Monsoon control over erosion patterns in the western Himalaya: Possible feed-back into the tectonic evolution

Geological Society Special Publication

Volumn 342, Issue , 2010, Pages 185-218

  Clift, Peter D ^a   Giosan, Liviu ^b   Carter, Andrew ^c   Garzanti, Eduardo ^d   Galy, Valier ^b   Tabrez, Ali R ^e   Pringle, Malcolm ^f   Campbell, Ian H ^g   France Lanord, Christian ^h   Blusztajn, Jurek ^b   Allen, Charlotte ^f   Alizai, Anwar ^a   Lückge, Andreas ⁱ   Danish, Mohammed ^e   Rabbani, M M ^e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN   (United Kingdom)

^b WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY OF MILANO BICOCCA   (Italy)

^e National Institute of Oceanography Pakistan   (Pakistan)

^f MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^g AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^h CRPG CNRS   (France)

ⁱ FEDERAL INSTITUTE FOR GEOSCIENCES AND NATURAL RESOURCES BGR   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGE DETERMINATION; ARGON-ARGON DATING; EROSION; FEEDBACK MECHANISM; FISSION TRACK DATING; GEOCHRONOLOGY; LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM; MONSOON; PROVENANCE; TECTONIC EVOLUTION; UPLIFT; URANIUM-LEAD DATING;

HIMALAYAS; INDUS DELTA; KARAKORAM; PAKISTAN; SIND;

EID: 77956038644     PISSN: 03058719     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1144/SP342.12     Document Type: Article

References (133)

1. Ahmad, T., Harris, N., Bickle, M., Chapman, H., Bunbury, J. & Prince, C. 2000. Isotopic constraints on the structural relationships between the Lesser Himalayan Series and the High Himalayan Crystalline Series, Garhwal Himalaya. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 112, 467-477.
2. An, Z., Kutzbach, J. E., Prell, W. L. & Porter, S. C. 2001. Evolution of Asian monsoons and phased uplift of the Himalaya-Tibetan Plateau since late Miocene times. Nature (London), 411, 62-66.
3. Beaumont, C., Jamieson, R. A., Nguyen, M. H. & Lee, B. 2001. Himalayan tectonics explained by extrusion of a low-viscosity crustal channel coupled to focused surface denudation. Nature (London), 414, 738-742.
4. Bernet, M., van der Beek, P., Pik, R., Huyghe, P., Mugnier, J.-L., Labrin, E. & Szulc, A. G. 2006. Miocene to Recent exhumation of the central Himalaya determined from combined detrital zircon fissiontrack and U/Pb analysis of Siwalik sediments, western Nepal. Basin Research, 18, 393-412, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2117.2006.00303.
5. Black, L. P., Kamo, S. L. et al. 2004. Improved Pb-206/U-218 microprobe geochronology by the monitoring of a trace-element-related matrix effect; SHRIMP, ID-TIMS, ELA-ICP-MS and oxygen isotope documentation for a series of zircon standards. Chemical Geology, 205, 115-140.
6. 86Sr with global glaciation. Nature, 373, 415-418.
7. Bojar, A.-V., Fritz, H., Nicolescu, S., Bregar, M. & Gupta, R. P. 2005. Timing and mechanisms of Central Himalayan exhumation: discriminating between tectonic and erosion processes. Terra Nova, 17, 427-433, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3121.2005.00629.x.
8. Bollinger, L., Avouac, J. P., Beyssac, O., Catlos, E. J., Harrison, T. M., Grove, M., Goffe, B. & Sapkota, S. 2004. Thermal structure and exhumation history of the Lesser Himalaya in central Nepal. Tectonics, 23, 19, doi: 10.1029/2003TC001564.
9. Bookhagen, B. & Burbank, D. W. 2006. Topography, relief, and TRMM-derived rainfall variations along the Himalaya. Geophysical Research Letters, 33, doi: 10.1029/2006GL026037.
10. Bookhagen, B., Thiede, R. C. & Strecker, M. R. 2005. Late Quaternary intensified monsoon phases control landscape evolution in the northwest Himalaya. Geology, 33, 149-152.
