Biogeology of Wallacea: Geotectonic models, areas of endemism, and natural biogeographical units

Biological Journal of the Linnean Society

Volumn 101, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 193-212

  Michaux, Bernard ^a  

^a NONE   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Molecular phylogenies; Philippines; Wallacean biogeographical units

Indexed keywords

BIOGEOGRAPHICAL REGION; BIOGEOGRAPHY; COLLISION ZONE; ENDEMISM; GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION; MOLECULAR ANALYSIS;

INDONESIA; PHILIPPINES;

GABAZA;

EID: 77955996702     PISSN: 00244066     EISSN: 10958312     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2010.01473.x     Document Type: Article

References (153)

1. Ali JR, Hall R. Evolution of the boundary between the Philippine Sea Plate and Australia: palaeomagnetic evidence from eastern Indonesia. Tectonophysics 1995, 251:251-275.
2. Ali JR, Milsom J, Finch EM, Mubroto B. SE Sundaland accretion: palaeomagnetic evidence of large Plio-Pleistocene thin-skin rotations in Buton. Geological Society Special Publication 1996, 106:431-444.
3. Auliya M, Mausfeld P, Schmitz A, Böhme W. Review of the reticulated python (Python reticulatus Schneider, 1801) with the description of new subspecies from Indonesia. Naturwissenschaften 2002, 89:201-213.
4. van den Bergh GD. The late Neogene elephantoid-bearing faunas of Indonesia. Scripta Geologica 1999, 117:1-419.
5. Bergman SC, Coffield DQ, Talbot JP, Garrard RA. Tertiary tectonic and magmatic evolution of western Sulawesi and the Makassar Strait, Indonesia: evidence for a Miocene continent-continent collision. Geological Society Special Publication 1996, 106:391-429.
6. Beverley SM, Wilson AC. Ancient origin for Hawaiian Drosophilinae inferred from protein comparisons. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1985, 82:4753-4757.
7. Bininda-Emonds OR, Gittleman JL, Purvis A. Building large trees by combining phylogenetic information: a complete phylogeny of the extant Carnivora (Mammalia). Biological Reviews 1999, 74:143-175.
8. Birks SM, Edwards SV. A phylogeny of the megapodes (Aves: Megapodiidae) based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2002, 23:408-421.
9. Bishop D, Brickle NW. An annotated checklist of the birds of the Tanimbar Islands. Kukila 1999, 10:115-150.
10. de Boer AJ, Duffels JP. Historical biogeography of the cicadas of Wallacea, New Guinea and the West pacific: a geotectonic explanation. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 1996, 124:153-177.
11. Bowler J, Taylor J. An annotated checklist of the birds of Manusela National Park, Seram. (Birds recorded on the Operation Raleigh Expedition). Kukila 1989, 4:3-29.
12. Brown DM, Toft CA. Molecular systematics and biogeography of the cockatoos (Psittaciformes: Cacatuidae). The Auk 1999, 116:141-157.
13. de Bruyn M, Wilson JA, Mather PB. Huxley's line demarcates extensive genetic divergence between eastern and western forms of the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2004, 30:251-257.
14. Butlin RK, Walton C, Monk KA, Bridle JR. Biogeography of Sulawesi grasshoppers, genus Chitura, using DNA sequence data. Biogeography and geological evolution of SE Asia 1998, 355-359. Hall R, Holloway JD, eds., Leiden, Backhuys
15. Campbell P, Putnam AS, Bonney C, Bilgin R, Morales JC, Kunz TH, Ruedas LA. Contrasting patterns of genetic differentiation between endemic and widespread species of fruit bats (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2007, 44:474-482.
16. Cardillo M, Mace GM, Gittleman JL, Purvis A. Latent extinction risk and the future battlegrounds of mammal conservation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2006, 103:4157-4161.
