Dittany of Crete: A botanical and ethnopharmacological review

Journal of Ethnopharmacology

Volumn 131, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 229-241

  Liolios, Christos C ^a,b   Graikou, Konstantia ^a   Skaltsa, Eleni ^a   Chinou, Ioanna ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS   (Greece)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PATRAS   (Greece)

Author keywords

Chemical component; History and traditional uses; Origanum dictamnus; Pharmacological activity

Indexed keywords

CARVACROL; ESSENTIAL OIL; FLAVONOID; LIPID; ORIGANUM DICTAMNUS EXTRACT; PLANT EXTRACT; POLYPHENOL; TERPENOID; THYMOL; TRITERPENE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ABDOMINAL PAIN; ANGIOSPERM; ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; ARTHRITIS; COMMON COLD; CONVULSION; COUGHING; CYTOTOXICITY; DRUG ISOLATION; DRUG SAFETY; ETHNOBOTANY; GINGIVITIS; HEADACHE; HUMAN; INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITY; KIDNEY DISEASE; MUTAGENICITY; NEURALGIA; NONHUMAN; ORIGANUM DICTAMNUS; PHYTOCHEMISTRY; PLANT MORPHOLOGY; REVIEW; SORE THROAT; STOMACH DISCOMFORT; STOMACH ULCER; TONSILLITIS; TOOTH PAIN;

ANIMALS; ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY; GREECE; HISTORY, ANCIENT; HISTORY, MEDIEVAL; HUMANS; MEDICINE, TRADITIONAL; ORIGANUM; PLANT EXTRACTS;

LAMIACEAE; ORIGANUM DICTAMNUS;

EID: 77956265622     PISSN: 03788741     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.06.005     Document Type: Review

References (116)

