Mechanisms of resistance to antimicrobial drugs in pathogenic Gram-positive cocci

Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry

Volumn 10, Issue 10, 2010, Pages 928-937

  Mlynarczyk, B ^a   Mlynarczyk, A ^a   Kmera Muszynska, M ^a   Majewski, S ^a   Mlynarczyk, G ^a  

^a MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF WARSAW   (Poland)

Author keywords

Antibiotic resistance; Enterococcus faecalis; Enterococcus faecium; Plasmids; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptococcus agalactiae; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Streptococcus pyogenes; Transposons

Indexed keywords

AMINOGLYCOSIDE; CHLORAMPHENICOL; CLINDAMYCIN; DALFOPRISTIN; DAPTOMYCIN; ERYTHROMYCIN; ICLAPRIM; LINCOMYCIN; LINCOSAMIDE; LINEZOLID; MACROLIDE; PLEUROMUTILIN; PSEUDOMONIC ACID; QUINOLONE; QUINUPRISTIN; RIBOSOME PROTEIN; STREPTOGRAMIN; STREPTOGRAMIN DERIVATIVE; TELITHROMYCIN; TIGECYCLINE; TRIMETHOPRIM;

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ARTICLE; BACTERIAL STRAIN; BACTERIUM DETECTION; BACTERIUM ISOLATION; ENTEROCOCCUS; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE LOCATION; NONHUMAN; STAPHYLOCOCCUS; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; STREPTOCOCCACEAE; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES;

ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; DRUG RESISTANCE, BACTERIAL; GRAM-POSITIVE COCCI; PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS; RNA, RIBOSOMAL;

