Exhumation of the ultrahigh-pressure Tso Morari unit in eastern Ladakh (NW Himalaya): A case study

Tectonics

Volumn 23, Issue 3, 2004, Pages

  de Sigoyer, Julia ^a   Guillot, Stéphane ^b   Dick, Pierre ^c  

^a LABORATOIRE DE GÉOLOGIE   (France)

^b UNIVERSITÉ LYON 1   (France)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NEUCHÂTEL   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Exhumation processes; Folding India Asia convergence; Himalaya; Horizontal shortening; Ultrahigh pressure metamorphism

Indexed keywords

EXHUMATION; GEOCHRONOLOGY; PETROLOGY; STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY; ULTRAHIGH PRESSURE METAMORPHISM;

ASIA; EURASIA; HIMALAYAS; LADAKH HIMALAYAS;

EID: 6044226741     PISSN: 02787407     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2002TC001492     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. Allemand, P., and J. M. Lardeaux (1997), Strain partitioning and metamorphism in a deformable orogenic wedge: Application to the Alpine belt, Tectonophysics, 280, 157-169.
2. Argand, E. (1916), Sur l'arc des Alpes Occidentales, Eclogae Geol. Helv., 14, 145-204.
3. Bassoullet, J. P., M. Colchen, T. Juteau, J. Marcoux, G. Mascle, and G. Reibel (1983), Geological studies in the Indus suture zone of Ladakh (Himalayas), in Contribution to Himalayan Geology, vol. 2, edited by Gupta, pp. 96-124, Indust. Publ. Corp., Dehli.
4. Baud, A., R. Arn, P. Bugnon, A. Crisinel, E. Dolivo, J. G. Esther, J. G. Hammerschlang, M. Marthaler, H. Masson, and A. Steck (1982), Le contact Gondwana-peri-Gondwana dans le Zanskar oriental (Ladakh, Himalaya), Bull. Soc. Geol. Fr., 24, 341-361.
5. Berthelsen, A. (1953), On the geology of the Rupshu district, NW Himalaya, Medd. Dansk. Geol. Foren. Kobenkhavn, 12, 350-415.
6. Blondeau, A., J. P. Bassoullet, M. Colchen, T. L. Han, J. Marcoux, G. Mascle, and T. Van Haver (1986), Disparition des formations marines à l'Eocène inférieur en Himalaya, Sci. Terre Mem., 47, 103-111.
7. Burg, J. P. (1987), Regional shear variation in relation to diapirism and folding, J. Struct. Geol., 9(8), 925-934.
8. Burg, J. P., and Y. Podladchikov (1999), Lithospheric scale folding: Numerical modelling and application to the Himalayan syntaxes, Int. J. Earth Sci., 88, 190-200.
9. Carter, N., and M. Tsenn (1987), Flow properties of continental lithosphere, Tectonophysics, 136, 27-63.
10. Chemenda, A. I., M. Mattauer, and A. Bokun (1996), Continental subduction and a mechanism for exhumation of high-pressure metamorphic rocks: New modeling and filed data from Oman, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 143, 173-185.
11. Chemenda, A., J. P. Burg, and M. Mattauer (2000), Evolutionary model of the Himalaya-Tibet system: Geopoem based on new modelling, geological and geophysical data, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 174, 397-409.
12. Cloos, M. (1982), Flow melanges: Numerical modelling and geological constraints on their origin in the Franciscan subduction complex, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 93, 330-345.
13. Cloos, M. (1986), Blueschists in the Franciscan complex of California: Petrotectonic constraints on uplift mechanisms, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 164, 77-93.
14. Cloos, M. (1993), Lithospheric buoyancy and collisional orogenesis: Subduction of oceanic plateaus, continental margins, island arc, spreading ridges, and seamounts, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 105, 715-737.
