Stem cell therapy in cardiovascular disorders

Cardiovascular Therapeutics

Volumn 28, Issue 5, 2010, Pages

  Krause, Korff ^a   Schneider, Carsten ^a   Kuck, Karl Heinz ^a   Jaquet, Kai ^a  

^a DEPARTMENT OF CARDIOLOGY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Cardiac regeneration; Cardiovascular disease; Progenitor cells; Stem cells

Indexed keywords

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CAUSE OF DEATH; HEART FAILURE; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; PRIMARY PREVENTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SECONDARY PREVENTION; STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; TISSUE REGENERATION;

ANIMALS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; HUMANS; MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION; MYOCARDIUM; MYOCYTES, CARDIAC; RECOVERY OF FUNCTION; REGENERATION; STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 77956405542     PISSN: 17555914     EISSN: 17555922     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5922.2010.00208.x     Document Type: Review

References (143)

1. Zannad F, Agrinier N, Alla F. Heart failure burden and therapy. Europace 2009 11 (Suppl 5 v1 v9.
2. Orlic D, Kajstura J, Chimenti S, et al. Bone marrow cells regenerate infarcted myocardium. Nature 2001 410 : 701 705.
3. Kocher AA, Schuster MD, Szabolcs MJ, et al. Neovascularization of ischemic myocardium by human bone-marrow-derived angioblasts prevents cardiomyocyte apoptosis, reduces remodeling and improves cardiac function. Nat Med 2001 7 : 430 436.
4. Poss KD. Getting to the heart of regeneration in zebrafish. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2007 18 : 36 45.
5. Borchardt T, Braun T. Cardiovascular regeneration in non-mammalian model systems: What are the differences between newts and man? Thromb Haemost 2007 98 : 311 318.
6. Bergmann O, Bhardwaj RD, Bernard S, et al. Evidence for cardiomyocyte renewal in humans. Science 2009 324 : 98 102.
7. Deb A, Wang S, Skelding KA, Miller D, Simper D, Caplice NM. Bone marrow-derived cardiomyocytes are present in adult human heart: A study of gender-mismatched bone marrow transplantation patients. Circulation 2003 107 : 1247 1249.
8. Zimmermann WH, Didie M, Doker S, et al. Heart muscle engineering: An update on cardiac muscle replacement therapy. Cardiovasc Res 2006 71 : 419 429.
9. Hughes GC, Post MJ, Simons M, Annex BH. Translational physiology: Porcine models of human coronary artery disease: Implications for preclinical trials of therapeutic angiogenesis. J Appl Physiol 2003 94 : 1689 1701.
10. Murry CE, Reinecke H, Pabon LM. Regeneration gaps: Observations on stem cells and cardiac repair. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006 47 : 1777 1785.
11. Krause K, Schneider C, Lange C, et al. Endocardial electrogram analysis after intramyocardial injection of mesenchymal stem cells in the chronic ischemic myocardium. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2009 32 : 1319 1328.
12. Van Der Bogt KE, Sheikh AY, Schrepfer S, et al. Comparison of different adult stem cell types for treatment of myocardial ischemia. Circulation 2008 118 : S121 S129.
13. Kolossov E, Bostani T, Roell W, et al. Engraftment of engineered ES cell-derived cardiomyocytes but not BM cells restores contractile function to the infarcted myocardium. J Exp Med 2006 203 : 2315 2327.
14. Strauer BE, Brehm M, Zeus T, et al. Repair of infarcted myocardium by autologous intracoronary mononuclear bone marrow cell transplantation in humans. Circulation 2002 106 : 1913 1918.
15. Fleming TR, DeMets DL. Surrogate end points in clinical trials: Are we being misled? Ann Intern Med 1996 125 : 605 613.
16. Beeres SL, Bengel FM, Bartunek J, et al. Role of imaging in cardiac stem cell therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007 49 : 1137 1148.
17. Murry CE, Soonpaa MH, Reinecke H, et al. Haematopoietic stem cells do not transdifferentiate into cardiac myocytes in myocardial infarcts. Nature 2004 428 : 664 668.
18. Ziegelhoeffer T, Fernandez B, Kostin S, Heil M, Voswinckel R, Helisch A, Schaper W. Bone marrow-derived cells do not incorporate into the adult growing vasculature. Circ Res 2004 94 : 230 238.