17. Chapple DG, Ritchie PA, Daugherty CH. Origin, diversification, and systematic of the New Zealand skink fauna (Reptilia: Scincida). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2009, 52:470-487.
18. Charlton TR. Correlation of the Salawati and Tomori Basins, eastern Indonesia: a constraint on left-lateral displacements of the Sorong fault zone. Geological Society Special Publications 1996, 106:465-482.
19. Clements B, Hall R, Smyth HR, Cottam MA. Thrusting of a volcanic arc: a new structural model for Java. Petroleum Geoscience 2009, 15:159-174.
20. Clements KD, Alfaro ME, Fessler JL, Westneat MW. Relationships of the temperate Australasian labrid fish tribe Odacini (Perciformes; Teleostei). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2004, 32:575-587.
21. Coates BJ, Bishop KD. Birds of Wallacea 1997, Queensland, Australia, Dover Publications, 535 pp.
22. Cox CB. The biogeographic regions reconsidered. Journal of Biogeography 2001, 28:511-523.
23. Cranbrook E. Mammals of South-East Asia 1991, 2nd, edn., Singapore, Oxford University Press, 96 pp.
24. Craw RC, Grehan JR, Heads MJ. Panbiogeography: tracking the history of life 1999, Oxford Biogeography Series 11, New York, Oxford University Press, 231 pp.
25. Creer S, Pook CE, Malhotra A, Thorpe RS. Optimal intron analyses in the Trimeresurus radiation of Asian Pitvipers. Systematic Biology 2006, 55:57-72.
26. Defant MJ, de Boer JZ, Oles D. The western Central Luzon volcanic arc, the Philippines: two arcs divided by rifting. Tectonophysics 1988, 145:305-317.
27. Dickerson RE, Merrill ED, McGregor RC, Schultze W, Taylor EH, Herre AW. Distribution of life in the Philippines. Manila Bureau of Science Monograph 1923, 21:1-322.
28. Dimalanta CB, Yumul GP. Magmatic and amagmatic contributions to crustal growth in the Philippine island arc system: comparison of the cretaceous and post-cretaceous periods. Geosciences Journal 2006, 10:321-329.
29. Drovetski SV, Zink RM, Fadeev IV, Nesterov EV, Koblik EA, Red'kin YA, Rohwer S. Mitochondrial phylogeny of Locustella and related genera. Journal of Avian Biology 2004, 35:105-110.
30. Ducrocq S. The Eocene terrestrial mammal from Timor, Indonesia. Geological Magazine 1996, 133:763-766.
31. Duffels JP. Biogeography of Sulawesi cicadas (Homoptera: Cicadoidea). Insects and the rain forests of South East Asia (Wallacea) 1990, 63-72. Knight WJHolloway JD. eds., London, Royal Entomological Society
32. Duffels JP, de Boer AJ. Areas of endemism and composite areas in East Malesia. The plant diversity of Malesia 1990, 249-272. Baas P, ed., Netherlands, Kluwer
33. Duffels JP, Turner H. Cladistic analysis and biogeography of the cicadas of the Indo-Pacific subtribe Cosmopsaltriina (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea: Cicadidae). Systematic Entomology 2002, 27:235-261.
34. Dutson G. The birds of Salayer and the Flores Sea Islands. Kukila 1995, 7:129-141.
35. Esselstyn JA, Brown RM. The role of repeated sea-level fluctuations in the generation of shrew (Soricidae: Crocidura) diversity in the Philippine Archipelago. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2009, 53:171-181.
36. Esselstyn JA, Widmann P, Heaney LR. The mammals of Palawan Island, Philippines. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 2004, 117:271-302.
37. Evans BJ, Brown RM, McGuire JA, Supriatna J, Andayani N, Diesmos A, Iskandar D, Melnick DJ, Cannatella DC. Phylogenetics of fanged frogs: biogeographicalal hypotheses at the interface of the Asian and Australian faunal zones. Systematic Biology 2003b, 52:794-819.
