc., Children's Geographies, 6(3), 295-308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14733280802184021.