19. Bayes-Genis A, Roura S, Prat-Vidal C, Farre J, Soler-Botija C, de Luna AB, Cinca J. Chimerism and microchimerism of the human heart: Evidence for cardiac regeneration. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 2007 4 (Suppl 1 S40 S45.
20. Quaini F, Urbanek K, Beltrami AP, et al. Chimerism of the transplanted heart. N Engl J Med 2002 346 : 5 15.
21. Minami E, Laflamme MA, Saffitz JE, Murry CE. Extracardiac progenitor cells repopulate most major cell types in the transplanted human heart. Circulation 2005 112 : 2951 2958.
22. Assmus B, Walter DH, Lehmann R, et al. Intracoronary infusion of progenitor cells is not associated with aggravated restenosis development or atherosclerotic disease progression in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2006 27 : 2989 2995.
23. Bartunek J, Vanderheyden M, Vandekerckhove B, et al. Intracoronary injection of CD133-positive enriched bone marrow progenitor cells promotes cardiac recovery after recent myocardial infarction: Feasibility and safety. Circulation 2005 112 : I178 1183.
24. Schachinger V, Assmus B, Britten MB, et al. Transplantation of progenitor cells and regeneration enhancement in acute myocardial infarction: Final one-year results of the TOPCARE-AMI Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004 44 : 1690 1699.
25. Chen SL, Fang WW, Ye F, et al. Effect on left ventricular function of intracoronary transplantation of autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2004 94 : 92 95. (Pubitemid 38813459)
26. Assmus B, Honold J, Schachinger V, et al. Transcoronary transplantation of progenitor cells after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2006 355 : 1222 1232. (Pubitemid 44427446)
27. Meyer GP, Wollert KC, Lotz J, et al. Intracoronary bone marrow cell transfer after myocardial infarction: Eighteen months' follow-up data from the randomized, controlled BOOST (BOne marrOw transfer to enhance ST-elevation infarct regeneration) trial. Circulation 2006 113 : 1287 1294.
28. Schachinger V, Erbs S, Elsasser A, et al. Improved clinical outcome after intracoronary administration of bone-marrow-derived progenitor cells in acute myocardial infarction: Final 1-year results of the REPAIR-AMI trial. Eur Heart J 2006 27 : 2775 2783.
29. Schachinger V, Erbs S, Elsasser A, et al. Intracoronary bone marrow-derived progenitor cells in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2006 355 : 1210 1221. (Pubitemid 44427445)
30. Schachinger V, Assmus B, Britten MB, et al. Transplantation of progenitor cells and regeneration enhancement in acute myocardial infarction: Final one-year results of the TOPCARE-AMI Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004 44 : 1690 1699.
31. Fernandez-Aviles F, San Roman JA, Garcia-Frade J, et al. Experimental and clinical regenerative capability of human bone marrow cells after myocardial infarction. Circ Res 2004 95 : 742 748.
32. Assmus B, Rolf A, Erbs S, et al. Clinical outcome 2 years after intracoronary administration of bone marrow-derived progenitor cells in acute myocardial infarction. Circ Heart Fail 2010 3 : 89 96.
33. Janssens S, Dubois C, Bogaert J, et al. Autologous bone marrow-derived stem-cell transfer in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: Double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2006 367 : 113 121.
34. Lunde K, Solheim S, Aakhus S, et al. Intracoronary injection of mononuclear bone marrow cells in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2006 355 : 1199 1209.
35. Tendera M, Wojakowski W, Ruzyllo W, et al. Intracoronary infusion of bone marrow-derived selected CD34+CXCR4+ cells and non-selected mononuclear cells in patients with acute STEMI and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction: Results of randomized, multicentre Myocardial Regeneration by Intracoronary Infusion of Selected Population of Stem Cells in Acute Myocardial Infarction (REGENT) Trial. Eur Heart J 2009 30 : 1313 1321.
36. Lipinski MJ, Biondi-Zoccai GG, Abbate A, et al. Impact of intracoronary cell therapy on left ventricular function in the setting of acute myocardial infarction: A collaborative systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007 50 : 1761 1767.
37. Yousef M, Schannwell CM, Kostering M, Zeus T, Brehm M, Strauer BE. The BALANCE Study: Clinical benefit and long-term outcome after intracoronary autologous bone marrow cell transplantation in patients with acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009 53 : 2262 2269.