11. Brookfield, M. E. & Reynolds, P. H. 1990. Miocene Ar-40/Ar-39 Ages from the Karakorum Batholith and Shyok Melange, Northern Pakistan, Indicate Late Tertiary Uplift and Southward Displacement. Tectonophysics, 172, 155-167.
12. Burbank, D. W., Blythe, A. E., Putkonen, J., Pratt-Sitaula, B., Gabet, E., Oskins, M., Barros, A. & Ojha, T. P. 2003. Decoupling of erosion and precipitation in the Himalayas. Nature, 426, 652-655.
13. Camoin, G. F., Montaggioni, L. F. & Braithwaite, C. J. R. 2004. Late glacial to post glacial sea levels in the western Indian Ocean. Marine Geology, 206, 119-146, doi: 10.1016/j.margeo.2004.02.003.
14. Campbell, I. H., Reiners, P. W., Allen, C. M., Nicolescu, S. & Upadhyay, R. 2005. He-Pb double dating of detrital zircons from the Ganges and Indus rivers; implication for quantifying sediment recycling and provenance studies. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 237, 402-432.
15. Catlos, E. J., Harrison, T. M., Kohn, M. J., Grove, M., Ryerson, F. J., Manning, C. E. & Upreti, B. N. 2001. Geochronologic and thermobarometric constraints on the evolution of the Main Central Thrust, central Nepal Himalaya. Journal of Geophysical Research, 106, 16 177-16 204.
16. Cerveny, P. F., Johnson, N. M., Tahirkheli, R. A. K. & Bonis, N. R. 1989. Tectonic and geomorphic implications of Siwalik Group heavy minerals, Potwar Plateau, Pakistan. In: Malinconico, L. L. & Lillie, R. J. (eds) Tectonics of the Western Himalayas. Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado, Special Paper, 232, 129-136.
17. Chambers, J. A., Argles, T., Horstwood, M. S. A., Harris, N. B. W., Parrish, R. & Ahmad, T. 2008. Tectonic implications of Palaeoproterozoic anatexis and Late Miocene metamorphism in the Lesser Himalayan Sequence, Sutlej Valley, NW India. Journal of the Geological Society, 165, 725-737, doi: 10.1144/0016-76492007/090.
18. Clemens, S., Prell, W., Murray, D., Shimmield, G. & Weedon, G. 1991. Forcing mechanisms of the indian-ocean monsoon. Nature, 353, 720-725.
19. Clift, P. D. & Blusztajn, J. S. 2005. Reorganization of the western Himalayan river system after five million years ago. Nature, 438, 1001-1003.
20. Clift, P. D., Degnan, P. J., Hannigan, R.& Blusztajn, J. 2000. Sedimentary and geochemical evolution of the Dras forearc basin, Indus suture, Ladakh Himalaya, India. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 112, 450-466.
21. Clift, P. D., Carter, A., Krol, M. & Kirby, E. 2002a. Constraints on India; Eurasia collision in the Arabian Sea region taken from the Indus Group, Ladakh Himalaya, India. In: Clift, P. D., Kroon, D., Gaedicke, C. & Craig, J. (eds) The Tectonic and Climatic Evolution of the Arabian Sea Region. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 195, 97-116.
22. Clift, P. D., Lee, J. I. et al. 2002b. Nd and Pb isotope variability in the Indus River system; implications for sediment provenance and crustal heterogeneity in the western Himalaya. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 200, 91-106.
23. Clift, P. D., Campbell, I. H. et al. 2004. Thermochronology of the modern Indus River bedload; new insight into the control on the marine stratigraphic record. Tectonics, 23, doi: 10.1029/2003TC001559.
24. Clift, P., Giosan, L., Blusztajn, J. et al. 2008. Holocene erosion of the Lesser Himalaya triggered by intensified summer monsoon. Geology, 36, 79-82, doi: 10.1130/G24315A.1.
25. Collister, J. W., Lichtfouse, E., Hieshima, G. & Hayes, J. M. 1994. Partial resolution of n-alkanes in the saline portion of the Parachute Creek Member, Green River Formation (piceance Creek Basin, Colorado). Organic Geochemistry, 21, 645-659.