EID: 77956701438     PISSN: 13895575     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/138955710792007204     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Mlynarczyk, A.; Mlynarczyk, G. Molecular mechanisms of resis-tance to antibacterial drugs in Staphylococcus aureus. Post. Mikro-biol., 2008, 47, 423-429.
2. Douthwaite, S.; Jakobsen, L.; Yoshizawa, S.; Fourmy, D. Interac-tion of the tylosin-resistance methyltransferase RlmA II at itsrRNA target differs from the orthologue RlmA I. J. Mol. Biol.,2008, 378, 969-975.
3. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) antimicrobialsusceptibility testing standards M2-A10 and M7-A8. M100-S19,2009, 29(3), 1-149.
4. European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing(EUCAST). December 2009 http://www.srga.org/Eucastwt/eucas-tdefinition.htm
5. Diep, B.A.; Diep, B.A.; Gill, S.R.; Chang, R.F.; Phan, T.H.; Chen, J.H.; Davidson, M.G.; Lin, F.; Lin, J.; Carleton, H.A.; Mongodin, E.F.; Sensabaugh, G.F.; Perdreau-Remington, F. Complete genomesequence of USA 300, an epidemic clone of community-acquiredmeticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Lancet, 2006,367(9512), 731-739.
6. Steward, C.D.; Raney, P.M.; Morrell, A.K.; Williams, P.P.; McDougal, L.K.; Jevitt, L.; McGowan, J.E. Jr.; Tenover, F.C. Testing for induction of clindamycin resistance in erythromycin-resistant isolates of S. aureus. J. Clin. Microbiol., 2005, 43, 1716-1721.
7. Mlynarczyk, G.; Mlynarczyk, A.; Szymanek, K.; Bilewska, A.; Luczak, M. The correlation between phenotypes and genotypes ofmacrolides, lincosamides and streptogramins B resistance in S.aureus. Med. Dosw. Mikrobiol., 2007, 59, 17-25.
8. Ciraj, A.M.; Vinod, P.; Sreejith, G.; Rajani, K. Inducible clindamy-cin resistance among clinical isolates of Staphylococci. Indian J.Pathol. Microbiol., 2009, 52, 49-51.
9. Mendes, R.E.; Deshpande, L.M.; Castanheira, M.; Dipersio, J.; Saubolle, M.; Jones, R.N. First report of cfr-mediated resistance to linezolid in human staphylococcal clinical isolates recovered in the United States. Antimicrob. Agents Chem other., 2008, 52, 2244-2246.
10. Mlynarczyk, G.; Mlynarczyk, A.; Szymanek, K.; Bilewska, A.; Pupek, J.; Luczak, M. MIC and MBC of quinupristin/dalfopristinof erythromycin-resistant MRSA strains isolated from clinical specimens. Med. Dosw. Mikrobiol., 2006, 58, 199-205.
11. Weigel, L.M.; Donlan, R.M.; Shin, D.H.; Jensen, B.; Clark, N.C.; McDougal, L.K.; Zhu, W.; Musser, K.A.; Thompson, J.; Kohler-schmidt, D.; Dumas, N.; Limberger, R.J.; Patel, J.B. High-level vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates associatedwith a polymicrobial biofilm. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.,2007, 51, 231-238.
12. Mlynarczyk, G.; Mlynarczyk, A.; Szymanek, K.; Luczak, M. Thefrequency of the occurrence of genes ermA, ermB, ermC andmsrA/B among methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus strainsresistant to erythromycin. Med. Dosw. Mikrobiol., 2006, 58, 183-190.
13. Schmitz, F.J.; Petridou, J.; Milatovic, D.; Verhoef, J.; Fluit, A.C.; Schwarz, S. In vitro activity of new ketolides against macrolide susceptible and resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates with defined resistance gene status. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 2002, 49,580-582.
14. Schmitz, F.J.; Sadurski, R.; Kray, A.; Boos, M.; Geisel, R.; Kohrer, K.; Verhoef, J.; Fluit, A.C. Prevalence of macrolide resistancegenes in Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecium isolatesfrom 24 European university hospitals. J. Antimicrob. Chemother.,2000, 45, 891-894.
15. Wu, S.W.; de Lencastre, H.; Tomasz, A. The Staphylococcusaureus transposon Tn551: complete nucleotide sequence and transcriptional analysis of the expression of the erythromycin resistancegene. Microb. Drug Resist., 1999, Spring, 5, 1-7.
16. Luna, V.A.; Heiken, M.; Judge, K.; Ulep, C.; Van Kirk, N.; Luis, H.; Bernardo, M.; Leitao J.; Roberts, MC. Distribution of mef(A) in Grampositive bacteria from healthy Portuguese children. Antimi-crob. Agents Chemother., 2002, 46, 2513-2517.
17. Matsuoka, M.; Endou, K.; Kobayashi, H.; Inoue, M.; Nakajima, Y.A dyadic plasmid that shows MLS and PMS resistance in Staphy-lococcus aureus. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 1997, 148, 91-96.