38. Meyer GP, Wollert KC, Lotz J, et al. Intracoronary bone marrow cell transfer after myocardial infarction: 5-year follow-up from the randomized-controlled BOOST trial. Eur Heart J 2009 30 : 2978 2984.
39. Pasha Z, Wang Y, Sheikh R, Zhang D, Zhao T, Ashraf M. Preconditioning enhances cell survival and differentiation of stem cells during transplantation in infarcted myocardium. Cardiovasc Res 2008 77 : 134 142.
40. Gnecchi M, He H, Liang OD, et al. Paracrine action accounts for marked protection of ischemic heart by Akt-modified mesenchymal stem cells. Nat Med 2005 11 : 367 368.
41. Caplan AI. Mesenchymal stem cells. J Orthop Res 1991 9 : 641 650.
42. Pittenger MF, Mackay AM, Beck SC, et al. Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells. Science 1999 284 : 143 147.
43. Hakuno D, Fukuda K, Makino S, et al. Bone marrow-derived regenerated cardiomyocytes (CMG Cells) express functional adrenergic and muscarinic receptors. Circulation 2002 105 : 380 386.
44. Shake JG, Gruber PJ, Baumgartner WA, et al. Mesenchymal stem cell implantation in a swine myocardial infarct model: Engraftment and functional effects. Ann Thorac Surg 2002 73 : 1919 1925 discussion 1926.
45. Schneider C, Krause K, Jaquet K, et al. Intramyocardial transplantation of bone marrow-derived stem cells: Ultrasonic strain rate imaging in a model of hibernating myocardium. J Card Fail 2008 14 : 861 872.
46. Amado LC, Saliaris AP, Schuleri KH, et al. Cardiac repair with intramyocardial injection of allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells after myocardial infarction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005 102 : 11474 11479.
47. Dai W, Hale SL, Martin BJ, Kuang JQ, Dow JS, Wold LE, Kloner RA. Allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in postinfarcted rat myocardium: Short- and long-term effects. Circulation 2005 112 : 214 223.
48. Kinnaird T, Stabile E, Burnett MS, et al. Local delivery of marrow-derived stromal cells augments collateral perfusion through paracrine mechanisms. Circulation 2004 109 : 1543 1549.
49. Aggarwal S, Pittenger MF. Human mesenchymal stem cells modulate allogeneic immune cell responses. Blood 2005 105 : 1815 1822.
50. Le Blanc K. Immunomodulatory effects of fetal and adult mesenchymal stem cells. Cytotherapy 2003 5 : 485 489. (Pubitemid 38028708)
51. Breitbach M, Bostani T, Roell W, et al. Potential risks of bone marrow cell transplantation into infarcted hearts. Blood 2007 110 : 1362 1369.
52. Reyes M, Dudek A, Jahagirdar B, Koodie L, Marker PH, Verfaillie CM. Origin of endothelial progenitors in human postnatal bone marrow. J Clin Invest 2002 109 : 337 346.
53. Manginas A, Goussetis E, Koutelou M, et al. Pilot study to evaluate the safety and feasibility of intracoronary CD133(+) and CD133(-) CD34(+) cell therapy in patients with nonviable anterior myocardial infarction. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2007 69 : 773 781.
54. Stamm C, Westphal B, Kleine HD, et al. Autologous bone-marrow stem-cell transplantation for myocardial regeneration. Lancet 2003 361 : 45 46.
55. Agbulut O, Vandervelde S, Al Attar N, et al. Comparison of human skeletal myoblasts and bone marrow-derived CD133+ progenitors for the repair of infarcted myocardium. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004 44 : 458 463.
56. Winitsky SO, Gopal TV, Hassanzadeh S, et al. Adult murine skeletal muscle contains cells that can differentiate into beating cardiomyocytes in vitro. PLoS Biol 2005 3 : e87.
57. Dowell JD, Rubart M, Pasumarthi KB, Soonpaa MH, Field LJ. Myocyte and myogenic stem cell transplantation in the heart. Cardiovasc Res 2003 58 : 336 350.
58. Laflamme MA, Murry CE. Regenerating the heart. Nat Biotechnol 2005 23 : 845 856.
59. Herreros J, Prosper F, Perez A, et al. Autologous intramyocardial injection of cultured skeletal muscle-derived stem cells in patients with non-acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2003 24 : 2012 2020.
