Equilibrium-line altitudes of the Last Glacial Maximum for the Himalaya and Tibet: An assessment and evaluation of results

Quaternary International

Volumn 138-139, Issue , 2005, Pages 55-78

  Owen, Lewis A ^a   Benn, Douglas I ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ST ANDREWS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EQUILIBRIUM LINE; LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM;

ASIA; CHINA; EASTERN HEMISPHERE; EURASIA; FAR EAST; WORLD; XIZANG;

EID: 18844448744     PISSN: 10406182     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2005.02.006     Document Type: Article

References (123)

1. Y. Ageta K. Higuchi Estimation of mass balance components of a summer-accumulation type glacier in the Nepal Himalaya Geografiska Annaler A 66 1984 249-255
2. K. Asahi T. Watanabe Past and present glacier fluctuations in Kanchenjunga Himal, Nepal Journal of Nepal Geological Society 22 2000 481-490
3. P.L. Barnard L.A. Owen A selected bibliography for late Quaternary glaciation in Tibet and the bordering mountains Quaternary International 65/66 2000 193-212
4. P.L. Barnard L.A. Owen R.C. Finkel Style and timing of glacial and paraglacial sedimentation in a monsoonal influenced high Himalayan environment, the upper Bhagirathi Valley, Garhwal Himalaya Sedimentary Geology 165 2004 199-221
5. Batura Glacier Investigation Group Investigation Report on the Batura Glacier in the Karakoram Mountains, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (1974-1975) 1976 Batura Investigation Group of Karakoram Highway Engineering Headquarters Beijing 123pp. (in Chinese, summarises and captions in English)
6. Batura Glacier Investigation Group The Batura Glacier in the Karakoram mountains and its variations Scientia Sinica 22 8 1979 959-974
7. Batura Glacier Investigation Group Professional paper on the Batura Glacier, Karakroam Mountains: Exploration and Research 1980 Lanchou Institute of Glaciology and Cryopedology and Desert Research. Academia Sinica, Science Press Beijing 271pp (in Chinese with English abstracts)
8. J.B. Benedict Khumbu Glacier Series, Nepal Radiocarbon 18 1976 177-178
9. D.I. Benn F. Lehmkuhl Mass balance and equilibrium-line altitudes of glaciers in high mountain environments Quaternary International 65/66 2000 15-29
10. D.I. Benn L.A. Owen The role of the South Asian summer monsoon and the mid-latitude westerlies in controlling Himalayan glacial cycles: Review and speculative discussion Journal of the Geological Society of London 155 1998 353-363
11. D.I. Benn L.A. Owen Himalayan glacial sedimentary environments: A framework for reconstructing and dating former extents of glaciers in high mountains Quaternary International 97/98 2002 3-26
12. Benn, D.I., Owen, L.A., Osmaston, H.A., Seltzer, G.O., Porter, C.S., Mark, B., 2005. Reconstruction of equilibrium-line altitudes for tropical and sub-tropical glaciers. Quaternary International, this volume, doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2005.02.003
13. L. Bertolani M. Bollasina G.P. Verza G. Tartari Pyramid Meteorological Station, Summary Report 1994-1998 2000 Ev-K2 CNR Committee, Everest-K2-Italian National Research Council Project Milan, Italy 77pp
14. Bovard, K., 2001. Quaternary paleoenvironmental change and landscape evolution in the upper Indus valley, Ladakh. Unpublished M.S. Thesis, University of California, Riverside.