38. Evans BJ, Supriatana J, Andayani N, Setiadi MI, Cannatella DC, Melnick DJ. Monkeys and toads define areas of Endemism on Sulawesi. Evolution 2003a, 57:1436-1443.
39. Flannery T. Mammals of the South-West Pacific and Moluccan Islands 1995, Chatswood, NSW, Australia, Reed Books, 464 pp.
40. Funk SM, Verma SK, Larson G, Prasad K, Singh L, Narayan G, Fa JE. The pygmy hog is a unique genus: 19th century taxonomists got it right first time round. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2007, 45:427-436.
41. Gamauf A, Haring E. Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of Honey-buzzards (genera Pernis and Henicopernis). Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 2004, 42:145-153.
42. Groves C. Mammals in Sulawesi: where did they come from and when, and what happened to them when they got there. Faunal and floral migrations and evolution in SE Asia-Australasia 2001, 333-342. Metcalfe ISmith JMBMorwood MDavidson I. eds., Lisse, AA Balkema
43. Hakim AS, Hall R. Tertiary volcanic rocks from the Halmahera Arc, Eastern Indonesia. Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences 1991, 6:271-287.
44. Hall R. Reconstructing Cenozoic SE Asia. Geological Society Special Publications 1996, 106:153-184.
45. Hall R. The plate tectonics of Cenozoic SE Asia and the distribution of land and sea. Biogeography and geological evolution of SE Asia 1998, 99-131. Hall RHolloway JD. eds., Leiden, Backhuys
46. Hall R, Clements B, Smyth HR. Sundaland: basement character, structure and plate tectonic development. 2009a, http://searg.rhul.ac.uk/pubs/, Proceedings, Indonesian Petroleum Association, May 2009. Available at
47. Hall R, Cloke IR, Nur'aini S, Puspita SD, Calvert SJ, Elders CF. The North Makassar Straits: what lies beneath? Petroleum Geoscience 2009b, 15:147-158.
48. Hall R, Nichols G, Ballantyne P, Charlton T, Ali J. The character and significance of basement rocks of the southern Molucca sea region. Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences 1991, 6:249-258.
49. Hall R, Wilson MEJ. Neogene sutures in eastern Indonesia. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 2000, 18:781-808.
50. Hamilton WB. Plate tectonics and island arcs. Geological Society of America Bulletin 1988, 100:1503-1527.
51. Harold AS, Mooi RD. Areas of endemism: definition and recognition criteria. Systematic Biology 1994, 43:261-266.
52. Hausdorf B. A preliminary phylogenetic and biogeographical analysis of the Dyakiidae (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora) and a biogeographical analysis of other Sundaland taxa. Cladistics 1995, 11:359-376.
53. Heaney LR, Balete DS, Dolar ML, Acala AC, Dans ATL, Gonzales PC, Ingle N, Lepiten M, Oliver W, Ong PS, Rickart EA, Tabaranza BR, Utzurrum RCB. A synopsis of the mammalian fauna of the Philippine Islands. Fieldiana, Zoology New Series 2002, 88. http://www.fieldmuseum.org/Philippine_Mammals/, Online edition. Available at
54. Helgen KM, Wilson DE. The bats of Flores, with remarks on Asian Tadarida. Breviora 2002, 511:1-12.
55. Henderson IM. Biogeography without area? Australian Systematic Botany 1991, 4:59-72.
56. Holloway JD. Lepidoptera and the Melanesian Arcs. Bishop Museum Special Publications 1984, 72:129-169.
57. Holloway JD. Patterns of moth speciation in the Indo-Australian Archipelago. Unity of evolutionary biology 1991, 340-372. Dudley EC. ed., Portland, OR, Dioscorides Press
58. Holloway JD. Geological signal and dispersal noise in two contrasting insect groups in the Indo-Australian tropics: R-mode analysis of pattern in Lepidoptera and cicadas. Biogeography and geological evolution of SE Asia 1998, 291-314. Hall RHolloway JD. eds., Leiden, Backhuys
59. Honda M, Ota H, Murphy RW, Hikida T. Phylogeny and biogeography of water skinks of the genus Tropidophorus (Reptilia: Scincidae): a molecular approach. Zoologica Scripta 2005, 35:85-95.