1. Austgulen L.T., Solheim E., Scheline R.R. Metabolism in rats of p-cymene derivatives: carvacrol and thymol. Pharmacology & Toxicology 1987, 61:98-102.
2. Argyropoulou C., Papadatou M., Gregoriades C., Maloupa E., Skaltsa H. Carvacrol content of cultivated in North Greece Origanum dictamnus L. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry. 2009, 12.
3. Aristotle, 1994. History of Animals (Modern Greek translation), Cactos Philology Team (trans). vol. 1-5. Cactos, Athens, 9.7.1.
4. Aristotle Aristotle's History of Animals: In Ten Books (English translation), Cresswell R. (trans) Adegi Graphics LLC 2000, St Johnn's College, Oxford, Book IX, chapter VII, 1, p. 238.
5. Baumann H. Greek Wild Flowers and Plant Lore in Ancient Greece 1996, The Herbert Press Ltd., London, U.K., p. 119-121.
6. Bern Convention, 2002. Bern/Berne, 19.IX.1979. Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats. APPENDIX I. Strictly Protected Flora Species. http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/FR/Treaties/Html/104-1.htm.
7. Berendes J. Pharmacie bei den alten Kulturvölkern. Die Pharmacie bei den Griechen. 1. Von den ältesten Zeiten bis Hippocrates, 460 v. Chr. Archiv der Pharmazie 1889, 227:678-707.
8. Berendes, J., 1902. Des Pedanios Dioskurides aus Anazarbos Arzeinmittellhre in fünf Büchern. Verlag von Enke, F., Stuttgart, III, Cap. 34, pp. 284-285 http://www.archive.org/stream/despedaniosdios00pedagoog#page/n5/mode/1up.
9. Bosabalidis A.M. Morphometric evaluation of inclusion body-containing leucoplasts in leaf epidermal cells of Origanum dictamnus L. Botanica Helvetica 1987, 97(2):315-322.
10. Bosabalidis A.M. Origin, differentiation and cytochemistry of membrane-limited inclusion bodies in leucoplasts of leaf epidermal cells of Origanum dictamnus L. Cytobios 1987, 50(201):77-88.
11. Bosabalidis A.M. Oregano. The Genera Origanum and Lippia, Sec.2, Structural Features of Origanum sp. 2002, Taylor & Francis, London, pp. 11-64. S.E. Kintzios (Ed.).
12. Bosabalidis A.M. Quantitative aspects of Origanum dictamnus L. Glandular scales. Botanica Helvetica 1990, 100(2):199-206.
13. Bosabalidis A.M., Tsekos I. Glandular scale development and essential oil secretion in Origanum dictamnus L. Planta 1982, 156(6):496-504.
14. Bosabalidis A.M., Papadopoulos D. Ultra-structure organization and cyto-chemistry of cytoplasm crystalline inclusions in Origanum dictamnus L. leaf chlorechyma cells. Journal of Cell Science 1983, 64:231-244.
15. Burt S. Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods - a review. International Journal of Food Microbiology 2004, 94:223-253.
16. Caccioni D., Guizzardi M. Inhibition of germination and growth of fruit and vegetable postharvest pathogenic fungi by essential oil components. Journal of Essential Oil Research 1994, 6:173-179.
17. Celsus, 1971 (Republication of the 1935 edition). De Medicina (English translation), Spencer W.G. (trans.), Cambridge, Massachusetts. Harvard University Press, 5.25. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0141:book=5:chapter=25&highlight=dictamni.
18. Charlemagne, 795. Capitulare de villis vel curtis imperii, http://www.toildepices.com/index.php?url=/fr/doc/eur__1_07/charlemagne/devillis.html.
19. Chatzopoulou A., Karioti A., Gousiadou Ch., Lax Vivancos V., Kyriazopoulos P., Golegou S., Skaltsa H. Depsides and other polar constituents from Origanum dictamnus L. and their in vitro antimicrobial activity in clinical strains. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2010, 58(10):6064-6068.
20. Chinou I., Liolios C., Moreau D., Roussakis C. Cytotoxic activity of Origanum dictamnus. Fitotherapia 2007, 78:342-344.
21. Chorianopoulos N., Kalpoutzakis E., Aligiannis N., Mitaku S., Nychas G.-J., Haroutounian S.A. Essential oils of Satureja, Origanum and Thymus species: chemical composition and antibacterial activities against foodborne pathogens. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2004, 52:8261-8267.
22. Cicero Tullius M., 1917. de Natura Deorum. Plasberg, O (Ed.). Leipzig, Teubner, Stuttgart, Sec.2.126. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Cic.+N.D.+2.126&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2007.01.0037.