15. D.W. Burbank M.B. Fort Bedrock control on glacial limits: Examples from the Ladakh and Zanskar Ranges, north-western Himalaya, India Journal of Glaciology 31 1985 143-149
16. D.W. Burbank J.C. Kang Relative dating of Quaternary moraines, Rongbuk valley, Mount Everest, Tibet: Implications for an ice sheet on the Tibetan Plateau Quaternary Research 36 1991 1-18
17. Damm B. Von Vorzeitliche und aktuelle Vergletscherung des Markgehatales und der nördlichen Nimaling-berge, Ladakh (Nordindien) Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie 33 1997 133-148
18. Derbyshire, E., 1981. Glacier regime and glacial sediment facies: A hypothetical framework for the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, In: Proceedings of Symposium on Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau, Beijing, China, Geological and Ecological studies of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, vol. 2. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 1649-1656.
19. E. Derbyshire The Lushan dilemma: Pleistocene glaciation south of the Chang Jiang (Yangtze River) Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 27 1983 445-471
20. E. Derbyshire Quaternary glacial sediments, glaciation style, climate, and uplift in the Karakoram and Northwest Himalayas: Review and speculations Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 120 1996 147-157
21. E. Derbyshire L.A. Owen Quaternary alluvial fans in the Karakoram Mountains In: A.H. Rachocki M. Church (Eds.) Alluvial Fans: A Field Approach 1990 Wiley Chichester 27-53
22. E. Derbyshire L.A. Owen Quaternary glacial history of the Karakoram Mountains and Northwest Himalayas: A review Quaternary International 38/ 39 1997 85-102
23. E. Derbyshire J. Li F.A. Perrott S. Xu R.S. Waters Quaternary glacial history of the Hunza Valley, Karakoram Mountains, Pakistan In: K.J. Miller (Ed.) The International Karakoram Project vol. 2 1984 Cambridge University Press Cambridge 456-495
24. De Terra, H., Paterson, T.T., 1939. Studies on the Ice-age in India and associated human cultures. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication, vol. 493, 354pp.
25. C.C. Duncan A.J. Klein J.G. Masek B.L. Isacks Comparison of late Pleistocene and modern glacier extents in central Nepal based on digital elevation data and satellite imagery Quaternary Research 49 1998 241-254
26. E. Fielding B. Isacks M. Barazangi C. Duncan How flat is Tibet? Geology 22 1994 163-167
27. R.C. Finkel L.A. Owen P.L. Barnard M.W. Caffee Beryllium-10 dating of Mount Everest moraines indicates a strong monsoon influence and glacial synchroneity throughout the Himalaya Geology 31 2003 561-564
28. R. Finsterwalder Die Gletscher des Nanga Parbat: Glaziologische Arbeiten der Deutschen Himalaya-Expedition 1934 und ihre Ergebnisse Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde 25 1937 57-108
29. M. Fort Geomorphological observations in the Ladakh area (Himalayas): Quaternary evolution and present dynamics In: V.J. Gupta (Ed.) Statigraphy and structure of Kashmir and Ladakh, Himalaya 1983 Hindustan Publishing New Delhi 39-58
30. M. Fort Glacial extension and catastrophic dynamics along the Annapurna Front, Nepal Himalaya Göttinger Geographische Abhandlungen 81 1986 105-125
31. M. Fort Catastrophic sedimentation and morphogenesis along the High Himalayan Front, implications for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions In: P. Whyte J.S. Aigner N.G. Jablonski G. Taylor D. Walker P. Wang (Eds.) The Palaeoenvironment of East Asia from Mid-Tertiary: Proceedings of the Second International Conference. Centre of Asian Studies Occasional Papers and Monographs vol. 77 1988 University of Hong Kong 170-194
32. M. Fort The Gongba conglomerates: Glacial or tectonic? Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 76 1989 181-194