26. Copeland, P., Harrison, M. & Le Fort, P. 1990. Age and cooling history of the Manaslu granite: implications for Himalayan tectonics. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 44, 33-50.
27. De Sigoyer, J., Guillot, S. & Dick, P. 2004. Exhumation of the ultrahigh-pressure Tso Morari Unit in eastern Ladakh (NW Himalaya); a case study. Tectonics, 23, 18.
28. DeCelles, P. G., Gehrels, G. E., Quade, J., LaReau, B. & Spurlin, M. 2000. Tectonic implications of U-Pb zircon ages of the Himalayan orogenic belt in Nepal. Science, 288, 497-499.
29. Deines, P. 1980. The isotopic composition of reduced organic carbon. In: Fritz, P. & Fontes, J. C. (eds) Handbook of Environmental Isotope Chemistry 1. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 329-406.
30. Deniel, C., Vidal, P., Fernandez, A., Lefort, P. & Peucat, J. J. 1987. Isotopic Study of the Manaslu Granite (Himalaya, Nepal) - Inferences on the Age and Source of Himalayan Leukogranites. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 96, 78-92.
31. 86Sr: impact on the marine Sr record. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 142, 59-74.
32. Dickinson, W. R. 1985. Interpreting provenance relations from detrital modes of sandstones. In: Zuffa, G. G. (ed.) Provenance of Arenites. Reidel, Dordrecht, NATO Advanced Studies Institute, 148, 333-361.
33. Enzel, Y., Ely, L. L. et al. 1999. High-resolution Holocene environmental changes in the Thar Desert, northwestern India. Science, 284, 125-128.
34. Farquhar, G. D., Ehleringer, J. R. & Hubrick, K. T. 1989. Carbon isotopic discrimination and photosynthesis. Annual Reviews of Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology, 40, 503-537.
35. Fleitmann, D., Burns, S. J., Mudelsee, M., Neff, U., Kramers, J., Mangini, A. & Matter, A. 2003. Holocene forcing of the Indian monsoon recorded in a stalagmite from southern Oman. Science, 300, 1737-1739.
36. Fontugne, M.R. & Duplessy, J. C. 1978. Carbon isotope ratio of marine plankton related to surface water masses. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 41, 365-371.
37. Foster, D. A., Gleadow, A. J. W. & Mortimer, G. 1994. Rapid Pliocene exhumation in the Karakoram (Pakistan), revealed by fission-track thermochronology of the K2 gneiss. Geology, 22, 19-22.
38. France-Lanord, C. & Le Fort, P. 1988. Crustal melting and granite genesis during the Himalayan collision orogenesis. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth Sciences, 79, 183-195.
39. France-Lanord, C., Derry, L. & Michard, A. 1993. Evolution of the Himalaya since Miocene time: isotopic and sedimentologic evidence from the Bengal Fan In: Treloar, P. J. & Searle, M. P. (eds) Himalayan Tectonics. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 74, 603-621.
40. France-Lanord, C., Galy, V., Pik, R. & Singh, S. K. 2006. Extreme Erosion of the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis Traced by Isotopic Compositions of River and Bengal Fan Sediments. Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 87, T32B-03.
41. Fraser, J. E., Searle, M. P., Parrish, R. R. & Noble, S. R. 2001. Chronology of deformation, metamorphism, and magmatism in the southern Karakoram Mountains. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 113, 1443-1455.
42. Galbraith, R. F. 1990. The radial plot: graphical assessment of spread in ages Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurement, 17, 207-214.
43. Galy, A. & France-Lanord, C. 2001. Higher erosion rates in the Himalaya: geochemical constraints on riverine fluxes. Geology, 29, 23-26.
44. 13C in carbonate-rich detrital sediments. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research, 31, 199-207, doi: 10.1111/j.1751-908X.2007.00864.x.
45. Galy, V., France-Lanord, C., Beyssac, O., Faure, P., Kudrass, H.-R. & Palhol, F. 2007b. Efficient organic carbon burial in the Bengal fan sustained by the Himalayan erosional system. Nature, 450, 407-411, doi: 10.1038/nature06273.