60. Hutchison CS. Displaced terranes of the southwest Pacific. Oxford monographs in geology and geophysics 11 1989, 161-175. Ben-Avraham B. ed., New York, Oxford University Press
61. Putting diversity on the map: priority areas for global conservation 1992, ICBP, Cambridge, UK, International Council for Bird Preservation
62. Illera JC, Richardson DS, Helm B, Atienza JC, Emerson BC. Phylogenetic relationships, biogeography and speciation in the avian genus Saxicola. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2008, 48:1145-1154.
63. Indrawan M, Masala Y, Pesik L. Recent bird observations from the Banggai Islands. Kukila 1997, 9:61-70.
64. Irestedt M, Jønsson KA, Fjeldså J, Christidis L, Ericson PGP. An unexpectedly long history of sexual selection in birds-of-paradise. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2009, 9:235-245.
65. Jansa SA, Barker FK, Heaney LR. The pattern and timing of diversification of Philippine endemic rodents: evidence from mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences. Systematic Biology 2006, 55:73-88.
66. Jepson P. Recent ornithological observations from Buru. Kukila 1993, 6:85-109.
67. de Jong R. Halmahera and seram: different histories, but similar butterfly faunas. Biogeography and geological evolution of SE Asia 1998, 315-326. Hall RHolloway JD. eds., Leiden, Backhuys
68. Jønsson KA, Irestedt M, Fuchs J, Ericson PGP, Christidis L, Bowie RCK, Norman JA, Pasquet E, Fjeldså J. Explosive avian radiations and multi-directional dispersal across Wallacea: evidence from the Campephagidae and other Crown Corvida (Aves). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2008, 47:221-236.
69. Keast A. The vertebrate fauna of the Wallacean Island interchange zone: the basis of imbalance and impoverishment. Faunal and floral migrations and evolution in SE Asia-Australasia 2001, 287-310. Metcalfe ISmith JMBMorwood MDavidson I. eds., Lisse, AA Balkema
70. Kennedy RS, Gonzales PC, Dickinson EC, Miranda HC, Fisher TH. Birds of the Philippines 2000, New York, Oxford University Press, 369 pp.
71. Kirsch JAW, Wolman MA. Molecular relationships of the bear cuscus, Ailurops ursinus (Marsupialia: Phalangeridae). Australian Mammalogy 2001, 23:23-30.
72. Kitchener DJ, How RA, Maharadatunkamsi. Paulamys sp. Cf P. naso (Musser, 1981) (Rodentia: Muridae) from Flores Island, Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia - description from a modern specimen and a consideration of its phylogenetic affinities. Records of the Western Australian Museum 1991, 15:171-189.
73. Koch A, Arida E, Riyanto A, Böhme W. Islands between the realms: a revised checklist of the herpetofauna of the Talaud Archipelago, Indonesia, with a discussion about its biogeographical affinities. Bonner zoologische Beiträ 2007, 56:107-129.
74. von Koenigswald GHR. An upper Eocene mammal of the family Anthracotheriidae from the island of Timor, Indonesia. Proceedings of the Koninklijk Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Series B 1967, 70:529-533.
75. Köhler F, Glaubrecht M. Out of Asia and into India: on the molecular phylogeny and biogeography of the endemic freshwater gastropod Paracrostoma Cossmann, 1990 (Caenogastropoda: Pachychilidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 2007, 91:627-651.