33. M. Fort The Himalayan glaciation: Myth and reality Journal of Nepal Geological Society 11 Special Issue 1995 257-272
34. M. Fort Late Cenozoic environmental changes and uplift on the northern side of the central Himalaya: A reappraisal from field data Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 120 1996 123-145
35. M. Fort E. Derbyshire Some characteristics of tills in the Annapurna Range, Nepal In: P. Whyte J.S. Aigner N.G. Jablonski G. Taylor D. Walker P. Wang (Eds.) The Palaeoenvironments of East Asia from Mid-Tertiary: Proceedings of the Second International Conference. Centre of Asian Studies Occasional Papers and Monographs, Geology, Sea level Changes, Palaeoclimatology and Palaeobotany vol. 1 1988 University of Hong Kong 195-214
36. B. Frenzel Die Vegetations- und Landschraftszonen Nord-Eurasiens während der letzten Eiszeit und während der Postglazialen Wärmezeit. II. Teil: Rekonstruktionsversuch der letzteiszeitlichen und wärmezeitlichen Vegetation Nord-Eurasiens Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur (Mainz), Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse 6 1960 287-453
37. H. Fushimi Glaciations in the Khumbu Himal Seppyo - Journal of the Japanese Society of Snow and Ice 40 Special issue 1978 71-77
38. A.S. Goudie D. Brunsden D.N. Collins E. Derbyshire R.I. Ferguson Z. Hashmet D.K.C. Jones F.A. Perrott M. Said R.S. Waters W.B. Whalley The geomorphology of the Hunza Valley, Karakoram Mountains, Pakistan In: K.J. Miller (Eds.) The International Karakoram Project 1984 Cambridge University Press Cambridge 359-410
39. J.L. Grinlinton Notes on the Poting Glaciers, Kumaun Himalaya, June 1911 Records of the Geological Survey of India 42 1912 102-126
40. K. Haserodt Zur pleistozänen und postglazialen Vergletscherung zwischen Hindukusch, Karakorum und Westhimalaya In: K. Haserodt (Eds.) Hochgebirgsräume Nordpakistans im Hindukusch, Karakorum und Westhimalaya. Beiträge und Materialien zur Regionalen Geographie vol. 2 1989 Institut für Geographie der Technischen Universität Berlin Berlin 181-233
41. K. Hewitt Quaternary moraines vs catastrophic rock avalanches in the Karakoram Himalaya, Northern Pakistan Quaternary Research 51 1999 220-237
42. J.A. Holmes F.A. Street-Perrott The Quaternary glacial history of Kashmir, North-West Himalaya: A revision of the Terra and Paterson's Sequence Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 76 1989 195-212
43. J. Inoue Mass budget of Khumbu Glacier Seppyo - Journal of the Japanese Society of Snow and Ice 39 1977 15-19
44. Institute of Glaciology Map of the Batura Glacier (1:60,000) 1978 Institute of Glaciology, Cryopedology and Desert Research, Academia Sinica Lanchow, China
45. Isacks, B.L., Duncan, C., Klein, A.G., 1995. Modern and LGM glacial extents from satellite images and digital topography: Implications for LGM climate in the Bhutan Himalaya. Abstracts - International Himalayan/ Tibetan Plateau Paleoclimate Workshop - Abstracts, Kathmandu. 24pp.
46. S. Iwata C. Narama Karma Three Holocene and late Pleistocene glacial stages inferred from moraines in the Lingshi and Thanza village areas, Bhutan Quaternary International 97/98 2002 69-78
47. U. Kamp Jungquartäre Geomorphologie und Vergletscherung im östlichen Hindukusch Chitral Nordpakistan. Berliner Geographische Studien 50 2000 Institut für Geographie der Technischen Universität Berlin Berlin 254pp
48. G. Kaser H. Osmaston Tropical Glaciers 2002 Cambridge University Press Cambridge 207pp
49. Kick, W., 1962. Variations of some central Asiatic Glaciers. In: Variations of the regime of existing glaciers. Commission of Snow and Ice. International Association of Hydrological Sciences Publication 58, 223-229.