46. Galy, V., France-Lanord, C. & Lartiges, B. 2008. Loading and fate of particulate organic carbon from the Himalaya to the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 72, 1767-1787.
47. Garzanti, E. & Andò, S. 2007. Heavy-mineral concentration in modern sands: implications for provenance interpretation. In: Mange, M. & Wright, D. (eds) Heavy Minerals in Use. Developments in Sedimentology Series, 58, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 517-545.
48. Garzanti, E. & Vezzoli, G. 2003. A classification of metamorphic grains in sands based on their composition and grade. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 73, 830-837, doi: 10.1306/012203730830.
49. Garzanti, E., Vezzoli, G., Ando, S., Paparella, P. & Clift, P. D. 2005. Petrology of Indus River sands; a key to interpret erosion history of the western Himalayan syntaxis. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 229, 287-302.
50. Garzanti, E., Andò, S. & Vezzoli, G. 2009. Grain-size dependence of sediment composition and environmental bias in provenance studies. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 277, 422-432.
51. Gehrels, G. E., DeCelles, P. G., Ojha, T. P. & Upreti, B. N. 2006. Geologic and U-Th-Pb geochronologic evidence for early Paleozoic tectonism in the Kathmandu thrust sheet, central Nepal Himalaya. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 118, 185-198.
52. George, M., Reddy, S. & Harris, N. 1995. Isotopic Constraints on the Cooling History of the Nanga Parbat-Haramosh Massif and Kohistan Arc, Western Himalaya. Tectonics, 14, 237-252.
53. Ghose, B., Kar, A. & Husain, Z. 1979. The lost courses of the Saraswati River in the Great Indian Desert; new evidence from Landsat imagery. Geographical Journal, 145, 446-451.
54. Giosan, L., Clift, P. D., Blusztajn, J., Tabrez, A., Constantinescu, S. & Filip, F. 2006. On the control of climate-and human-modulated fluvial sediment delivery on river delta development: The Indus. Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 87, OS14A-04.
55. Godin, L., Gleeson, T. P., Searle, M. P., Ullrich, T.D. & Parrish, R. R. 2006. Locking of southward extrusion in favour of rapid crustal-scale buckling of the Greater Himalayan Sequence, Nar Valley, central Nepal. In: Law, R. D., Searle, M. P. & Godin, L. (eds) Channel Flow, Ductile Extrusion and Exhumation in Continental Collision Zones. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 268, 269-292.
56. Goodbred, S. L. Jr & Kuehl, S. A. 2000. Enormous Ganges-Brahmaputra sediment discharge during strengthened early Holocene monsoon. Geology (Boulder), 28, 1083-1086.
57. Green, P. F. 1989. Thermal and tectonic history of the East Midlands shelf (onshore UK) and surrounding regions assessed by apatite fission track analysis. Journal of the Geological Society, 146, 755-773.
58. Harris, N. 2007. Channel flow and the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen: a critical review. Journal of the Geological Society, 164, 511-523, doi: 10.1144/0016-76492006-133.
59. Harrison, T. M., Grove, M., McKeegan, K. D., Coath, C. D., Lovera, O. M.&Le Fort, P. 1999. Origin and episodic emplacement of the Manaslu intrusive complex, central Himalaya. Journal of Petrology, 40, 3-19.
60. 13C values of C4 types of grasses. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 9, 139-154.
61. Herzschuh, U. 2006. Palaeo-moisture evolution in monsoonal Central Asia during the last 50,000 years. Quaternary Science Reviews, 25, 163-178.
62. Heuberger, S., Schaltegger, U. et al. 2007. Age and isotopic constraints on magmatism along the Karakoram-Kohistan suture zone, NW Pakistan; evidence for subduction and continued convergence after India-Asia collision. Swiss Journal of Geosciences, 100, 85-107.
63. Hilley, G. E. & Strecker, M. R. 2004. Steady state erosion of critical Coulomb wedges with applications to Taiwan and the Himalaya. Journal of Geophysical Research, 109, doi: 10.1029/2002JB002284.