76. Köhler F, Schultze K-J, Gnther R, Plötner J. On the genetic diversity in the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene of Platymantis frogs from Western new Guinea (Anura: Ceratobatrachidae). Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 2008, 46:177-185. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0469.2007.00442.x
77. Lambert F. Notes on the avifauna of Bacan, Kasiruta and Obi, North Moluccas. Kukila 1994, 7:1-9.
78. Lambert F, Young D. Some recent bird observations from Halmahera. Kukila 1989, 4:30-33.
79. van Leeuwen TM, Allen CM, Kadarusman A, Elburg M, Michael PJ, Muhardjo, Suwijanto. Petrologic, isotopic, and radiometric age constraints on the origin and tectonic history of the Malino Metamorphic Complex, NW Sulawesi, Indonesia. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 2007, 29:751-777.
80. Lihoreau F, Ducrocq S. Family Anthracotheriidae. Evolution of the Artiodactyls 2007, 89-105. Prothero DR, Foss SE. eds., Baltimore, MD, Johns Hopkins University Press
81. Linsley MD. Some bird records from Obi, Maluku. Kukila 1995, 7:142-151.
82. Linsley MD, Jones MJ, Marsden SS. A review of the Sumba avifauna. Kukila 1999, 10:60-90.
83. Linthout K, Helmers H, Wijbrans JR, van Wees JD. 40Ar/39Ar constraints on the obduction of the Seram ultramafic complex: consequences for the evolution of the southern Banda Sea. Geological Society Special Publication 1996, 106:455-464.
84. Lohman DJ, Peggie D, Pierce NE, Meier R. Phylogeography and genetic diversity of a widespread Old World butterfly, Lampides boeticus (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). BMC Evolutionary Biology 2008, 8:301-314.
85. Lovette IJ, Rubenstein DR. A comprehensive molecular phylogeny of the starlings (Aves: Sturnidae) and mockingbirds (Aves: Mimidae): congruent mtDNA and nuclear trees for a cosmopolitan avian radiation. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2007, 44:1031-1056.
86. Löwenberg-Neto P, de Carvalho CJB. Areas of endemism and spatial diversification of the Muscidae (Insecta: Diptera) in the Andean and Neotropical regions. Journal of Biogeography 2009, 36:1750-1759.
87. McGuire JA, Heang KB. Phylogenetic systematics of Southeast Asian flying lizards (Iguania: Agamidae: Draco) as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence data. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 2001, 72:203-229.
88. Malaihollo JF, Hall R. The geology and tectonic evolution of the Bacan region, east Indonesia. Geological Society Special Publication 1996, 106:483-498.
89. Malhotra A, Thorpe RS. A phylogeny of four mitochondrial gene regions suggests a revised taxonomy for Asian pitvipers (Trimeresurus and Ovophis). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2004, 32:83-100.
90. Marcot J. Molecular phylogeny of terrestrial artiodactyls conflicts and resolution. Evolution of the Artiodactyls 2007, 4-18. Prothero DRFoss SE. eds., Baltimore, MD, Johns Hopkins University Press
91. Marks BD, Weckstein JD, Moyle RG. Molecular phylogenetics of the bee-eaters (Aves: Meropidae) based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2007, 45:23-32.
92. Mercer JM, Roth VL. The effects of Cenozoic global change on squirrel phylogeny. Science 2003, 299:1568-1572.
93. Merker S, Driller C, Perwitasari-Farajallah D, Pamungkas J, Zischler H. Elucidating geological and biological processes underlying the diversification of Sulawesi tarsiers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2009, 106:8459-8464.
94. Michaux B. Alfred Russel Wallace, biogeographer. Natural selection and beyond, the intellectual legacy of Alfred Russel Wallace 2008, 166-185. Smith CHBeccaloni G. eds., New York, Oxford University Press
95. Michaux B, Leschen RAB. East meets west: biogeology of the Campbell Plateau. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 2005, 86:95-115.