23. Couladis M., Tzakou O., Verykokidou E., Harvala C. Screening of some Greek aromatic plants for antioxidant activity. Phytotherary Research 2003, 17(2):194-195.
24. CFR 2009. Title 21: Food and Drugs, PART 172-Food Additives Permitted for Direct Addition to Food for Human Consumption, Subpart F-Flavouring Agents and Related Substances. http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&rgn=div8&view=text&node=21:3.0.1.1.3. 6.1.1&idno=21.
25. Daferera D.J., Ziogas B.N., Polissiou M.G. GC-MS analysis of essential oils from some greek aromatic plants and their fungitoxicity on Penicillium digitatum. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2000, 48:2576-2581.
26. Daferera D., Tarantilis P., Polissiou M. Characterization of essential oils from Lamiaceae species by Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2002, 50:5503-5507.
27. Daferera D., Ziogas B., Polissiou M. The effectiveness of plant essential oils on the growth of Botrytis cinerarea, Fusarium sp. and Clavibacter michiganensis susp. michiganensis. Crop Protection 2003, 22:39-44.
28. Dapper, O., 1703. Description exacte des isles de l' Archipel, et de quelques autres adjacentes; dont les principales sont Chypre, Rhodes, Candie, Samos, Chio, Negrepont, Lemnos, Paros, Delos, Patmos, avec un grand nombre d' autres. George Gallet, Amsterdam, University of Crete-Library /De Simony Collection, Rethymnon: 42308.
29. De Vincenzi M., Stammati A., De Vincenzi A., Silano M. Constituents of aromatic plants: carvacrol. Fitoterapia 2004, 75(7-8):801-804.
30. Diapoulis, C., 1980. Prehistoric Plants of the Islands of the Aegean Sea, Sea Daffodils (Pancratium maritimus), Thera and the Aegean World II, London. pp. 129-139. http://www.therafoundation.org/articles/environmentflorafauna/prehistoricplantsoftheislandsoftheaegeanseadaffodilspancratiummaritimum.
31. Diapoulis H.A. Eliniki Chloris (Synopsis Florae Graecae) 1949, vol. II. Ministère de l' Agriculture, Athens, p. 114 (in Greek).
32. Dioscurides Codex Vindobonensis. Medicus Graecus 1970, vol. I. Akademische drucku, Verlagsanstalt, p. 99.
33. Dioscurides, 2010. De materia medica (on line version) http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/De_Materia_Medica/Book_3.
34. Economakis C.D. Effect of solution conductivity on growth and yield of Origanum dictamnus L. in nutrient film culture. Acta Horticulturae 1992, 306:204-209.
35. Economakis C.D. Effect of potassium on growth and yield of Origanum dictamnus L. in solution culture. Acta Horticulturae 1993, 331:339-344.
36. Economakis C.D., Demetzos C., Anastasaki Th., Papazoglou V., Gazouli M., Loukis Ar., Thanos C.A., Harvala C. Volatile constituents of bracts and leaves of wild and cultivated Origanum dictamnus. Planta Medica 1999, 65(2). 189-191{a}.
37. Economakis C.D., Skaltsa H., Demetzos C., Sokovic M., Thanos C.A. Effect of phosphorus concentration of the nutrient solution on the volatile constituents of leaves and bracts of Origanum dictamnus. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2002, 50(22):6276-6280.
38. Economakis C., Karioti A., Skaltsa H., Perdetzoglou D., Demetzos C. Effect of solution conductivity on the volatile constituents of Origanum dictamnus L. in nutrient film culture. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2005, 53:1656-1660.
39. Economou K.D., Oreopoulon V., Thomopoulus C.D. Antioxidative activity of some plants of the family Labiatae. Journal of American Oil Chemists Science 1991, 68:109-113.
40. Elytis O. The monogram. Collected Poems of Odysseas Elytis, trans. Carlson J. and Sarris N. 1972, The Johns Hopkins University Press, USA, pp. 246.
41. Fernandes R., Heywood V.H. Flora Europaea 1972, vol. III, 32-9. Cambridge University Press, pp. 171.
42. Fenaroli G., Burdock G.A. Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients 2004, CRC Press, p. 511-512. 5th ed. G.A. Burdock (Ed.).
43. Figueredo G., Cabassu P., Chalchat J.-C., Pasquier B. Studies of Mediterranean Oregano populations. VII. Chemical composition of essential oils of carvacrol-rich oregano of various origins. Journal of Essential Oil Research 2006, 18:224-249.
44. Fragaki, E.K., 1969. Contribution to the Plant Local Names. Athens (in Greek).
45. Fournier, P., 1947. In: Lechevalier, P. (Eds.), Le Livre des Plantes Médicinales et Vénéneuses de France, vol. II. Paris, pp. 67-69.