64. Hodges, K. 2003. Geochronology and thermochronology in orogenic systems. In: Rudnick, R. (ed.) The Crust. Elsevier-Science, Amsterdam, 263-292.
65. Hodges, K., Hurtado, J. & Whipple, K. 2001. Southward extrusion of Tibetan crust and its effect on Himalayan tectonics. Tectonics, 20, 799-809.
66. Hodges, K. V., Wobus, C., Ruhl, K., Schildgen, T. & Whipple, K. 2004. Quaternary deformation, river steepening, and heavy precipitation at the front of the Higher Himalayan ranges. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 220, 379-389.
67. Hubbard, M. S., Spencer, D. A. & West, D. P. 1995. Tectonic exhumation of the Nanga Parbat massif, northern Pakistan. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 133, 213-225.
68. Hurford, A. 1990. Standardization of fission track dating calibration: recommendation by the Fission Track Working Group of the IUGS subcommission on geochronology. Chemical Geology, 80, 177-178.
69. Inger, S. 1998. Timing of an extensional detachment during convergent orogeny; new Rb-Sr geochronological data from the Zanskar shear zone, northwestern Himalaya. Geology, 26, 223-226.
70. Ingersoll, R. V., Bullard, T. F., Ford, R. L., Grimm, J. P., Pickle, J. D. & Sares, S. W. 1984. The effect of grain size on detrital modes: a test of the Gazzi-Dickinson point-counting method. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 54, 103-116.
71. Ittekkot, V. & Arain, R. 1986. Nature of particulate organic matter in the River Indus, Pakistan. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 50, 1643-1653.
72. Jain, A. K., Kumar, D., Singh, S., Kumar, A. & Lal, N. 2000. Timing, quantification and tectonic modelling of Pliocene-Quaternary movements in the NW Himalaya; evidence from fission track dating. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 179, 437-451.
73. Karim, A. & Veizer, J. 2002. Water balance of the Indus river basin and moisture source in the Karakoram and western Himalayas: implications from hydrogen and oxygen isotopes river water. Journal of Geophysical Research, 107, doi: 10.1029/2000JD000253.
74. Khan, M. A., Stern, R. J., Gribble, R. F. & Windley, B. F. 1997. Geochemical and isotopic constraints on subduction polarity, magma sources, and palaeogeography of the Kohistan intra-oceanic arc, northern Pakistan Himalaya. Journal of the Geological Society, 154, 935-946.
75. Kirstein, L. A., Sinclair, H. D., Stuart, F. M. & Dobson, K. 2006. Rapid early Miocene exhumation of the Ladakh batholith, western Himalaya. Geology, 34, 1049-1052, doi: 10.1130/G22857A.
76. Kitoh, A. 2004. Effects of mountain uplift on East Asian summer climate investigated by a coupled atmosphere-ocean GCM. Journal of Climatology, 17, 783-802.
77. 39 age calculations. Computers & Geosciences, 28, 605-619.
78. Krol, M. A., Zeitler, P. K., Poupeau, G. & Pecher, A. 1996. Temporal variations in the cooling and denudation history of the Hunza plutonic complex, Karakoram Batholith, revealed by Ar-40/Ar-39 thermochronology. Tectonics, 15, 403-415.
79. Kumar, A., Lal, N., Jain, A. K. & Sorkhabi, R. B. 1995. Late Cenozoic-Quaternary thermo-tectonic history of Higher Himalayan Crystalline (HHC) in Kishtwar-Padar-Zanskar region, NW Himalaya; evidence from fission track ages. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 45, 375-391.
80. Le Fort, P., Debon, F. & Sonet, J. 1983. Petrography, geochemistry and geochronology of some samples from the Karakoram Batholith (N. Pakistan). In: Shams, F. A. (eds) Granites of the Himalayas, Karakoram and Hindu Kush. Punjab University, Lahore, 377-387.
81. Leech, M. L., Singh, S., Jain, A. K., Klemperer, S. L. & Manickavasagam, R. M. 2005. The onset of India-Asia continental collision: early, steep subduction required by the timing of UHP metamorphism in the western Himalaya. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 234, 83-97.