15. Colchen, M., I. Reuber, J. P. Bassoullet, J. P. Belier, A. Blondeau, M. Lys, and P. De Wever (1987), Données biostratigraphiques sur les mélanges ophiolitiques du Zanskar, Himalaya du Ladakh, C. R. Acad. Sci., 305, 403-406.
16. Colchen, M., G. Mascle, and G. Delaygue (1994), Lithostratigraphy and age of the formations in the Tso Morari dome (abstract), J. Nepal Geol. Soc., 10, 23.
17. Corfield, R. I., M. Searle, and R. G. Owen (1999), Photang thrustsheet: An accretionary complex structurally below the Spontang ophiolite constraining timing and tectonic environment of ophiolite obduction, Ladakh, Himalaya, J. Geol. Soc. London, 156, 1031-1044.
18. Dal Piaz, G. V., and B. Lombardo (1986), Early-alpine eclogite metamorphism in the Penninic Monte Rosa-Gran Paradiso basement nappes of the northwestern Alps, in Blueschists and Eclogites, Mem. Geol. Soc. Am., 164, 249-265.
19. Debon, F., P. Le Fort, S. M. F. Sheppard, and J. Sonet (1986), The four plutonic belts of the Transhimalaya-Himalaya: A chemical, mineralogical, isotopic and chronological synthesis along a Tibet-Nepal section, J. Petrol., 27, 219-250.
20. de Sigoyer, J. (1998), Mécanismes d'exhumation des roches de haute pression basse température, en contexte de convergence continentale (Tso Morari, NO Himalaya), Ph.D. thesis, 236 pp., Univ. Claude Bernard, Lyon, France.
21. de Sigoyer, J., S. Guillot, J. M. Lardeaux, and G. Mascle (1997), Glaucophane-bearing eclogites in the Tso Morari dome (eastern Ladakh, NW Himalaya), Eur. J. Mineral., 9, 1073-1083.
22. de Sigoyer, J., V. Chavagnac, J. Blichert-Toft, I. M. Villa, B. Luais, S. Guillot, M. Cosca, and G. Mascle (2000), Dating the Indian continental subduction and collisional thickening in the northwest Himalaya: Multichronology of the Tso Morari eclogites, Geology, 28, 487-490.
23. Dewey, J. F., P. D. Ryan, and T. B. Andersen (1993), Orogenic uplift and collapse, crustal thickness, fabrics and metamorphic phases changes: The role of eclogites, in Magmatic Processes and Plate Tectonics, edited by H. M. Prochard et al., Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 76, 325-343.
24. Duchêne, S., J. M. Lardeaux, and F. Albarede (1997), Exhumation of eclogites: Insights from retrograde depth-time path analysis, Tectonophysics, 280, 125-140.
25. England, P. C., and S. W. Richardson (1977), The influence of erosion upon mineral facies of rocks from different metamorphic environments, J. Geol. Soc. London, 134, 201-213.
26. Ernst, W. G., and J. G. Liou (1999), Overview of UHP metamorphism and tectonics in well-studied collisional orogens, Int. Geol. Rev., 41, 477-493.
27. Escartin, J., G. Hirth, and B. Evans (2001), Strength of slightly serpentinized peridotites: Implications for the tectonics of oceanic lithosphere, Geology, 29, 1023-1026.
28. Fossen, H., and B. Tikoff (1998), Extended models of transpression and transtension, and applications to tectonic settings, in Continental Transpressional and Transtensional Tectonics, edited by R. E. Holdsworth, R. A. Strachan, and J. R. Dewey, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 135, 15-33.
29. Fuchs, G., and M. Linner (1996), On the geology of the Suture Zone and Tso Morari Dome in Eastern Ladakh (Himalaya), Jahrb. Geol. Bundesanst., 139, 191-207.
30. Fuchs, G., and M. Linner (1997), Multiphase tectonics in the Indus suture zone of eastern Ladakh, paper presented at 12th Himalayan Karakorum Tibet International Workshop, Acad. Naz. dei Lincei and Soc. Geogr. Ital., Rome, Italy.
31. Garzanti, E., A. Baud, and G. Mascle (1987), Sedimentary record of the northward flight of India and its collision with Eurasia (Ladakh Himalaya, India), Geodin. Acta, 1, 297-312.