46. Galeni, C. 1827. (Digitized Sep 30, 2009). Opera omnia (Hapanta); De compositione medicamentorum per genera libri vii (vol.13), x (vol. 12), xi (vol. 11); De antidotis libri ii, vol. 14. Carl Gottlob Kühn, Friedrich Wilhelm Assmann (Eds.), Lipsiae, Knobloch, http://books.google.com/books?id=73Y-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false.
47. Gennadios, P., 1914. In: Paraskeva, L. (Ed.), Lexicon Phytologicon. Athens, p. 731.
48. Gergis V., Spiliotis V., Poulos C. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils from Greek Sideritis species. Pharmazie 1990, 45:70.
49. Goun E., Gunningham G., Solodnikov S., Krasnykch O., Miles H. Antithrombin activity of some constituents from Origanum vulgare. Fitoterapia 2002, 73:692-694.
50. Gunther R.T. The Greek herbal of Dioscorides, III. 37.1 1959, Hafner Publishing Co, New York.
51. Hanlidou E., Karousou R., Kleftoyanni V., Kokkini S. The herbal market of Thessaloniki (N-Greece) and its relation to the ethnobotanical tradition. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2004, 91:281-299.
52. Harvala, C., Skaltsa, H., 1986. Contribution à l'étude chimique d'Origanum dictamnus L.-1ère communication. Plantes médicinales et Phytothérapie, XX, 4, 300-304.
53. Harvala C., Menounos P., Argyriadou N. Essential Oil from Origanum dictamnus. Planta Medica 1987, 53:107-109.
54. Havakis I. Plants and Herbs of Crete 1978, Athens, Greece.
55. Henelt P. Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops 2001, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidenberg, New York, p. 1983.
56. Hippocrates, Med., et Corpus Hippocraticum, 1853. Oeuvres complètes d'Hippocrate, É. Littré, Baillière, Paris, De natura muliebri, 32.1; de mulierium affectibus i-iii, 46.6; de exsectiones foetus, 4.11.
57. Homer, 1924. The Iliad with an English Translation, Murray, A.T. (translator), Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press. William Heinemann Ltd. London, book II. 11.845-848. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D11%3Acard%3D822.
58. Homer. 1920. Homeri Opera in Five Volumes (in ancient Greek). Oxford University Press. Oxford, book II. 11. 845-848. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0133%3Abook%3D11%3Acard%3D822.
59. Hunt, P., 2005. Aeneid XII.383-440 as Inspiration for Ancient Art: The Roman Surgeon. URL: http://traumwerk.stanford.edu/philolog/2005/11/aeneid_as_inspiration_for_anci.html.
60. Ietswaart, J.H., 1980. A taxonomic revision of the Genus Origanum (Labiatae) Ph.D. Thesis Leiden Botanical Series 4. The Hague: Leiden University.
61. Ietswaart J.H. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands 7:312 1982, Edinburg University Press. P.H. Davis (Ed.).
62. Karanika M.S., Komaitis M., Aggelis G. Effect of aqueous extracts of some plants of Lamiaceae family on the growth of Yarrowia lipolytica. Internation Journal of Food Microbiology 2001, 64(1-2):175-181.
63. Katsiotis S., Oikonomou G.N. Vergleichende Untersuchung verschiedener wildachsender und in Kreta angebauter Muster von Origanum dictamnus L. Scientia Pharrnaceutica 1986, 54:49-52.
64. Kavadas, D.S., 1956. Illustrated Botanical-Phytological Lexicon. Vol. I. Pegasus, Athens, pp. 298-302 (in Greek).
65. Komaitis M.E., Revinthi-Moraiti K., Evangelatos G. The lipid composition of fresh Origanum dictamnus leaves. Food Chemistry 1988, 27(1):25-32.
66. Kokkini S., Karousou R., Dardioti A., Krigas N., Lanaras T. Autumn essential oils of Greek oregano. Phytochemistry. 1997, 44(5):883-886.
67. Konstantopoulou I., Vassilopoulou L., Marragani-Tsipidou P., Scouras Z.G. Insecticidal effects of essential oils: a study of the effect of essential oils extracted from eleven Greek aromatic plants on Drosophila auraria. Experientia 1992, 48(6):616-619.
68. Kouri G., Tsimogiannis D., Bardouki H., Oreopoulou V. Extraction and analysis of antioxidant components from Origanum dictamnus. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies 2007, 8:155-162.
69. Lagouri V., Boskou D. Nutrient antioxidants in Oregano. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 1996, 47(6):493-497.
70. Lam L.K.T., Zheng B. Effects of essential oils on glutathione S-transferase activity in mice. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 1991, 39(4):660-662.