18. Matsuoka, M.; Janosi, L.; Endou, K.; Nakajima, Y. Cloning andsequences of inducible and constitutive macrolide resistance genesin Staphylococcus aureus that correspond to an ABC transporter.FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 1999, 181, 91-100.
19. Wondrack, L.; Massa, M.; Yang, B.V.; Sutcliffe, J. Clinical strainof Staphylococcus aureus inactivates and causes efflux of macrolides. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 1996, 40, 992-998.
20. Loeza-Lara, P.D.; Soto-Huipe, M.; Baizabal-Aguirre, V.M.; Ochoa-Zarzosa, A.; Valdez-Alarcon, J.J.; Cano-Camacho, H.; Lopez-Meza, J.E. pBMSa1, a plasmid from a dairy cow isolate of Staphylococcus aureus, encodes a lincomycin resistance determi-nant and replicates by the rolling-circle mechanism. Plasmid, 2004,52, 48-56.
21. Haroche, J.; Morvan, A.; Davi, M.; Allignet, J.; Bimet, F.; El Solh, N. Clonal diversity among streptogramin A-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates collected in French hospitals. J. Clin. Micro-biol., 2003, 41, 586-591.
22. Malbruny, B.; Canu, A.; Bozdogan, B.; Fantin, B.; Zarrouk, V.; Dutka-Malen, S.; Feger, C.; Leclercq, R. Resistance to quinupris-tin-dalfopristin due to mutation of L22 ribosomal protein Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2002, 46,2200-2207.
23. Prunier, A.L.; Trong, H.N.; Tande, D.; Segond, C.; Leclercq, R.Mutation of L4 ribosomal protein conferring unusual macrolide re-sistance in two independent clinical isolates of Staphylococcusaureus. Microb. Drug Resist., 2005, 11, 18-20.
24. European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (EARSS)Annual Report 1999-2006. Bilthoven, The Netherlands, October2007.
25. Farrell, D.J.; Couturier, C.; Hryniewicz, W. Distribution and anti-bacterial susceptibility of macrolide resistance genotypes in Strep-tococcus pneumoniae: PROTEKT Year 5 (2003-2004). Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, 2008, 31, 245-249.
26. Singh, K.V.; Murray, B.E. Differences in the Enterococcus faecalislsa locus that influence susceptibility to quinupristin-dalfopristinand clindamycin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2005, 49, 32-39.
27. Schwaiger, K; Bauer, J. Detection of the erythromycin rRNAmethylase gene erm(A) in Enterococcus faecalis. Antimicrob.Agents Chemother., 2008, 52, 2994-2995.
28. Donabedian, S.M.; Perri, M.B.; Vager, D.; Hershberger, E.; Malani, P.; Simjee, S.; Chow, J.; Vergis, E.N.; Muder, R.R.; Gay, K.; Angulo, F.J.; Bartlett, P.; Zervos, M.J. Quinupristin-dalfopristin resistance in Enterococcus faecium isolates from humans, farm animals, and grocery store meat in the United States. J. Clin. Micro biol., 2006, 44, 3361-3365.
29. Portillo, A.; Ruiz-Larrea, F.; Zarazaga, M.; Alonso, A.; Martinez, J.L.; Torres, C. Macrolide resistance genes in Enterococcus spp.Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2000, 44, 967-971.
30. Singh, K.V.; Malathum, K.; Murray, B.E. Disruption of an Entero coccus faecium species specific gene, a homologue of acquiredmacrolide resistance genes of staphylococci, is associated with anincrease in macrolide susceptibility. Antimicrob. Agents Che mother., 2001, 45, 263-266.
31. Valdezate, S.; Labayru, C.; Navarro, A.; Mantecón, M.A.; Ortega, M.; Coque, T.M.; García, M.; Saéz-Nieto, J.A. Large clonal out-break of multidrug-resistant CC17 ST17 Enterococcus faeciumcontaining Tn5382 in a Spanish hospital. J. Antimicrob. Che-mother., 2009, 63, 17-20.
32. Bozdogan, B.; Berrezouga, L.; Kuo, M.S.; Yurek, D.A.; Farley, K.A.; Stockman, B.J.; Leclercq, R. A new resistance gene, linB,conferring resistance to lincosamides by nucleotidylation in Enterococcus faecium HM1025. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.,1999, 43, 925-929.
33. Daikos, G.L.; Koutsolioutsou, A.; Tsiodras, S.; Theodoridou, M.; Koutouzis, E.I.; Charissiadou, A.; Pangalis, A.; Michos, A.G.; Chaidopoulou, F.; Braoudaki, M.; Syriopoulou, V.P. Evolution ofmacrolide resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae clinical isolatesin the prevaccine era. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 2008, 60, 393-398.