96. Moore GF, Silver EA. Collision processes in the north Molucca Sea. Geophysical Monograph Series 1982, 27:360-372.
97. Morrone JJ. Biogeographic regions under track and cladistic scrutiny. Journal of Biogeography 2002, 29:149-152.
98. Moyle RG. A molecular phylogeny of kingfishers (Alcedinidae) with insights into early biogeographical history. The Auk 2006, 123:487-499.
99. Moyle RG, Fuchs J, Pasquet E, Marks BD. Feeding behaviour, toe count, and the phylogenetic relationships among alcedinine kingfishers (Alcedininae). Journal of Avian Biology 2007, 38:317-326.
100. Musser GG. The giant rat of flores and its relatives east of Borneo and Bali. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 1981, 169:71-175.
101. Musser GG. The mammals of Sulawesi. Biogeographicalal evolution of the Malay Archipelago 1987, 73-93. Whitmore TC. ed., Oxford, Clarendon Press
102. Nelson G. From Candolle to Croizat: comments on the history of biogeography. Journal of Historical Biology 1978, 11:269-305.
103. Norman JA, Rheindt FE, Rowe DL, Christidis L. Speciation dynamics in the Australo-Papuan Meliphaga honeyeaters. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2007, 42:80-91.
104. Nyári AS, Peterson AT, Rice NH, Moyle RG. Phylogenetic relationships of flowerpeckers (Aves: Dicaeidae): novel insights into the evolution of a tropical passerine clade. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2009, 53:613-619. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.06.014
105. Olsen J, Wink M, Sauer-Grth H, Trost S. A new Ninox from Sumba, Indonesia. Emu 2002, 102:223-231.
106. Outlaw DC, Voelker G. Systematics of Ficedula flycatchers (Muscicapidae): a molecular reassessment of a taxonomic enigma. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2006, 41:118-126.
107. Packham G. Cenozoic SE Asia: reconstructing its aggregation and reorganisation. Geological Society Special Publications 1996, 106:123-152.
108. Pasquet E, Pons J-M, Fuchs J, Cruaud C, Bretagnolle V. Evolutionary history and biogeography of the drongos (Dicruridae), a tropical Old World clade of corvoid passerines. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2007, 45:158-167.
109. Payn KG, Dvorak WS, Myburg AA. Chloroplast DNA phylogeny reveals the island colonisation route of Eucalyptus urophylla (Myrtaceae). Australian Journal of Botany 2007, 55:673-683.
110. Peña C, Wahlberg N, Weingartner E, Kodandaramaiah U, Nylin S, Freitas AVL, Brower AUZ. Higher level phylogeny of Satyrinae butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based on DNA sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2006, 40:29-49.
111. Pitra C, F?rbass R, Seyfert H-M. Molecular phlogeny of the tribe Bovini (Mammalia: Artiodactyla): alternative placement of the Anoa. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 1997, 10:589-600.
112. Platnick NI. On areas of endemism. Australian Systematic Botany 1991, 4. Commentary
113. Price SA, Bininda-Emonds OR, Gittleman JL. A complete phylogeny of the whales, dolphins and even-toed hoofed mammals (Cetartiodactyla). Biological Reviews 2005, 80:445-473.
114. Pubellier M, Quebral R, Aurelio M, Rangin C. Docking and post-docking tectonics in the southern Philippines. Geological Society Special Publication 1996, 106:511-524.
115. Rangin C, Jolivet L, Pubellier M. A simple model for the tectonic evolution of southeast Asia and Indonesia region for the past 43 m.y. Bulletin of the Geological Society of France 1990b, 8:889-905.
116. Rangin C, Pubellier M, Azéma J, Briais A, Chotin P, Fontaine H, Huchon P, Joliet L, Maury R, Muller C, Rampnoux J-P, Stephan J-F, Tournon J, Cottereau N, Dercourt J, Ricou L-E. The quest for Tethys in the western Pacific. 8 paleogeodynamic maps for Cenozoic time. Bulletin of the Geological Society of France 1990a, 8:907-913.