50. F. Klute Verschiebung der Klimagebiete der letzten Eiszeit. A. Petermann's Mitteilungen aus Justus Perthes' Geographischer Anstalt (Gotha), Ergänzungsheft 209 1930 166-182
51. M. Kuhle Glaciation Research in the Himalayas: A new ice age theory Universitas 27 1985 281-294
52. M. Kuhle The upper limit of glaciation in the Himalayas GeoJournal 13 1986 331-346
53. M. Kuhle Subtropical mountain- and highland-glaciation as ice age triggers and the waning of the glacial periods in the Pleistocene GeoJournal 14 1987 393-421
54. M. Kuhle Geomorphological findings on the build-up of Pleistocene glaciation in southern Tibet and on the problem of inland ice Results of the Shisha Pangma and Mt. Everest Expedition 1984. GeoJournal 17 1988 457-512
55. M. Kuhle Topography as a fundamental element of glacial systems: A new approach to ELA calculation and typological classification of palaeo- and recent glaciation GeoJournal 17 1988 545-568
56. M. Kuhle The cold deserts of high Asia (Tibet and contiguous mountains) Geo-Journal 20 1990 319-323
57. M. Kuhle Ice marginal ramps and alluvial fans in semiarid mountains: convergence and difference In: A.H. Rachocki M. Church (Eds.) Alluvial Fans: A Field Approach 1990 Wiley Chichester 55-68
58. Kuhle, M., 1991. Observations supporting the Pleistocene inland glaciation of High Asia. In: Kuhle, M., Xu, D. (Eds.), Tibet and High-Asia: Results of the Sino-German joint expedition: Part 2. GeoJournal 25, 133-231.
59. M. Kuhle Glacial isostatic uplift of Tibet as a consequence of a former ice sheet GeoJournal 37 1995 431-449
60. M. Kuhle New geomorphological indicators of a former Tibetan ice sheet in central and northeastern part of the high plateau Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie Supplementband 130 2003 75-97
61. F. Lehmkuhl Zum vorzeitlichen glazialen Formenschatz im zentralen Qilian Shan (Tulai Shan) Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen 139 1995 239-251
62. F. Lehmkuhl Geomorphologische Untersuchungen zum Klima des Holozäns und Jungpleistozäns Osttibets 1995 Göttenger Geographische Abhandlungen, Verlag Erich Goltze Göttingen 200pp
63. F. Lehmkuhl Late Pleistocene, Late-Glacial and Holocene glacier advances on the Tibetan Plateau Quaternary International 38/39 1996 77-83
64. F. Lehmkuhl Extent and spatial distribution of Pleistocene glaciations in Eastern Tibet Quaternary International 45/46 1998 123-134
65. Lehmkuhl, F., Liu S., 1994. An outline of physical geography including Pleistocene glacial landforms of eastern Tibet (provinces Sichuan and Qinghai). In: Lehmkuhl, F., Liu, S. (Eds.), Landscape and Quaternary Climatic Changes in Eastern Tibet and Surroundings. GeoJournal 34, 7-30.
66. Lehmkuhl, F., Owen, L.A., 2005. Late Quaternary glaciation of Tibet and the bordering mountains: A review. Boreas, in press.
67. F. Lehmkuhl K.-H. Pörtge Hochwasser, Muren und Rutschungen in den Randbereichen des tibetanischen Plateaus Zeitschritft für Geomorphologie Supplementband 89 1991 143-155
68. F. Lehmkuhl K.T. Rost Zur pleistozänen Vergletscherung Ostchinas und Nordosttibets Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen 137 1993 67-78
69. Lehmkuhl, F., Owen, L.A., Derbyshire, E., 1998. Late Quaternary glacial history of Northeastern Tibet. In: Owen, L.A. (Ed.), Mountain Glaciations. Quaternary Proceedings 6, 121-142.