82. Mange, M.A. & Maurer, H. F. W. 1992. Heavy Minerals in Colour. Chapman and Hall, London.
83. McBride, M. B. 1994. Environmental Chemistry of Soils. Oxford University Press, New York.
84. Metcalfe, R. P. 1993. Pressure, temperature and time constraints on metamorphism across the Main Central Thrust zone and high Himalayan slab in the Garhwal Himalaya. In: Treloar, P. J. & Searle, M. P. (eds) Himalayan Tectonics. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 74, 485-509.
85. Najman, Y. & Garzanti, E. 2000. Reconstructing early Himalayan tectonic evolution and paleogeography from Tertiary foreland basin sedimentary rocks, northern India. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 112, 435-449.
86. Nelson, K. D., Zhao, W., Brown, L. D. et al. 1996. Partially molten middle crust beneath southern Tibet; synthesis of Project INDEPTH results. Science, 274, 1684-1688.
87. Owen, L. A. & Benn, D. I. 2005. Equilibrium-line altitudes of the last glacial maximum for the Himalaya and Tibet; an assessment and evaluation of results. Quaternary International, 138-139, 55-78.
88. Palmer, M. R. & Edmond, J. M. 1991. Controls over the strontium isotope composition of river water. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 56, 2099-2111.
89. Parrish, R. R. & Hodges, K. V. 1996. Isotopic constraints on the age and provenance of the Lesser and Greater Himalayan sequences, Nepalese Himalaya. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 108, 904-911.
90. Parrish, R. R. & Tirrul, R. 1989. U-Pb age of the Baltoro Granite, Northwest Himalaya, and implications for monazite U-Pb systematics. Geology, 17, 1076-1079.
91. Pearce, N. J. G., Perkins, W. T., Westgate, J. A., Gorton, M. P., Jackson, S. E., Neal, C. R. & Chenery, S. P. 1997. A compilation of new and published major and trace element data for NIST SRM 610 and NIST SRM 612 glass reference materials. Geostandards Newsletter - the Journal of Geostandards and Geoanalysis, 21, 115-144.
92. Poupeau, G., Pecher, A., Benharbit, M. & Noyan, O. F. 1991. Ages traces de fission sur apatites et taux de denudation plio-quaternaires au Karakorum central. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Serie II Sciences de la Terre et des Planètes, 313, 917-922.
93. 39 dating. Chemical Geology, 145, 117-152.
94. Robinson, D. M., DeCelles, P. G., Garzione, C. N., Pearson, O. N., Harrison, T. M. & Catlos, E. J. 2003. Kinematic model for the Main Central Thrust in Nepal. Geology, 31, 359-362.
95. Ruhl, K.W. & Hodges, K. V. 2005. The use of detrital mineral cooling ages to evaluate steady state assumptions in active orogens: an example from the central Nepalese Himalaya. Tectonics, 24, doi: 10.1029/2004TC001712.
96. Scaillet, B., France-Lanord, C. & Le Fort, P. 1990. Badrinath-Gangotri plutons (Garhwal, India): petrological and geochemical evidence for fractionation processes in a High Himalayan leucogranite. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 44, 163-188.
97. Schärer, U., Copeland, P., Harrison, T. M. & Searle, M. P. 1990. Age, cooling history, and origin of post-collisional leucogranites in the Karakoram Batholith; a multi-system isotope study. Journal of Geology, 98, 233-251.
98. Searle, M. P., Rex, A. J., Tirrul, R., Rex, D. C., Barnicoat, A. &Windley, B. F. 1989. Metamorphic, magmatic and tectonic evolution of the Central Karakoram in the Biafo-Baltoro-Hushe regions of north Pakistan. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 232, 47-73.
99. Searle, M. P.,Waters, D. J., Rex, D. C. & Wilson, R. N. 1992. Pressure, temperature, and time constraints on Himalayan metamorphism from eastern Kashmir and western Zanskar. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 149, 753-773.