60. Menasche P, Hagege AA, Vilquin JT, et al. Autologous skeletal myoblast transplantation for severe postinfarction left ventricular dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003 41 : 1078 1083.
61. Planat-Benard V, Silvestre JS, Cousin B, et al. Plasticity of human adipose lineage cells toward endothelial cells: Physiological and therapeutic perspectives. Circulation 2004 109 : 656 663.
62. Planat-Benard V, Menard C, Andre M, et al. Spontaneous cardiomyocyte differentiation from adipose tissue stroma cells. Circ Res 2004 94 : 223 229.
63. Leobon B, Roncalli J, Joffre C, et al. Adipose-derived cardiomyogenic cells: In vitro expansion and functional improvement in a mouse model of myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc Res 2009 83 : 757 767.
64. Sanz-Ruiz R, Fernandez-Santos E, Dominguez-Munoa M, et al. Early translation of adipose-derived cell therapy for cardiovascular disease. Cell Transplant 2009 18 : 245 254.
65. Beltrami AP, Urbanek K, Kajstura J, et al. Evidence that human cardiac myocytes divide after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2001 344 : 1750 1757.
66. Beltrami AP, Barlucchi L, Torella D, et al. Adult cardiac stem cells are multipotent and support myocardial regeneration. Cell 2003 114 : 763 776.
67. Winter EM, Grauss RW, Hogers B, et al. Preservation of left ventricular function and attenuation of remodeling after transplantation of human epicardium-derived cells into the infarcted mouse heart. Circulation 2007 116 : 917 927.
68. Oh H, Bradfute SB, Gallardo TD, et al. Cardiac progenitor cells from adult myocardium: Homing, differentiation, and fusion after infarction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003 100 : 12313 12318.
69. Hsieh PC, Segers VF, Davis ME, et al. Evidence from a genetic fate-mapping study that stem cells refresh adult mammalian cardiomyocytes after injury. Nat Med 2007 13 : 970 974.
70. Messina E, De Angelis L, Frati G, et al. Isolation and expansion of adult cardiac stem cells from human and murine heart. Circ Res 2004 95 : 911 921.
71. Barile L, Chimenti I, Gaetani R, et al. Cardiac stem cells: Isolation, expansion and experimental use for myocardial regeneration. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 2007 4 (Suppl 1 S9 S14.
72. Urbanek K, Torella D, Sheikh F, et al. Myocardial regeneration by activation of multipotent cardiac stem cells in ischemic heart failure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005 102 : 8692 8697.
73. Urbanek K, Rota M, Cascapera S, et al. Cardiac stem cells possess growth factor-receptor systems that after activation regenerate the infarcted myocardium, improving ventricular function and long-term survival. Circ Res 2005 97 : 663 673.
74. Torella D, Ellison GM, Mendez-Ferrer S, Ibanez B, Nadal-Ginard B. Resident human cardiac stem cells: Role in cardiac cellular homeostasis and potential for myocardial regeneration. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 2006 3 (Suppl 1 S8 S13.
75. Oyama T, Nagai T, Wada H, et al. Cardiac side population cells have a potential to migrate and differentiate into cardiomyocytes in vitro and in vivo. J Cell Biol 2007 176 : 329 341.
76. Bearzi C, Rota M, Hosoda T, et al. Human cardiac stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007 104 : 14068 14073.
77. Wang X, Hu Q, Nakamura Y, Lee J, Zhang G, From AH, Zhang J. The role of the sca-1+/CD31- cardiac progenitor cell population in postinfarction left ventricular remodeling. Stem Cells 2006 24 : 1779 1788.
78. Smith RR, Barile L, Cho HC, et al. Regenerative potential of cardiosphere-derived cells expanded from percutaneous endomyocardial biopsy specimens. Circulation 2007 115 : 896 908.
79. Takehara N, Tsutsumi Y, Tateishi K, et al. Controlled delivery of basic fibroblast growth factor promotes human cardiosphere-derived cell engraftment to enhance cardiac repair for chronic myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008 52 : 1858 1865.
80. Saric T, Frenzel LP, Hescheler J. Immunological barriers to embryonic stem cell-derived therapies. Cells Tissues Organs 2008 188 : 78 90.