70. F. Lehmkuhl M. Klinge J. Rees-Jones E.J. Rhodes First luminescence dates for Late Quaternary aeolian sedimentation in Central and Eastern Tibet Quaternary International 68/71 2000 117-132
71. F. Lehmkuhl M. Klinge A. Lang Late Quaternary glacier advances, lake level fluctuations and aeolian sedimentation in Southern Tibet Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, Supplementband 126 2002 183-218
72. J. Li E. Derbyshire S. Xu Glacial and paraglacial sediments of the Hunza valley, North-West Karakoram, Pakistan: A preliminary analysis In: K.J. Miller (Ed.) The International Karakoram Project vol. 2 1984 Cambridge University Press Cambridge 496-535
73. T. Liu X. Zhang S. Xiong X. Qin X. Yang Glacial environments on the Tibetan Plateau and global cooling Quaternary International 97/98 2002 133-139
74. Louis, H., 1955. Schneegrenze und Schneegrenzbestimmung. In: Geographisches Taschenbuch 1954/55. Wiesbaden, 414-418.
75. D.H. Mann R.S. Sletten R.E. Reanier Quaternary glaciations of the Rongbuk Valley, Tibet Journal of Quaternary Science 11 1996 267-280
76. Mark, B.G., Harrison, S.P., Spessa, A., New, M., Evans, D.J.A., Helmens, K.F., 2005. Tropical snowline changes at the Last Glacial Maximum: A global assessment. Quaternary International, this volume, doi:10.1016/ j.quaint.2005.02.012
77. T.C. Meierding Late Pleistocene glacial equilibrium-line altitudes in the Colorado Front Range: A comparison of methods Quaternary Research 18 1982 289-310
78. F. Müller Eight months of glacier and soil research in the Mount Everest region In: M. Barnes (Ed.) The Mountain World 1958 Harper and Brothers New York 191-208
79. F. Müller Present and late Pleistocene equilibrium line altitudes in the Mt. Everest region - An application of the glacier inventory. World Glacier Inventory Workshop: Proceedings of the Workshop at Riederalp, Switzerland, 1978 IAHS Publication 126 1980 75-94
80. H. Osmaston Problems of the Quaternary geomorphology of the Xixabangma region in southern Tibet and Nepal Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 76 1989 147-180
81. H. Osmaston The geology, geomorphology and Quaternary history of Zanskar In: J.H. Crook H.A. Osmaston (Eds.) Himalayan Buddhist Villages 1994 Jainendra Prakash Jain at Shri Jainendra Press Delhi 1-36
82. L.A. Owen E. Derbyshire S. Richardson D.I. Benn D.J.A. Evans W.A. Mitchell The Quaternary glacial history of the Lahul Himalaya, northern India Journal of Quaternary Science 11 1996 25-42
83. L.A. Owen R.M. Bailey E.J. Rhodes W.A. Mitchell P. Coxon Style and timing of glaciation in the Lahul Himalaya, northern India: A framework for reconstructing the late Quaternary palaeoclimatic change in the western Himalayas Journal of Quaternary Science 12 1997 83-109
84. Owen, L.A., Derbyshire, E., Fort, M., 1998. The Quaternary Glacial History of the Himalaya: A review. In: Owen, L.A. (Ed.), Mountain Glaciations. Quaternary Proceedings 6, 91-120.