34. Brenciani, A.; Bacciaglia, A.; Vecchi, M.; Vitali, L.A.; Varaldo, P.E.; Giovanetti, E. Genetic elements carrying erm(B) in Strepto-coccus pyogenes and association with tet(M) tetracycline resistancegene. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2007, 51, 1209-1216.
35. Colakoglu, S.; Alacam, R.; Hascelik, G. Prevalence and mechanisms of macrolide resistance in Streptococcus pyogenes in Ankara, Turkey. Scand. J. Infect. Dis., 2006, 38, 456-459.
36. Santagati, M.; Iannelli, F.; Cascone, C.; Campanile, F.; Oggioni, M.R.; Stefani, S.; Pozzi, G. The novel conjugative transposonTn1207.3 carries the macrolide efflux gene mef(A) in Streptococcus pyogenes. Microb. Drug Resist., 2003, 9, 243-247.
37. Sangvik, M.; Littauer, P.; Simonsen, G.S.; Sundsfjord, A.; Dahl,K.H. mef(A), mef(E) and a new mef allele in macrolide-resistantStreptococcus spp. isolates from Norway. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 2005, 56, 841-846.
38. Puopolo, K.M.; Klinzing, D.C.; Lin, M.P.; Yesucevitz, D.L.; Cieslewicz, M.J. A composite transposon associated with erythromycin and clindamycin resistance in group B Streptococcus. J. Med.Microbiol., 2007, 56, 947-955.
39. Calatayud, L.; Ardanuy, C.; Cercenado, E.; Fenoll, A.; Bouza, E.; Pallares, R.; Martín, R.; Liñares, J. Serotypes, clones, and mechanisms of resistance of erythromycin resistant Streptococcus pneu-moniae isolates collected in Spain. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.,2007, 51, 3240-3246.
40. Cochetti, I.; Tili, E.; Mingoia, M.; Varaldo, P.E.; Montanari, M.P.erm(B)-carrying elements in tetracycline-resistant pneumococciand correspondence between Tn1545 and Tn6003. Antimicrob.Agents Chemother., 2008, 52, 1285-1290.
41. Fraimow, H.S.; Courvalin, P. Resistance to glycopeptides in Gram positive pathogens. In Gram positive pathogens. V.A. Fischetti;R.P. Novick; J.J. Ferretti; D.A. Portnoy; J.I. Rood Ed.; ASM Press:Washington, 2006; pp. 782-800.
42. McMurry, L.M. Tetracycline resistance determinants in Gram positive bacteria. In Gram-positive pathogens. V.A. Fischetti; R.P.Novick; J.J. Ferretti; D.A. Portnoy; J.I. Rood Ed.; ASM Press:Washington, 2006; pp. 801-820.
43. Mingoia, M.; Vecchi, M.; Cochetti, I.; Tili, E.; Vitali, L.A.; Man-zin, A.; Varaldo, P.E.; Montanari, M.P. Composite structure ofStreptococcus pneumoniae containing the erythromycin efflux re sistance gene mefI and the chloramphenicol resistance gene catQ.Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2007, 51, 3983-3987.
44. Roberts, M.C. Update on acquired tetracycline resistance genes.FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 2005, 2445, 195-203.
45. Jacob, S.E.; Lloyd, C.A.; Menon, T. cMLS and M phenotypesamong Streptococcus pyogenes isolates in Chennai. Indian J. Med.Microbiol., 2006, 24, 147-148.
46. de Melo, M.C.; Sá Figueiredo, A.M.; Ferreira-Carvalho, B.T. An-timicrobial susceptibility patterns and genomic diversity in strainsof Streptococcus pyogenes isolated in 1978-1997 in different Bra-zilian cities. J. Med. Microbiol., 2003, 52, 251-258.
47. Haroche, J.; Morvan, A.; Davi, M.; Allignet, J.; Bimet, F.; El Solh, N. Clonal diversity among streptogramin A-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates collected in French hospitals. J. Clin. Microbiol., 2003, 41, 586-591.
48. Nam, H.R.; Lee, H.M.; Lee, Y. Isolation of quinupris-tin/dalfopristin-resistant Streptococcus agalactiae from asymptomatic Korean women. J. Microbiol., 2008, 46, 108-111.
49. Colca, J.R.; McDonald, W.G.; Waldon, D.J.; Thomasco, L.M.; Gadwood, R.C.; Lund, E.T.; Cavey, G.S.; Mathews, W.R.; Adams, L.D.; Cecil, E.T.; Pearson, J.D.; Bock, J.H.; Mott, J.E.; Shina-barger, D.L.; Xiong, L.; Mankin, A. S. Cross-linking in the livingcell locates the site of action of oxazolidinone antibiotics. J. Biol.Chem., 2003, 278, 21972-21979.
50. Woodford, N. Biological counterstrike: antibiotic resistancemechanisms of Gram-positive cocci. Clin. Microbiol. Infect., 2005,11, 2-21.
51. Meka, V.G.; Pillai, S.K.; Sakoulas, G.; Wennersten, C.; Venkataraman, L.; DeGirolami, P.C.; Eliopoulos, G.M.; Moellering, R.C. Jr.; Gold, H.S. Linezolid resistance in sequential Staphylococcusaureus isolates associated with a T2500A mutation in the 23SrRNA gene and loss of a single copy of rRNA. J. Infect. Dis., 2004,190, 311-317.