117. Rawlings LH, Barker D, Donnellan SC. Phylogenetic relationship of the Australo-Papuan Liasis pythons (Reptilia: Macrostomata), based on mitochondrial DNA. Australian Journal of Zoology 2004, 52:215-227.
118. Richardson AN, Blundell DJ. Continental collision in the Banda arc. Geological Society Special Publication 1996, 106:47-60.
119. Riley J. The birds of Sangihe and Talaud, North Sulawesi. Kukila 1997, 9:3-36.
120. Riley J, Hunowu Y, Mole J, Wangko MF. Noteworthy records of birds from the Panau nature reserve. Kukila 2003, 12:17-26.
121. von Rintelen T, Glaubrecht M. Rapid evolution of sessility in an endemic species flock of the freshwater bivalve Corbicula from ancient lakes on Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biological Letters 2006, 2:73-77.
122. Rosen BR. From fossils to earth history: applied historical biogeography. Analytical biogeography: an integrated approach to the study of animal and plant distributions 1988, 437-481. Myers AAGiller PS. eds., New York, Chapman & Hall
123. Ruedi M, Auberson M, Savolainen V. Biogeography of Sulawesian shrews: testing for their origin with a parametric bootstrap on molecular data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 1998, 9:567-571.
124. Schaefer H, Renner SS. A phylogeny of the oil bee tribe Ctenoplectrini (Hymenoptera: Anthophila) based on mitochondrial and nuclear data: evidence for early eocene divergence and repeated out-of-Africa dispersal. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2008, 47:799-811.
125. Schreiber A, Seibold I, Nötzoid G, Wink H. Cytochrome b gene haplotypes characterize chromosomal lineages of Anoa, the Sulawesi Dwarf Buffalo (Bovidae: Bubalus sp.). The American Genetic Association 1999, 90:165-176.
126. Schulte JA, Melville J, Larson A. Molecular phylogenetic evidence for ancient divergence of lizard taxa on either side of Wallace's Line. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 2003, 270:597-603.
127. Smyth HR, Hamilton PJ, Hall R, Kinny PD. The deep crust beneath island arcs: inherited zircons reveal a Gondwana continental fragment beneath East Java, Indonesia. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2007, 258:269-282.
128. Sparks JS, Smith WL. Phylogeny and biogeography of the Malagasy and Australasian rainbowfishes (Teleostei: Melanotaenioidei): Gondwanan vicariance and evolution in freshwater. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2004, 33:719-734.
129. Steppan SJ, Adkins RM, Spinks PQ, Hale C. Multigene phylogeny of the Old World mice, Murinae, reveals distinct geographic lineages and the declining utility of mitochondrial genes compared to nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2005, 37:370-388.
130. Stones AJ, Lucking RS, Davidson PJ, Raharjaningtrah W. Checklist of the birds of the Sula Islands (1991), with particular references to Taliabu Island. Kukila 1997, 9:37-55.
131. Su Y-C, Chang Y-H, Lee S-C, Tso I-M. Phylogeny of the giant wood spider (Nephila pilipes, Araneae) from Asian-Australian regions. Journal of Biogeography 2007, 34:177-191.
132. Su YC, Saunders RM. Evolutionary divergence times in the Annonaceae: evidence of a late Miocene origin of Pseuduvaria in Sundaland with subsequent diversification in New Guinea. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2009, 9:153-171.
133. Takehana Y, Naruse K, Sakaizumi M. Molecular phylogeny of the medaka fishes genus Oryzias (Beloniformes: Adrianichthyidae) based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2005, 36:417-428.