85. L.A. Owen L. Gualtieri R.C. Finkel M.W. Caffee D.I. Benn M.C. Sharma Cosmogenic radionuclide dating of glacial landforms in the Lahul Himalaya, northern India: Defining the timing of Late Quaternary glaciation Journal of Quaternary Science 16 2001 555-563
86. L.A. Owen R.C. Finkel M.W. Caffee L. Gualtieri Timing of multiple glaciations during the Late Quaternary in the Hunza Valley, Karakoram Mountains, Northern Pakistan: Defined by cosmogenic radionuclide dating of moraines Geological Society of America Bulletin 114 2002 593-604
87. L.A. Owen U. Kamp J.Q. Spencer K. Haserodt Timing and style of Late Quaternary glaciation in the eastern Hindu Kush, Chitral, northern Pakistan: A review and revision of the glacial chronology based on new optically stimulated luminescence dating Quaternary International 97/98 2002 41-55
88. L.A. Owen R.C. Finkel M.W. Caffee A note on the extent of glaciation throughout the Himalaya during the global Last Glacial Maximum Quaternary Science Reviews 21 2002 147-157
89. L.A. Owen L. Gualtieri R.C. Finkel M.W. Caffee D.I. Benn M.C. Sharma Reply-Cosmogenic radionuclide dating of glacial landforms in the Lahul Himalaya, northern India: Defining the timing of Late Quaternary glaciation Journal of Quaternary Science 17 2002 279-281
90. L.A. Owen H. Ma E. Derbyshire J.Q. Spencer P.L. Barnard Y.N. Zeng R.C. Finkel M.W. Caffee The timing and style of Late Quaternary glaciation in the La Ji Mountains, NE Tibet: Evidence for restricted glaciation during the latter part of the Last Glacial Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 130 2003 263-276
91. L.A. Owen R.C. Finkel H. Ma J.Q. Spencer E. Derbyshire P.L. Barnard M.W. Caffee Timing and style of Late Quaternary glaciations in NE Tibet Geological Society of America Bulletin 11 2003 1356-1364
92. L.A. Owen J.Q. Spencer H. Ma P.L. Barnard E. Derbyshire R.C. Finkel M.W. Caffee Y.N. Zeng Timing of Late Quaternary glaciation along the southwestern slopes of the Qilian Shan, Tibet Boreas 32 2003 281-291
93. A. Penck E. Brückner Die Alpen im Eiszeitalter. Von der Sektion Breslau des Deutschen und Östereichischen Alpenvereins gekrönte Preisschrift 1909 Tauchnitz Leipzig 1199pp
94. W.M. Phillips V.F. Sloan J.F. Shroder Jr. P. Sharma M.L. Clarke H.M. Rendell Asynchronous glaciation at Nanga Parbat, northwestern Himalaya Mountains, Pakistan Geology 28 2000 431-434
95. S.C. Porter Quaternary glacial record in Swat Kohistan, West Pakistan Geological Society of America Bulletin 81 1970 1421-1446
96. S.C. Porter Equilibrium-line altitudes of late Quaternary glaciers in the Southern Alps, New Zealand Quaternary Research 5 1975 27-47
97. B.W.M. Richards L.A. Owen E.J. Rhodes Timing of Late Quaternary glaciations in the Himalayas of northern Pakistan Journal of Quaternary Science 15 2000 283-297
98. B.W.M. Richards D. Benn L.A. Owen E.J. Rhodes J.Q. Spencer Timing of Late Quaternary glaciations south of Mount Everest in the Khumbu Himal, Nepal Geological Society of America Bulletin 112 2000 1621-1632
99. B.W.M. Richards L.A. Owen E.J. Rhodes Comment-Asynchronous glaciation at Nanga Parbat, northwestern Himalaya Mountains, Pakistan Geology 29 2001 287
100. J.M. Schäfer Reconstruction of landscape evolution and continental paleoglaciations using in-situ cosmogenic nuclides: Examples from Antarctica and the Tibetan Plateau 2000 Dissertation Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Der Andere Verlag Osnabrück 153pp
101. J.M. Schäfer S. Tschudi Z. Zhao X. Wu S. Ivy-Ochs R. Wieler H. Baur P.W. Kubik C. Schlüchter The limited influence of glaciation in Tibet on global climate over the past 170,000 yr Earth and Planetary Science Letters 194 2002 287-297
102. H.-J. Schneider Die Gletschertypen. Versuch im Sinne einer einheitlichen Terminologie Geographisches Taschenbuch 63 1962 276-283
103. Scott, C.H., 1992. Contemporary sediment transfer in Himalayan glacial systems. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Leicester, 352pp.