32. Girard, M. (2001), Metamorphism and tectonics of the transition between non metamorphic Tethyan Himalaya sediments and the North Himalayan Crystalline Zone (Rupshu area, NW India), Ph.D. thesis, 100 pp., Univ. Lausanne, Switzerland.
33. Girard, M., and F. Bussy (1999), Late Pan-African magmatism in NW Himalaya: New geochronological and geochemical data from the Ordovician Tso Morari metagranites (Ladakh, NW Himalaya), Schweiz. Mineral. Petrogr. Mitt., 79, 399-417.
34. Goffé, B., R. Bousquet, P. Henry, and X. Le Pichon (2003), Effect of the chemical composition of the crust on the metamorphic evolution of orogenic wedges, J. Metamorph. Geol., 21, 123-141.
35. Goncalvez, P., S. Guillot, C. Nicollet, and J. M. Lardeaux (2000), Thrusting and sinistral wrenching in a pre-Eocene Caribbean accretionary wedge (Samana peninsula -Dominican Republic), Geodin. Acta, 13, 119-132.
36. Guillot, S., J. M. Lardeaux, G. Mascle, and M. Colchen (1995), Un nouveau témoin du métamorphisme de haute-pression dans la Chan̂e Himalayenne: Les éclogites rétromorphosé es du Dôme du Tso Morari, (Est Ladakh, Himalaya), C. R. Acad. Sci., Ser. II, 320, 931-936.
37. Guillot, S., J. de Sigoyer, J. M. Lardeaux, and G. Mascle (1997), Eclogitic metasediments from the Tso Morari area (Ladakh, Himalaya): Evidence for continental subduction during India-Asia convergence, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 128, 197-212.
38. Guillot, S., K. Hattori, and J. de Sigoyer (2000), Mantle wedge serpentinization and exhumation of eclogites: Insights from eastern Ladakh, northwest Himalaya, Geology, 28, 199-202.
39. Guillot, S., K. H. Hattori, J. de Sigoyer, T. Nägler, and A. L. Auzende (2001), Evidence of hydration of the mantle wedge and its role in the exhumation of eclogites, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 193, 115-127.
40. Guillot, S., G. Garzanti, D. Baratoux, D. Marquer, G. Mahéo, and J. de Sigoyer (2003), Reconstructing the total shortening history of the NW Himalaya, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 4(7), 1064, doi:10.1029/2002GC000484.
41. Henry, P., X. Le Pichon, and B. Goffé (1997), Kinematic, thermal and petrological model of the Himalayas: Constraints related to metamorphism within the underthrust Indian crust and topographic elevation, Tectonophysics, 273, 31-56.
42. Honegger, K., V. Dietrich, W. Frank, A. Gansser, M. Thöni, and V. Trommsdorff (1982), Magmatism and metamorphism in the Ladakh Himalayas (the Indus-Tsangpo suture zone), Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 60, 253-292.
43. Jamieson, R. A., C. Beaumont, J. Hamilton, and P. Fullsack (1996), Tectonic assembly of inverted metamorphic sequences, Geology, 24, 839-842.
44. Jolivet, L., B. Goffé, P. Monié, C. Truffert-Luxey, M. Patriat, and M. Bonneau (1996), Miocene detachment in Crete and exhumation P-T-t paths of High-pressure metamorphic rocks, Tectonics, 15, 1129-1153.
45. Klootwijk, C. T., J. S. Gee, J. W. Peirce, G. M. Smith, and P. L. McFadden (1992), An early India-Asia contact: Paleomagnetic constraints from Ninetyeast Ridge, ODP Leg 121, Geology, 20, 395-398.
46. Lee, J., B. Hacker, W. S. Dinklage, Y. Wank, P. Gans, A. Calvert, J. Wan, W. Chen, A. E. Blythe, and W. Me Clelland (2000), Evolution of the Kangmar dome, southern Tibet: Structural, petrologic and thermochronologic constraints, Tectonics, 19, 872-895.