71. Liolios C.C., Gortzi O., Lalas S., Tsaknis J., Chinou I. Liposomal incorporation of carvacrol and thymol isolated from the essential oil of Origanum dictamnus L. and in vitro antimicrobial activity. Food Chemistry 2009, 112:77-83.
72. Lionis C., Faresjo A., Skoula M., Kapsokefalou M., Faresjo T. Antioxidant effects of herbs in Crete. Lancet North American Edition 1998, 352(9145):1987-1988.
73. Linnaeus, C., 1753 (Digitized Jan 14, 2008), Species plantarum, Vol. 4, Edition 4th, Publ. Impensis G.C. Nauk, first published 1800, Ghent University, p.133 http://books.google.com/books?id=iA8PAAAAQAAJ&dq=species+plantarum&lr=&source=gbs_navlinks_s.
74. Linnean Herbarium (S-LINN), 2003, Department of Phanerogamic Botany Swedish Museum of Natural History (S), Origanum dictamnus L. http://linnaeus.nrm.se/botany/fbo/o/origa/origdic.html.en.
75. Med-Checklist, 1986. Greuter, W., Burdet, H.M., Long, G. (Eds.), édition du Conservatoire et jardin botanique de la Ville de Genève, vol. 3, p. 305 (477-64-294). http://ww2.bgbm.org/mcl/PTaxonDetail.asp?NameId=29684&PTRefFK=1275.
76. Moller J.K.S., Madsen H.L., Aaltonen T., Skibsted L.H. Dittany (Origanum dictamnus) as a source of water-extractable antioxidants. Food Chemistry 1999, 64(2):215-219.
77. Panou-Filotheou E., Fasulas A., Bellenot D., Oger J.-M. " Medicinal and aromatic plants" , Proceedings of the 7th three-day Workshop 1997, Cyprus Biological Society, Cyprus, Paralimni, p. 354 (in Greek).
78. Paton A. Three membranous-bracted species of Origanum. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 1994, 11(3):109-111.
79. Panizzi L., Flamini G., Cioni P.L., Morelli I. Composition and antimicrobial properties of essential oils of four Mediterranean Lamiaceae. Journal Ethnopharmacology 1993, 39:167-170.
80. Pellecuer J., Jacob M., Simeon de Buechberg M., Allegrini J. Therapeutic value of the cultivated mountain savory (Satureia montana L.: Labiatae). Acta Horticulturae 1980, 96:35-39.
81. Pharmacopoea Hispanica, 1826., Excudebat Societas Typogr. Classicorum Italiae Scriptorum, 1826 p. 38.
82. Piozzi F., Paternostro M., Passannanti S., Gacs-Baitz E. Triterpenes from Amaracus dictamnus. Phytochemistry 1986, 25(2):539-541.
83. Plimakis, A.G. 1997. Dictamnus the miraculous herb of Crete, Hania, Greece (in Greek).
84. Plinius Secundus G., 1906. Naturalis Historia. Karl Friedrich Theodor Mayhoff (Eds.). Lipsiae, Leipzig, Teubner. Book 8, chapter 44. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0138:book=8:chapter=44&highlight=dictamnum.
85. Plinius Secundus G., 1685. Naturalis Historia. Muguet, Paris 8, p. 179.
86. Plutarch, 1954 (repr 1959), Plutarchi moralia, Leipzig, Teubner, vol. 6.1. (Cod: 3,610; 13,178: Dialog., Nat. Hist., Phil.), Bruta animalia ratione uti (985d-992e) (Section F, line 1), De sollertia animalium (959a-985c).(Section D, line 7).
87. Polunin O. Flowers of Europe 1969, Oxford University Press (reprint 1997), pp. 67-69.
88. Proestos C., Sereli D., Komaitis M. Determination of phenolic compounds in aromatic plants by RP-HPLC and GC-MS. Food Chemistry 2006, 95:44-52.
89. Proestos C., Kapsokefalou M., Komaitis M. Analysis of naturally occurring phenolic compounds in aromatic plant by RP-HPLC and GC-MS after silylation. Journal of Food Quality 2008, 31:402-414.
90. Rechinger, K.H., 1943. Flora Aegaea-Flora der Inseln und Halbinseln des Ãgãischen Meeres, Wien, pp. 530-531.
91. Revinthi-Moraiti K., Komaitis M.E., Evangelatos G., Kapoulas V. Identification and quantitative determination of the lipids of dried Origanum dictamnus leaves. Food Chemistry 1985, 16:15-24.
92. Robbins B.H. Quantitative studies on the absorption and excretion of certain resorcinols and cresols in dogs and man. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 1934, 52:54-60.
93. Schaden G., Hesse C. Über das ätherische Öl des Kretischen Dictams. Monatshefte für Chemie 1976, 107(4):929-931.
94. Schroder V., Vollmer H. Uber die Ausscheidung von Thymol, Carvacrol, Eugenol und Guajacol und die Verteilung dieser Substanzen im Organismus. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology 1932, 168:331-353.
95. Schwartz, E. (Ed.), 1891. Argumentum Hippolyti, in: Scholia in Euripidem (scholia vetera), Reimer, Berlin, vol. 2, 73.46.