100. Searle, M. P., Parrish, R. R., Hodges, K. V., Hurford, A., Ayres, M.W. & Whitehouse, M. J. 1997. Shisha Pangma leucogranite, South Tibetan Himalaya; field relations, geochemistry, age, origin, and emplacement. Journal of Geology, 105, 295-317.
101. Searle, M. P., Noble, S. R., Hurford, A. J. & Rex, D.C. 1999. Age of crustal melting, emplacement and exhumation history of the Shivling leucogranite, Garhwal Himalaya. Geological Magazine, 136, 513-525.
102. Sinha, A., Cannariato, K. G. et al. 2005. Variability of southwest Indian summer monsoon precipitation during the Bolling-Allerod. Geology, 33, 813-816.
103. Slingerland, R. 1984. Role of hydraulic sorting in the origin of fluvial placers. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 54, 137-150.
104. Smith, H. A., Chamberlain, C. P. & Zeitler, P. K. 1992. Documentation of Neogene regional metamorphism in the Himalayas of Pakistan using U-Pb in monazite. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 113, 93-105.
105. 39Ar evidence for episodic denudation of the Gangotri granites in the Garhwal Higher Himalaya, India. Tectonophysics, 260, 187-199.
106. Staubwasser, M., Sirocko, F., Grootes, P. M. & Erlenkeuser, H. 2002. South Asian monsoon climate change and radiocarbon in the Arabian Sea during early and middle Holocene. Paleoceanography, 17, doi: 10.1029/2000PA000608.
107. Stephenson, B. J., Searle, M. P., Waters, D. J. & Rex, D. C. 2001. Structure of the Main Central Thrust zone and extrusion of the High Himalayan deep crustal wedge, Kishtwar-Zanskar Himalaya. Journal of the Geological Society of London, 158, 637-652.
108. Stern, C. R., Kligfield, R., Schelling, D., Virdi, N. S., Futa, K. & Peterman, Z. E. 1989. The Bhagirathi leucogranite of High Himalaya (Garhwal, India): age, petrogenesis, and tectonic implications. In: Malinconico, L. L. (ed.) Tectonics of the Western Himalayas. Geological Society of America, Boulder, Special paper, 232, 33-45.
109. Stewart, R. J., Hallet, B., Zeitler, P. K., Malloy, M. A., Allen, C. M. & Trippett, D. 2008. Brahmaputra sediment flux dominated by highly localized rapid erosion from the easternmost Himalaya. Geology, 36, 711-714, doi: 10.1130/G24890A.1.
110. Stuiver, M. & Grootes, P. M. 2000. GISP2 oxygen isotope ratios. Quaternary Research, 53, 277-284.
111. 39Ar, pressure, temperature, and fission track constraints on the age and nature of metamorphism around the Main Central thrust in eastern Bhutan Himalaya. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 19, 85-95.
112. 39Ar, Sm/Nd and petrographic data from the Siwalik foreland basin succession, SW Nepal. Basin Research, 18, 375-391.
113. Thiede, R. C., Bookhagen, B., Arrowsmith, J. R., Sobel, E. R. & Strecker, M. R. 2004. Climatic control on rapid exhumation along the Southern Himalayan Front. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 222, 791-806.
114. Treloar, P. J., Rex, D. C., Guise, P. G., Wheeler, J., Hurford, A. J. & Carter, A. 2000. Geochronological constraints on the evolution of the Nanga Parbat syntaxis, Pakistan Himalaya. In: Khan, M. A., Treloar, P. J., Searle, M. P. & Jan, M. Q. (eds) Tectonics of the Nanga Parbat Syntaxis and the Western Himalaya. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 170, 137-162.
115. Trivedi, J. R., Gopalan, K. & Valdiya, K. S. 1984. Rb-Sr ages of granitic rocks within the Lesser Himalayan nappes, Kumaun, India. Geological Society of India Journal, 25, 641-654.
116. van der Beek, P., Robert, X., Mugnier, J.-L., Bernet, M., Huyghe, P. & Labrin, E. 2006. Late Miocene-Recent exhumation of the central Himalaya and recycling in the foreland basin assessed by apatite fission-track thermochronology of Siwalik sediments, Nepal. Basin Research, 18, 413-434.