81. Murry CE, Keller G. Differentiation of embryonic stem cells to clinically relevant populations: Lessons from embryonic development. Cell 2008 132 : 661 680.
82. Huber I, Itzhaki I, Caspi O, et al. Identification and selection of cardiomyocytes during human embryonic stem cell differentiation. Faseb J 2007 21 : 2551 2563.
83. Solter D. From teratocarcinomas to embryonic stem cells and beyond: A history of embryonic stem cell research. Nat Rev Genet 2006 7 : 319 327.
84. Tomescot A, Leschik J, Bellamy V, et al. Differentiation in vivo of cardiac committed human embryonic stem cells in postmyocardial infarcted rats. Stem Cells 2007 25 : 2200 2205.
85. Erdo F, Buhrle C, Blunk J, et al. Host-dependent tumorigenesis of embryonic stem cell transplantation in experimental stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2003 23 : 780 785.
86. Segers VF, Lee RT. Stem-cell therapy for cardiac disease. Nature 2008 451 : 937 942.
87. Martin GR. Isolation of a pluripotent cell line from early mouse embryos cultured in medium conditioned by teratocarcinoma stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1981 78 : 7634 7638.
88. Klug MG, Soonpaa MH, Koh GY, Field LJ. Genetically selected cardiomyocytes from differentiating embronic stem cells form stable intracardiac grafts. J Clin Invest 1996 98 : 216 224.
89. Zandstra PW, Bauwens C, Yin T, et al. Scalable production of embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Tissue Eng 2003 9 : 767 778.
90. Behfar A, Terzic A. Cardioprotective repair through stem cell-based cardiopoiesis. J Appl Physiol 2007 103 : 1438 1440.
91. Behfar A, Perez-Terzic C, Faustino RS, et al. Cardiopoietic programming of embryonic stem cells for tumor-free heart repair. J Exp Med 2007 204 : 405 420.
92. Behfar A, Faustino RS, Arrell DK, Dzeja PP, Perez-Terzic C, Terzic A. Guided stem cell cardiopoiesis: Discovery and translation. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2008 45 : 523 529.
93. Gersh BJ, Simari RD, Behfar A, Terzic CM, Terzic A. Cardiac cell repair therapy: A clinical perspective. Mayo Clin Proc 2009 84 : 876 892.
94. Min JY, Yang Y, Sullivan MF, et al. Long-term improvement of cardiac function in rats after infarction by transplantation of embryonic stem cells. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003 125 : 361 369.
95. Hodgson DM, Behfar A, Zingman LV, et al. Stable benefit of embryonic stem cell therapy in myocardial infarction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004 287 : H471 H479.
96. Min JY, Yang Y, Converso KL, Liu L, Huang Q, Morgan JP, Xiao YF. Transplantation of embryonic stem cells improves cardiac function in postinfarcted rats. J Appl Physiol 2002 92 : 288 296.
97. Takahashi K, Tanabe K, Ohnuki M, Narita M, Ichisaka T, Tomoda K, Yamanaka S. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors. Cell 2007 131 : 861 872.
98. Tanaka T, Tohyama S, Murata M, et al. In vitro pharmacologic testing using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009 385 : 497 502.
99. Zwi L, Caspi O, Arbel G, Huber I, Gepstein A, Park IH, Gepstein L. Cardiomyocyte differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells. Circulation 2009 120 : 1513 1523.
100. Martinez-Fernandez A, Nelson TJ, Yamada S, et al. iPS programmed without c-MYC yield proficient cardiogenesis for functional heart chimerism. Circ Res 2009 105 : 648 656.
101. Nelson TJ, Martinez-Fernandez A, Yamada S, Perez-Terzic C, Ikeda Y, Terzic A. Repair of acute myocardial infarction by human stemness factors induced pluripotent stem cells. Circulation 2009 120 : 408 416.
102. Guan K, Wagner S, Unsold B, et al. Generation of functional cardiomyocytes from adult mouse spermatogonial stem cells. Circ Res 2007 100 : 1615 1625.
103. Guan K, Nayernia K, Maier LS, et al. Pluripotency of spermatogonial stem cells from adult mouse testis. Nature 2006 440 : 1199 1203.
104. Field LJ. Modulation of the cardiomyocyte cell cycle in genetically altered animals. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004 1015 : 160 170.