134. Trainor CR. The birds of Lembata (Lomblen), Lesser Sundas. Kukila 2003a, 12:39-53.
135. Trainor CR. Recent bird observations from Kisar Island, Lesser Sundas. Kukila 2003b, 12:54-58.
136. Trainor CR, Benstead PJ, Martin K, Lesmana D, Agista D, Benstead MC, Drijvers R, Setiawan I. New bird records for Nusa Tenggara Islands: Sumbawa, Mayo, Sumba, Flores, Pulau Besar and Timor. Kukila 2006, 13:6-22.
137. Trainor CR, Coates BJ, Bishop KD. The birds of Timor-Leste 2007, Jakarta, Bird Life International Publication, No. 53, 113 pp.
138. Vane-Wright RI. The Philippines - key to the biogeography of Wallacea? Insects and the rain forests of South East Asia (Wallacea) 1990, 19-34. Knight WJHolloway JD. eds., London, Royal Entomological Society
139. Verhoeye J, Holmes DA. The birds of the island of Flores - a review. Kukila 1999, 10:3-59.
140. Vroon PZ, van Bergen MJ, Forde EJ. Pb and Nd isotope constraints on the provenance of tectonically dispersed continental fragments in eastern Indonesia. Geological Society Special Publication 1996, 106:445-454.
141. Wallace AR. What are zoological regions? Nature 1894, 49:610-613.
142. Wanntorp L, Kocyan A, Renner SS. Wax plants disentangled: a phylogeny of Hoya (Marsdenieae, Apocynaceae) inferred from nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2006, 39:722-733.
143. Watts CH, Baverstock PR. Evolution of some South-East Asian murinae (Rodentia), as assessed by microcomplement fixation of albumen, and their relationship to Australian murines. Australian Journal of Zoology 1994, 42:711-722.
144. van Welzen PC, Slik JWF, Alahuhta J. Plant distribution patterns and plate tectonics in Malesia. Biologiske Skrifter 2005, 55:199-217.
145. Wensink H. Paleomagnetism of rocks from Sumba: tectonic implications since the late Cretaceous. Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences 1994, 9:51-65.
146. White CMN, Bruce MD. The birds of Wallacea. 1986, British Ornithologists' Union Check-list No. 7, 524 pp.
147. Wink M, Heidrich P, Sauer-Gürth H, Elsayed A-A, Gonzalez J. Molecular phylogeny and systematics of owls (Strigiformes). Owls of the world 2008, 42-63. König C, Weick F, eds., London, Christopher Helm
148. Wright TF, Schirtzinger EE, Matsumoto T, Eberhard JR, Graves GR, Sanchez JJ, Capelli S, Müller H, Scharpegge J, Chambers GK, Fleischer RC. A multilocus molecular phylogeny of Parrots (Psittaciformes): support for a gondwanan origin during the cretaceous. Molecular Biology and Evolution 2008, 25:2141-2156.
149. Yago M, Hirai N, Kondo M, Tanikawa T, Ishii M, Wang M, Williams M, Ueshima R. Molecular systematic and biogeography of the genus Zizina (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Zootaxa 2008, 1746:15-38.
150. Yumul GP, Dimalanta CB, Maglambayan VB, Marquez EJ. Tectonic setting of a composite terrane: a review of the Philippine island arc setting. Geosciences Journal 2008, 12:7-17.
151. Yumul GP, Dimalanta CB, Tamayo RA, Maury RC, Bellon H, Polve M, Maglambayan VB, Querubin CL, Cotten J. Geology of the Zamboanga Peninsula, Mindanao, Philippines: an enigmatic South China continental fragment? Geological Society Special Publication 2004, 226:289-312.
152. Ziegler T, Abegg C, Meijaard E, Perwitasari-Farajallah D, Walter L, Hodges JK, Roos C. Molecular phylogeny and evolutionary history of Southeast Asian macaques forming the M. silenus group. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2007, 42:807-816.
153. Zuccon D, Cibois A, Pasquet E, Ericson PGP. Nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data reveal the major lineages of starlings, mynas and related taxa. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2006, 41:333-344.