Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone and Arginine Vasopressin in Depression: Focus on the Human Postmortem Hypothalamus

Vitamins and Hormones

Volumn 82, Issue , 2010, Pages 339-365

  Bao, Ai Min ^a   Swaab, Dick F ^b  

^a ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (China)

^b NETHERLANDS INSTITUTE FOR NEUROSCIENCE   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Alzheimer's disease; Arginine vasopressin; Corticotropin releasing hormone; Depression; Hypothalamo pituitary adrenal axis; Hypothalamus; Paraventricular nucleus; Sex steroids; Suprachiasmatic nucleus; Supraoptic nucleus

Indexed keywords

ARGIPRESSIN; CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING FACTOR;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ANIMAL; CADAVER; DEPRESSION; FEMALE; HUMAN; HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; HYPOTHALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS SYSTEM; MALE; MENTAL STRESS; METABOLISM; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; REVIEW; SEX DIFFERENCE; SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ANIMALS; ARGININE VASOPRESSIN; CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYPOTHALAMO-HYPOPHYSEAL SYSTEM; HYPOTHALAMUS; MALE; PITUITARY-ADRENAL SYSTEM; POSTMORTEM CHANGES; SEX CHARACTERISTICS; SEX FACTORS; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL;

EID: 77955877797     PISSN: 00836729     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0083-6729(10)82018-7     Document Type: Chapter

References (112)