105. Campa VM, Gutierrez-Lanza R, Cerignoli F, et al. Notch activates cell cycle reentry and progression in quiescent cardiomyocytes. J Cell Biol 2008 183 : 129 141.
106. Kubal C, Sheth K, Nadal-Ginard B, Galinanes M. Bone marrow cells have a potent anti-ischemic effect against myocardial cell death in humans. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006 132 : 1112 1118.
107. Tang YL, Zhao Q, Qin X, Shen L, Cheng L, Ge J, Phillips MI. Paracrine action enhances the effects of autologous mesenchymal stem cell transplantation on vascular regeneration in rat model of myocardial infarction. Ann Thorac Surg 2005 80 : 229 236 discussion 236-227.
108. Gnecchi M, He H, Noiseux N, et al. Evidence supporting paracrine hypothesis for Akt-modified mesenchymal stem cell-mediated cardiac protection and functional improvement. FASEB J 2006 20 : 661 669.
109. Nagaya N, Fujii T, Iwase T, et al. Intravenous administration of mesenchymal stem cells improves cardiac function in rats with acute myocardial infarction through angiogenesis and myogenesis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004 287 : H2670 H2676.
110. Caplan AI. Adult mesenchymal stem cells for tissue engineering versus regenerative medicine. J Cell Physiol 2007 213 : 341 347.
111. Zhang M, Mal N, Kiedrowski M, et al. SDF-1 expression by mesenchymal stem cells results in trophic support of cardiac myocytes after myocardial infarction. FASEB J 2007 21 : 3197 3207. (Pubitemid 47565538)
112. Zhang S, Jia Z, Ge J, et al. Purified human bone marrow multipotent mesenchymal stem cells regenerate infarcted myocardium in experimental rats. Cell Transplant 2005 14 : 787 798.
113. Korf-Klingebiel M, Kempf T, Sauer T, et al. Bone marrow cells are a rich source of growth factors and cytokines: Implications for cell therapy trials after myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2008 29 : 2851 2858.
114. Perez-Ilzarbe M, Agbulut O, Pelacho B, et al. Characterization of the paracrine effects of human skeletal myoblasts transplanted in infarcted myocardium. Eur J Heart Fail 2008 10 : 1065 1072.
115. Kamihata H, Matsubara H, Nishiue T, et al. Implantation of bone marrow mononuclear cells into ischemic myocardium enhances collateral perfusion and regional function via side supply of angioblasts, angiogenic ligands, and cytokines. Circulation 2001 104 : 1046 1052.
116. Zeng L, Hu Q, Wang X, et al. Bioenergetic and functional consequences of bone marrow-derived multipotent progenitor cell transplantation in hearts with postinfarction left ventricular remodeling. Circulation 2007 115 : 1866 1875.
117. Leobon B, Garcin I, Menasche P, Vilquin JT, Audinat E, Charpak S. Myoblasts transplanted into rat infarcted myocardium are functionally isolated from their host. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003 100 : 7808 7811.
118. Fouts K, Fernandes B, Mal N, Liu J, Laurita KR. Electrophysiological consequence of skeletal myoblast transplantation in normal and infarcted canine myocardium. Heart Rhythm 2006 3 : 452 461.
119. Roell W, Lewalter T, Sasse P, et al. Engraftment of connexin 43-expressing cells prevents post-infarct arrhythmia. Nature 2007 450 : 819 824.
120. Menasche P, Hagege A, Scorsin M, et al. [Autologous skeletal myoblast transplantation for cardiac insufficiency. First clinical case]. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 2001 94 : 180 182.
121. Siminiak T, Fiszer D, Jerzykowska O, Grygielska B, Rozwadowska N, Kalmucki P, Kurpisz M. Percutaneous trans-coronary-venous transplantation of autologous skeletal myoblasts in the treatment of post-infarction myocardial contractility impairment: The POZNAN trial. Eur Heart J 2005 26 : 1188 1195.
122. Katritsis DG, Sotiropoulou PA, Karvouni E, et al. Transcoronary transplantation of autologous mesenchymal stem cells and endothelial progenitors into infarcted human myocardium. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2005 65 : 321 329.
123. Chang MG, Tung L, Sekar RB, et al. Proarrhythmic potential of mesenchymal stem cell transplantation revealed in an in vitro coculture model. Circulation 2006 113 : 1832 1841.