47. Le Fort, P. (1989), The Himalayan orogenic segment, in Tectonic Evolution of the Tethyan Region, NATO ASI Ser., Ser. C, vol. 259, edited by A. M. C. Sengör, pp. 289-386, Kluwer Acad., Norwell, Mass.
48. Le Fort, P., F. Debon, A. Pêcher, and J. V. P. Sonet (1986), The 500 Ma magmatic event in alpine southern Asia, a thermal episode at Gondwana scale, in Evolution des Domaines Orogéniques d'Asie Méridionale (de la Turquie à l'Indonésie), edited by P. Le Fort, M. Colchen, and C. Montenat, Sci. Terre, 47, 191-209.
49. Le Fort, P., S. Guillot, and A. Pêcher (1997), HP metamorphic belt along the Indus suture zone of NW Himalaya: New discoveries and significance, C. R. Acad. Sci., 325, 773-778.
50. Le Goff, E., and M. Ballèvre (1990), Geothermobarometry in the albite garnet orthogneisses: A case study from the Grand Paradiso nappe, Western Alps, Lithos., 25, 261-280.
51. Mahéo, G., H. Bertrand, S. Guillot, G. Mascle, A. Pêcher, C. Picard, and J. de Sigoyer (2000), Les ophiolites Crétacé du sud Ladakh (NW Himalaya, Inde): Témoins d'un arc immature intraocéanique, C. R. Acad. Sci., 330, 289-295.
52. Mascle, G., G. Hérail, T. Van Haver, and B. Delcaillau (1986), Structure et évolution des bassins d'épisuture et de périsuture liés à la Chan̂e Himalayenne, Bull. Cent. Rech. Elf Explor. Prod., 10, 181-203.
53. B'Brien, P. J., N. Zotov, R. Law, M. A. Khan, and M. Q. Jan (2001), Coesite in Himalayan eclogite and implications for models of India-Asia collision, Geology, 29, 435-438.
54. Patriat, P., and J. Achache (1984), India-Eurasia collision chronology has implications for crustal shortening and driving mechanisms of plates, Nature, 311, 615-621.
55. Platt, J. P. (1986), Dynamic of orogenic wedges and the uplift of high-pressure metamorphic rocks, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 97, 1037-1053.
56. Platt, J. P. ( 1993), Exhumation of high-pressure metamorphic rocks: A review of concepts and processes, Terra Nova, 5, 119-133.
57. Pognante, U., and D. A. Spencer (1991), First record of eclogites from the High Himalayan belt, Kaghan valley (northern Pakistan), Eur. J. Mineral., 3, 613-618.
58. Reuber, I., M. Colchen, and C. Mevel (1987), The geodynamic evolution of the South-Tethyan margin in Zanskar, NW Himalaya, as revealed by the Spontang ophiolitic melange, Geodin. Acta, 1, 283-296.
59. Robertson, A. H. F. (2000), Formation of mélanges in the Indus suture zone, Ladakh Himalaya by successive subduction-related, collisional and post-collisional processes during Late Mesozoic-Late Tertiary time, in Tectonics of the Nanga Parbat Syntaxis and the Western Himalaya, edited by M. A. Khan et al., Geol. Soc. Sped. Publ., 170, 333-374.
60. Rolland, Y., J. M. Lardeaux, S. Guillot, and C. Nicollet (2000), Extension syn-convergence, poinconnement vertical et unités métamorphiques contrastées en bordure Ouest du Grand Paradis (Alpes Franco-Italiennes), Geodin. Acta, 13, 133-148.
61. Rolland, Y., C. Picard, A. Pecher, H. Lapierre, D. Bosch, and F. Keller (2002), The Cretaceous Ladakh arc of NW Himalaya: Slab melting and melt-mantle interaction during fast northward drift of Indian Plate, Chem. Geol., 182, 139-178.
62. Ruppel, C., U. Royden, and K. Hodges (1988), Thermal modeling of extensional tectonics: Application to pressure-temperature-time history of metamorphic rocks, Tectonics, 7, 945-957.
63. Sachan, H. K., B. K. Mukherjee, Y. Ogasawara, S. Mayurama, A. A. K. M. Pandey, N. Yoshioka, and H. Ishida (2001), Discovery of coesite from Indian Himalaya: Consequences on Himalayan tectonics, paper presented at Ultrahigh-Pressure Minerals (UHPM) Workshop, Waseda Univ., Tokyo, Japan.