104. M.C. Sharma L.A. Owen Quaternary glacial history of the NW Garhwal, central Himalayas, India Quaternary Science Reviews 15 1996 335-365
105. Y. Shi Characteristics of late Quaternary monsoonal glaciation on the Tibetan Plateau and in East Asia Quaternary International 97/98 2002 79-91
106. Y. Shi X. Zhang Some studies of the Batura glacier in the Karakoram mountains In: K.J. Miller (Ed.) The International Karakoram Project 1984 Cambridge University Press Cambridge 51-62
107. Y. Shi T.C. Hsieh P.H. Cheng C.C. Li Distribution features and variations of glaciers in China. World Glacier Inventory Workshop: Proceedings of the Workshop at Riederalp, Switzerland, 1978 International Association of Hydrological Sciences Publication 126 1980 111-116
108. Y. Shi B. Zheng Z. Su Glaciations, glacial-interglacial cycles and environmental changes in the Quaternary In: Y. Shi (Ed.) Glaciers and Environments in China 2000 Science Press Beijing 320-355 (in Chinese)
109. Shiraiwa, T., 1993. Glacial fluctuations and cryogenic environments in the Langtang Valley, Nepal Himalaya. Contributions from the Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan, Series A, vol. 38, pp. 1-98.
110. T. Shiraiwa T. Watanabe Late Quaternary glacial fluctuations in the Langtang Valley, Nepal Himalaya, reconstructed by relative dating methods Arctic and Alpine Research 23 1991 404-416
111. J.B. Sissons A Late-glacial ice cap in the central Grampians, Scotland Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 62 1974 95-113
112. J.Q. Spencer L.A. Owen Optically stimulated luminescence dating of Late Quaternary glaciogenic sediments in the upper Hunza valley: Validating the timing of glaciation and assessing dating methods Quaternary Science Reviews 23 2004 175-191
113. Z. Su Glaciers and environment of the Karakoram - Kunlun Mountains 1998 Science Press Beijing pp. 1-215 (in Chinese)
114. P.J. Taylor W.A. Mitchell The Quaternary glacial history of the Zanskar Range, north-west Indian Himalaya Quaternary International 65/66 2000 81-99
115. I. Torsnes N. Rye A. Nesje Modern and Little Ice Age equilibrium-line altitudes on outlet valley glaciers from Jostedalsbreen, western Norway: an evaluation of different approaches to their calculation Arctic and Alpine Research 25 1993 106-116
116. S. Tsukamoto K. Asahi T. Watanabe R. Kondo W.J. Rink Timing of past glaciation in Kanchenjunga Himal, Nepal by optically stimulated luminescence dating of tills Quaternary International 97/98 2002 57-68
117. Visser, P.C., Visser-Hooft, J., 1938. Karakoram: Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Niederlandischen Expeditionen in den Karakorum und die angrenzenden Gebiete in den Jahren 1922, 1925, 1929/30 und 1935, Band 2. E.J. Brill, Leiden.
118. H. Von Höfer Gletscher und Eiszeitstudien Sitzungsberichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften (Wien). Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 1 79 1879 331-367
119. H. Von Wissmann Die heutige Vergletscherung und Schneegrenze in Hochasien mit Hinweisen auf die Vergletscherung der letzten Eiszeit Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur (Mainz). Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse 14 1959 1103-1407
120. V.S. Williams Present and former equilibrium-line altitudes near Mount Everest, Nepal and Tibet Arctic and Alpine Research 15 1983 201-211
121. B. Zheng Quaternary glaciation of Mt Qomolangma-Xixabangma region. GeoJournal 17 1988 525-543
122. B. Zheng Q. Xu Y. Shen The relationship between climate change and Quaternary glacial cycles on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau: Review and speculation Quaternary International 97/98 2002 93-101
123. S. Zhou J. Li S. Zhang Quaternary glaciation of the Bailang River Valley, Qilian Shan Quaternary International 97/98 2002 103-110