124. Beeres SL, Atsma DE, Van Der Laarse A, et al. Human adult bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells repair experimental conduction block in rat cardiomyocyte cultures. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005 46 : 1943 1952.
125. Chen M, Fan ZC, Liu XJ, et al. Effects of autologous stem cell transplantation on ventricular electrophysiology in doxorubicin-induced heart failure. Cell Biol Int 2006 30 : 576 582.
126. Price MJ, Chou CC, Frantzen M, et al. Intravenous mesenchymal stem cell therapy early after reperfused acute myocardial infarction improves left ventricular function and alters electrophysiologic properties. Int J Cardiol 2006 111 : 231 239.
127. Mills WR, Mal N, Kiedrowski MJ, et al. Stem cell therapy enhances electrical viability in myocardial infarction. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2007 42 : 304 314.
128. Fuchs S, Kornowski R, Weisz G, et al. Safety and feasibility of transendocardial autologous bone marrow cell transplantation in patients with advanced heart disease. Am J Cardiol 2006 97 : 823 829.
129. Tse HF, Thambar S, Kwong YL, et al. Safety of catheter-based intramyocardial autologous bone marrow cells implantation for therapeutic angiogenesis. Am J Cardiol 2006 98 : 60 62.
130. Perin EC, Dohmann HF, Borojevic R, et al. Improved exercise capacity and ischemia 6 and 12 months after transendocardial injection of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells for ischemic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2004 110 : II213 II218.
131. Krause K, Jaquet K, Schneider C, Haupt S, Lioznov MV, Otte KM, Kuck KH. Percutaneous intramyocardial stem cell injection in patients with acute myocardial infarction: First-in-man study. Heart 2009 95 : 1145 1152.
132. Beeres SL, Zeppenfeld K, Bax JJ, et al. Electrophysiological and arrhythmogenic effects of intramyocardial bone marrow cell injection in patients with chronic ischemic heart disease. Heart Rhythm 2007 4 : 257 265.
133. Zhang YM, Hartzell C, Narlow M, Dudley SC, Jr. Stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes demonstrate arrhythmic potential. Circulation 2002 106 : 1294 1299.
134. Hou D, Youssef EA, Brinton TJ, et al. Radiolabeled cell distribution after intramyocardial, intracoronary, and interstitial retrograde coronary venous delivery: Implications for current clinical trials. Circulation 2005 112 : I150 I156.
135. Perin EC, Silva GV, Assad JA, et al. Comparison of intracoronary and transendocardial delivery of allogeneic mesenchymal cells in a canine model of acute myocardial infarction. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2008 44 : 486 495.
136. Hofmann M, Wollert KC, Meyer GP, et al. Monitoring of bone marrow cell homing into the infarcted human myocardium. Circulation 2005 111 : 2198 2202.
137. Gepstein L. Electrophysiologic implications of myocardial stem cell therapies. Heart Rhythm 2008 5 : S48 S52.
138. Kehat I, Khimovich L, Caspi O, et al. Electromechanical integration of cardiomyocytes derived from human embryonic stem cells. Nat Biotechnol 2004 22 : 1282 1289. (Pubitemid 39341201)
139. Abraham MR, Henrikson CA, Tung L, et al. Antiarrhythmic engineering of skeletal myoblasts for cardiac transplantation. Circ Res 2005 97 : 159 167.
140. Rubart M, Pasumarthi KB, Nakajima H, Soonpaa MH, Nakajima HO, Field LJ. Physiological coupling of donor and host cardiomyocytes after cellular transplantation. Circ Res 2003 92 : 1217 1224.
141. Rubart M, Soonpaa MH, Nakajima H, Field LJ. Spontaneous and evoked intracellular calcium transients in donor-derived myocytes following intracardiac myoblast transplantation. J Clin Invest 2004 114 : 775 783.
142. Potapova I, Plotnikov A, Lu Z, et al. Human mesenchymal stem cells as a gene delivery system to create cardiac pacemakers. Circ Res 2004 94 : 952 959.
143. Bartunek J, Dimmeler S, Drexler H, et al. The consensus of the task force of the European Society of Cardiology concerning the clinical investigation of the use of autologous adult stem cells for repair of the heart. Eur Heart J 2006 27 : 1338 1340.