96. Sivropoulou A., Papanikolaou E., Nikolaou C., Kokkini S., Lanaras T., Arsenakis M. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of Origanum essential oils. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 1996, 44(5):1202-1205.
97. Skaltsa H., Harvala C. Contribution a l'etude Chimique d'Origanum dictamnus L. - 2nd communication (Glucosides des Feuilles). Plantes Médicinales et Phytothérapie 1987, 11:56-62.
98. Skoula M., Gotsiou P., Naxakis G., Johnson B.C. A chemosystematic investigation on the mono- and sesquiterpenoids in the genus Origanum (Labiatae). Phytochemistry 1999, 52(4):649-657.
99. Skoula, M., Kamenopoulos, S., 1997. Origanum dictamnus L. and Origanum vulgare L. subsp. hirtum (Link) Iestwaart: Traditional uses and production in Greece. In: S. Padulosi (Ed.): Oregano. Proceedings of the IPGRI International Workshop on Oregano, 8-12 May 1996, CIHEAM, Valenzano, Bari, Italy. 1997, pp. 26-32; Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops No. 14, Published by IPGRI.
100. Skoula M., Harborne J.B. Taxonomy and Chemistry of Origanum. Oregano: The Genera Origanum and Lippia. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Industrial Profiles 2002, 67-108. CRC Press. S.E. Kintzios (Ed.).
101. Skrubis B. Origanum dictamnus L., a Greek native plant. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1979, 1(4):411-415.
102. Stamatis G., Kyriazopoulos P., Golegou S., Basayiannis A., Skaltsas S., Skaltsa H. In vitro anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of Greek herbal medicines. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2003, 88:175-179.
103. Stammati A., Bonsi P., Zucco F., Moezelaar R., Alakomi H.-L., Von Wright A. Toxicity of selected plant volatiles in microbial and mammalian short term assays. Food and Chemical Toxicology 1999, 37:813-823.
104. Steinmetz, E.F., 1954. In Materia Medica Vegetabilis, Part 1, Holland, p. 504.
105. Takada M.I., Agata M., Sakamoto N., Yagi N., Hayashi N. On the metabolic detoxication of thymol in rabbit and man. Journal of Toxicological Sciences 1979, 4:341-350.
106. Thanos C.A. Aristotle and Theophrastus on plant-animal interactions. Plant-Animal Interactions in Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems 1994, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrect, The Netherlands, pp. 3-11. M. Arianoutsou, R.H. Groves (Eds.).
107. Theophrastus, P., 2007. Historia plantarum, Vol. 1 of Opera quae supersunt omnia, Friedrich Wimmer (eds.), 1842; Publisher Apud Ferdinandum Hirt. Original from Oxford University Digitized Feb 5, 2007. 9.16.1. pp. 332-335. http://books.google.com/books?id=110GAAAAQAAJ&dq=theophrastus%20historia%20plantarum&pg=PA332#v=onepage&q=%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BC&f=false.
108. Thompson D.P. Fungitoxic activity of essential oil components on food storage fungi. Mycologia 1989, 81(1):151-153.
109. Turland N.J. The Red Data Book 1995, World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), Athens, Greece, pp. 394-395. D. Phitos, A. Strid, S. Snogerup, W. Greuter (Eds.).
110. Ultee A., Gorris L.G., Smid E.J. Bactericidal activity of carvacrol towards the food-borne pathogen Bacillus cereus. Journal of Applied Microbiology 1998, 85(2):211-218.
111. Vokou D., Vareltzidou S., Katinakis P. Effects of aromatic plants on potato storage - sprout suppression and antimicrobial activity. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 1993, 47:223-235.
112. Vrachnakis T. Trichomes of Origanum dictamnus L. (Labiatae). Phyton-annales Rei Botanicae 2003, 43(1):109-133.
113. Virgilius, M. P., 1903. Cum appendice in usum scholarum, Praemisit de vita et scriptis poetae narrationem, Ribbeck, O. (eds.), Editio stereotypa, Papadimas (Gr. publ.), Athens, 12.412. p. 392.
114. Williams R.T. Detoxication Mechanisms 1959, Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 300-301. 2nd edition.
115. Wellmann M. Pedanios Dioscuridis " De Materia Medica" 1958, weidmannsche verlagsbuchhandlung, Berlin, III, 32.1.
116. Zeytinoglu H., Incesu Z., Baser K.H.C. Inhibition of DNA synthesis by carvacrol in mouse myoblast cells beta-ring a human N-RAS oncogene. Urban & Fischer, Phytomedicine I 2003, 10:292-299.