64. Schlup, M., A. Carter, and A. Steck (2001), Exhumation history revealed by fission track cooling ages in the North Himalayan Crystalline Zone of eastern Ladakh, NW Himalaya, J. Asian Earth Sci., 19, 56-57.
65. Seeber, L., and A. Pêcher (1998), Strain partitioning along the Himalayan arc and the Nanga Parbat antiform, Geology, 26, 791-794.
66. Spalla, I., J. M. Lardeaux, G. V. Dal Piaz, G. Gosso, and B. Messiga (1996), Tectonic significance of alpine eclogites, J. Geodyn., 21 /3, 257-285.
67. Spencer, D. A., and D. Gebauer (1996), Shrimp evidence for a Permian protolith age and a 44 Ma metamorphic age for the Himalayan eclogites (Upper Kaghan, Pakistan): Implications for the subduction of Tethys and the subdivision terminology of the NW Himalaya (abstract), in 11th Himalaya-Karakorum-Tibet Workshop, Flagstaff, Ariz., 28 April- 1 May.
68. Steck, A., J. L. Epard, J. C. Vannay, J. Hunziker, M. Girard, A. Moraro, and M. Robyr (1998), Geological transect across the Tso Morari and Spiti areas: The nappe structures of the Tethys Himalaya, Eclogae Geol. Helv., 91, 103-121.
69. Stutz, E., and A. Steck (1986), La terminaison occidentale du Cristallin de Tso Morari (Haut-Himalaya; Ladakh méridional, Inde): Subdivision et tectonique de nappe, Eclogae Geol. Helv., 79, 253-269.
70. Thakur, V. C. (1983), Deformation and metamorphism ofthe Tso Morari crystalline complex, in Geology of Indus Suture Zone of Ladakh, edited by V. C. Thakur and K. K. Sharma, pp. 1-8, Wadia Inst. of Himalayan Geol., Dehra Dun, India.
71. Thakur, V. C., and M. I. Bhat (1983), Interpretation of tectonic environment of Nidar ophiolite: A geochemical approach, Geology of Indus Suture Zone of Ladakh, edited by V. C. Thakur and K. K. Sharma, pp. 33-40, Wadia Inst. of Himalayan Geol., Dehra Dun, India.
72. Thompson, A., K. Schulmann, and J. Jezek (1997a), Extrusion tectonics and elevation of lower crustal metamorphic rocks on convergent orogens, Geology, 25, 491-494.
73. Thompson, A. B., K. Schulmann, and J. Jezek (1997b), Thermal evolution and exhumation in obliquely convergent (transpressive) orogens, Tectonophysics, 280, 171-184.
74. Treloar, P. J., R. D. Broughton, M. P. Williams, M. P. Coward, and B. F. Windley (1989), Deformation, metamorphism and imbrication of the Indian plate, south of the Main Mantle Thrust, north Pakistan, J. Metamorph. Geol., 7, 111-126.
75. Trivedi, J. R., K. Kewal, Sharma, and K. Gopalan (1986), Widespread Caledonian magmatism in Himalaya and its tectonic significance, Terra Cognita, 6, 144.
76. Van Haver, T. (1984), Étude stratigraphique sé dimentologique et structurale d'un bassin d'avant arc: Exemple du Bassin de l'Indus, Ladakh, Himalaya, Ph.D. thesis, Univ. Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France.
77. Van Haver, T., M. Bonhomme, G. Mascle, and J. Aprahamian (1986), Analyses K/Ar de phyllites fines des formations détritiques de l'Indus au Ladakh (Inde): Mise en evidence de l'âge é ocène supérieur du métamorphisme, C. R. Acad. Sci., Ser. II, 302, 325-330.
78. Virdi, N. S., V. C. Thakur, and R. J. Azmi (1978), Discovery and significance of Permian microfossils in the Tso Morari crystallines of Ladakh, India, Himalayan Geol., 8, 993-1000.
79. Weinberg, R. F., and W. J. Dunlap (2000), Growth and deformation of the Ladakh batholith, northwest Himalayas: Implications for timing of continental collision and origin of calc-alkaline batholiths, J. Geol., 108, 303-320.
80. Yamamoto, K. (1995), Origin of blueschists-facies clasts in the Mariana forearc, western pacific, Geochem. J, 29, 259-275.