117. 12C ratios in Amazon rain forests. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 53, 1091-1094.
118. Vannay, J.-C., Grasemann, B., Rahn, M., Frank, W., Carter, A., Baudraz, V. & Cosca, M. 2004. Miocene to Holocene exhumation of metamorphic crustal wedges in the NW Himalaya; evidence for tectonic extrusion coupled to fluvial erosion. Tectonics, 23, 24.
119. Villa, I. M., Lemennicier, Y. & LeFort, P. 1996. Late Miocene to Early Pliocene tectonometamorphism and cooling in south-central Karakorum and Indus-Tsangpo suture, Chogo Lungma area (NE Pakistan). Tectonophysics, 260, 201-214.
120. Walker, J., Martin, M. W., Bowring, S. A., Searle, M., Waters, D. J. & Hodges, K. 1999. Metamorphism, melting, and extension: age constraints from the High Himalayan Slab of southeast Zanskar and northwest Lahaul. Journal of Geology, 107, 473-495.
121. Wang, Y., Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L. et al. 2005. The Holocene Asian monsoon; links to solar changes and North Atlantic climate. Science, 308, 854-857.
122. 39Ar thermochronological constraints on the cooling and exhumation history of the South Tibetan Detachment System, Nyalam area, southern Tibet. In: Law, R. D., Searle, M. P. & Godin, L. (eds) Channel Flow, Ductile Extrusion, and Exhumation of Lower-Middle Crust in Continental Collision Zones. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 268, 327-354.
123. White, N. M., Pringle, M., Garzanti, E., Bickle, M., Najman, Y., Chapman, H. & Friend, P. 2002. Constraints on the exhumation and erosion of the High Himalayan Slab, NW India, from foreland basin deposits. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 195, 29-44.
124. Whittington, A., Foster, G., Harris, N., Vance, D. & Ayres, M. 1999. Lithostratigraphic correlations in the western Himalaya - An isotopic approach. Geology, 27, 585-588.
125. Winslow, D. M., Zeitler, P. K., Chamberlain, C. P.& Williams, I. S. 1996. Geochronologic constraints on syntaxial development in the Nanga Parbat region, Pakistan. Tectonics, 15, 1292-1308.
126. Wobus, C. W., Hodges, K. V.&Whipple, K. X. 2003. Has focused denudation sustained active thrusting at the Himalayan topographic front? Geology, 31, 861-864.
127. Wobus, C., Heimsath, A., Whipple, K. & Hodges, K. 2005. Active out-of-sequence thrust faulting in the central Nepalese Himalaya. Nature, 434, 1008-1011.
128. Zeilinger, G., Burg, J. P., Schaltegger, U. & Seward, D. 2001. New U/Pb and fission track ages and their implication for the tectonic history of the lower Kohistan Arc Complex, northern Pakistan. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 19, 79-81.
129. Zeitler, P. K. 1985. Cooling History of the NW Himalaya, Pakistan. Tectonics, 4, 127-151.
130. Zeitler, P. K. & Chamberlain, C. P. 1991. Petrogenetic and Tectonic Significance of Young Leukogranites from the Northwestern Himalaya, Pakistan. Tectonics, 10, 729-741.
131. Zeitler, P. K., Sutter, J. F., Williams, I. S., Zartman, R. E. & Tahirkheli, R. A. K. 1989. Geochronology and temperature history of the Nanga Parbat-Haramosh Massif, Pakistan. In: Malinconico, L. L. & Lillie, R. J. (eds) Tectonics of the Western Himalayas. Geological Society of America, Boulder, 232, 1-22.
132. Zeitler, P. K., Chamberlain, C. P. & Smith, H. A. 1993. Synchronous Anatexis, Metamorphism, and Rapid Denudation at Nanga-Parbat (Pakistan Himalaya). Geology, 21, 347-350.
133. Zeitler, P. K., Koons, P. O. et al. 2001. Crustal reworking at Nanga Parbat, Pakistan: metamorphic consequences of thermal-mechanical coupling facilitated by erosion. Tectonics, 20, 712-728.