52. Prystowsky, J.; Siddiqui, F.; Chosay, J.; Shinabarger, D.L.; Milli-chap, J.; Peterson, L.R.; Noskin G.A. Resistance to linezolid: characterization of mutations in rRNA and comparison of their occurrences in vancomycin resistant enterococci. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2001, 45, 2154-2156.
53. Sandoe, J.A.; Wysome, J.; West, A.P.; Heritage, J.; Wilcox, M.H.Measurement of ampicillin, vancomycin, linezolid and gentamicinactivity against enterococcal biofilms. J. Antimicrob. Chemother.,2006, 57, 767-770.
54. Mohamed, J.A.; Huang, D.B. Biofilm formation by enterococci. J.Med. Microbiol., 2007, 56, 1581-1588.
55. Hooper, D.C. Mechanisms of quinolone resistance. In Gram-positive pathogens. V.A. Fischetti; R.P. Novick; J.J. Ferretti; D.A.Portnoy; J.I. Rood Ed.; ASM Press: Washington, 2006; pp. 821-833.
56. Clark, C.L.; Kosowska-Shick, K.; Ednie, L.M.; Appelbaum, P.C.Capability of 11 antipneumococcal antibiotics to select for resistance by multistep and single-step methodologies. Antimicrob.Agents Chemother., 2007, 51, 4196-4201.
57. Ding, Y.; Onodera, Y.; Lee, J.C.; Hooper, D.C. NorB, an effluxpump in Staphylococcus aureus strain MW2, contributes to bacterial fitness in abscesses. J. Bacteriol., 2008, 190, 7123-7129.
58. Kadlec, K.; Schwarz, S. Identification of a novel trimethoprimresistance gene, dfrK, in a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcusaureus ST398 strain and its physical linkage to the tetracycline resistance gene tet(L). Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2009, 53,776-778.
59. McAleese, F.; Petersen, P.; Ruzin, A.; Dunman, P.M.; Murphy, E.; Projan, S.J.; Bradford, P.A. A novel MATE family efflux pumpcontributes to the reduced susceptibility of laboratory derivedStaphylococcus aureus mutants to tigecycline. Antimicrob. AgentsChemother., 2005, 49, 1865-1871.
60. Ayer, V.; Tewodros, W.; Manoharan, A.; Skariah, S.; Luo, F.; Bessen, D.E. Tetracycline resistance in group A streptococci:emergence on aglobal scale and influence on multiple drug resistance. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2007, 51, 1865-1868.
61. Clermont, D.; Chesneau, O.; De Cespedes, G.; Horaud, T. Newtetracycline resistance determinants coding for ribosomal protec-tion in streptococci and nucleotide sequence of tet(T) isolated fromStreptococcus pyogenes A498. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.,1997, 41, 112-116.
62. Ida, T.; Okamoto, R.; Nonoyama, M.; Irinoda, K.; Kurazono, M.; Inoue, M. Antagonism between aminoglycosides and beta lactamsin a methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate involvesinduction of an aminoglycoside modifying enzyme. Antimicrob.Agents Chemother., 2002, 46, 1516-1521.
63. Aslangul, E.; Massias, L.; Meulemans, A.; Chau, F.; Andremont, A.; Courvalin, P.; Fantin, B.; Ruimy, R. Acquired gentamicin resistance by permeability impairment in Enterococcus faecalis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2006, 50, 3615-3621.
64. Mascio, C.T.; Alder, J.D.; Silverman, J.A. Bactericidal action ofdaptomycin against stationary phase and nondividing Staphylococcus aureus cells. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2007, 51, 4255-4260.
65. Kaatz, G.W.; Lundstrom, T.S.; Seo, S.M. Mechanisms of daptomy-cin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents.,2006, 28, 280-287.
66. Fraher, M.H.; Corcoran, G.D.; Creagh, S.; Feeney, E. Daptomycin resistant Enteroccoccus faecium in a patient with no prior exposureto daptomycin. J. Hosp. Infect., 2007, 65, 376-378.
67. Sekiguchi, J.; Tharavichitkul, P.; Miyoshi-Akiyama, T.; Chupia, V.; Fujino, T.; Araake, M.; Irie, A.; Morita, K.; Kuratsuji, T.; Kiri-kae, T. Cloning and characterization of a novel trimethoprim-resistant dihydrofolate reductase from a nosocomial isolate ofStaphylococcus aureus CM.S2 (IMCJ1454). Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2005, 49, 3948-3951.
68. Zhanel, G.G.; Karlowsky, J.A. In vitro actiwity of iclaprim againstrespiratory and bacteremic isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae.Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2009, 53, 1690-1692.
69. Mlynarczyk, A., Mlynarczyk B., Kmera-Muszynska, M., Ma-jewski, S., Mlynarczyk, G.: Mechanisms of the Resistance and Tolerance to Beta-Lactam and Glycopeptide Antibiotics in PathogenicGram-Positive Cocci. Mini-Rev. Med. Chem., 2009, 9 (13), 1527-1537.