1. Akil, H., Stressed and depressed. Nat. Med. 11 (2005), 116–118.
2. Bao, A.M., Swaab, D.F., Gender difference in age-related number of corticotropin-releasing hormone-expressing neurons in the human hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and the role of sex hormones. Neuroendocrinology 85 (2007), 27–36.
3. Bao, A.M., Ji, Y.F., Van Someren, E.J., Hofman, M.A., Liu, R.Y., Zhou, J.N., Diurnal rhythms of free estradiol and cortisol during the normal menstrual cycle in women with major depression. Horm. Behav. 45 (2004), 93–102.
4. Bao, A.M., Hestiantoro, A., Van Someren, E.J., Swaab, D.F., Zhou, J.N., Colocalization of corticotropin-releasing hormone and oestrogen receptor-alpha in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in mood disorders. Brain 128 (2005), 1301–1313.
5. Bao, A.M., Fischer, D.F., Wu, Y.H., Hol, E.M., Balesar, R., Unmehopa, U.A., et al. A direct androgenic involvement in the expression of human corticotropin-releasing hormone. Mol. Psychiatry 11 (2006), 567–576.
6. Bao, A.M., Meynen, G., Swaab, D.F., The stress system in depression and neurodegeneration: Focus on the human hypothalamus. Brain Res. Rev. 57 (2008), 531–553.
7. Barden, N., Modulation of glucocorticoid receptor gene expression by antidepressant drugs. Pharmacopsychiatry 29 (1996), 12–22.
8. Bartanusz, V., Jezova, D., Bertini, L.T., Tilders, F.J., Aubry, J.M., Kiss, J.Z., Stress-induced increase in vasopressin and corticotropin-releasing factor expression in hypophysiotrophic paraventricular neurons. Endocrinology 132 (1993), 895–902.
9. Belanoff, J.K., Rothschild, A.J., Cassidy, F., DeBattista, C., Baulieu, E.E., Schold, C., et al. An open label trial of C-1073 (mifepristone) for psychotic major depression. Biol. Psychiatry 52 (2002), 386–392.
10. Brunner, J., Stalla, G.K., Stalla, J., Uhr, M., Grabner, A., Wetter, T.C., et al. Decreased corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid of eucortisolemic suicide attempters. J. Psychiatr. Res. 35 (2001), 1–9.
11. Buijs, R.M., Kalsbeek, A., Hypothalamic integration of central and peripheral clocks. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2 (2001), 521–526.
12. Carroll, B.J., Cassidy, F., Naftolowitz, D., Tatham, N.E., Wilson, W.H., Iranmanesh, A., et al. Pathophysiology of hypercortisolism in depression. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. Suppl., 2007, 90–103.
13. Clark, P.M., Programming of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis and the fetal origins of adult disease hypothesis. Eur. J. Pediatr. 157:Suppl. 1 (1998), S7–S10.
14. Dai, J., Swaab, D.F., Buijs, R.M., Distribution of vasopressin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) fibers in the human hypothalamus with special emphasis on suprachiasmatic nucleus efferent projections. J. Comp. Neurol. 383 (1997), 397–414.
15. Dai, J., Swaab, D.F., Van der Vliet, J., Buijs, R.M., Postmortem tracing reveals the organization of hypothalamic projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the human brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 400 (1998), 87–102.
16. Dai, J., Van der Vliet, J., Swaab, D.F., Buijs, R.M., Human retinohypothalamic tract as revealed by in vitro postmortem tracing. J. Comp. Neurol. 397 (1998), 357–370.
17. de Goeij, D.C., Kvetnansky, R., Whitnall, M.H., Jezova, D., Berkenbosch, F., Tilders, F.J., Repeated stress-induced activation of corticotropin-releasing factor neurons enhances vasopressin stores and colocalization with corticotropin-releasing factor in the median eminence of rats. Neuroendocrinology 53 (1991), 150–159.
18. de Wied, D., van Ree, J.M., Neuropeptides, mental performance and aging. Life Sci. 31 (1982), 709–719.
19. de Winter, R.F., van Hemert, A.M., DeRijk, R.H., Zwinderman, K.H., Frankhuijzen-Sierevogel, A.C., Wiegant, V.M., et al. Anxious-retarded depression: Relation with plasma vasopressin and cortisol. Neuropsychopharmacology 28 (2003), 140–147.
20. Dempster, E.L., Burcescu, I., Wigg, K., Kiss, E., Baji, I., Gadoros, J., et al. Evidence of an association between the vasopressin V1b receptor gene (AVPR1B) and childhood-onset mood disorders. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 64 (2007), 1189–1195.
21. Dinan, T.G., Lavelle, E., Cooney, J., Burnett, F., Scott, L., Dash, A., et al. Dexamethasone augmentation in treatment-resistant depression. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 95 (1997), 58–61.
22. Dinan, T.G., O'Brien, S., Lavelle, E., Scott, L.V., Further neuroendocrine evidence of enhanced vasopressin V3 receptor responses in melancholic depression. Psychol. Med. 34 (2004), 169–172.
23. Drevets, W.C., Price, J.L., Furey, M.L., Brain structural and functional abnormalities in mood disorders: Implications for neurocircuitry models of depression. Brain Struct. Funct. 213 (2008), 93–118.
24. Engelmann, M., Landgraf, R., Wotjak, C.T., The hypothalamic-neurohypophysial system regulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis under stress: An old concept revisited. Front. Neuroendocrinol. 25 (2004), 132–149.
25. Erkut, Z.A., Pool, C., Swaab, D.F., Glucocorticoids suppress corticotropin-releasing hormone and vasopressin expression in human hypothalamic neurons. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 83 (1998), 2066–2073.
26. Erkut, Z.A., Gabreels, B.A., Eikelenboom, J., van Leeuwen, F.W., Swaab, D.F., Glucocorticoid treatment is associated with decreased expression of processed AVP but not of proAVP, neurophysin or oxytocin in the human hypothalamus: Are PC1 and PC2 involved?. Neuro Endocrinol. Lett. 23 (2002), 33–44.
27. Frank, E., Landgraf, R., The vasopressin system—From antidiuresis to psychopathology. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 583 (2008), 226–242.
28. Gillies, G.E., Linton, E.A., Lowry, P.J., Corticotropin releasing activity of the new CRF is potentiated several times by vasopressin. Nature 299 (1982), 355–357.
29. Gispen-de Wied, C.C., Westenberg, H.G., Koppeschaar, H.P., Thijssen, J.H., van Ree, J.M., Stimulation of the pituitary-adrenal axis with a low dose [Arg8]-vasopressin in depressed patients and healthy subjects. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2 (1992), 411–419.
30. Goekoop, J.G., de Winter, R.P., de Rijk, R., Zwinderman, K.H., Frankhuijzen-Sierevogel, A., Wiegant, V.M., Depression with above-normal plasma vasopressin: Validation by relations with family history of depression and mixed anxiety and retardation. Psychiatry Res. 141 (2006), 201–211.
31. Griffiths, J., Ravindran, A.V., Merali, Z., Anisman, H., Dysthymia: A review of pharmacological and behavioral factors. Mol. Psychiatry 5 (2000), 242–261.
32. Heuser, I., Bissette, G., Dettling, M., Schweiger, U., Gotthardt, U., Schmider, J., et al. Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of corticotropin-releasing hormone, vasopressin, and somatostatin in depressed patients and healthy controls: Response to amitriptyline treatment. Depress. Anxiety 8 (1998), 71–79.
33. Hofman, M.A., Swaab, D.F., Seasonal changes in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of man. Neurosci. Lett. 139 (1992), 257–260.
34. Hofman, M.A., Swaab, D.F., Diurnal and seasonal rhythms of neuronal activity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of humans. J. Biol. Rhythms 8 (1993), 283–295.
35. Holsboer, F., The corticosteroid receptor hypothesis of depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 23 (2000), 477–501.
36. Holsboer, F., Stress, hypercortisolism and corticosteroid receptors in depression: Implications for therapy. J. Affect. Disord. 62 (2001), 77–91.
37. Hoogendijk, W.J., Meynen, G., Endert, E., Hofman, M.A., Swaab, D.F., Increased cerebrospinal fluid cortisol level in Alzheimer's disease is not related to depression. Neurobiol. Aging, 27, 2006 780 e781 780–e782.
38. Hsu, D.T., Lombardo, K.A., Herringa, R.J., Bakshi, V.P., Roseboom, P.H., Kalin, N.H., Corticotropin-releasing hormone messenger RNA distribution and stress-induced activation in the thalamus. Neuroscience 105 (2001), 911–921.
39. Inder, W.J., Donald, R.A., Prickett, T.C., Frampton, C.M., Sullivan, P.F., Mulder, R.T., et al. Arginine vasopressin is associated with hypercortisolemia and suicide attempts in depression. Biol. Psychiatry 42 (1997), 744–747.
40. Insel, T.R., A neurobiological basis of social attachment. Am. J. Psychiatry 154 (1997), 726–735.
41. Johansson, C., Willeit, M., Smedh, C., Ekholm, J., Paunio, T., Kieseppa, T., et al. Circadian clock-related polymorphisms in seasonal affective disorder and their relevance to diurnal preference. Neuropsychopharmacology 28 (2003), 734–739.
42. Kalsbeek, A., Buijs, R.M., van Heerikhuize, J.J., Arts, M., van der Woude, T.P., Vasopressin-containing neurons of the suprachiasmatic nuclei inhibit corticosterone release. Brain Res. 580 (1992), 62–67.
43. Kalsbeek, A., Verhagen, L.A., Schalij, I., Foppen, E., Saboureau, M., Bothorel, B., et al. Opposite actions of hypothalamic vasopressin on circadian corticosterone rhythm in nocturnal versus diurnal species. Eur. J. NeuroSci. 27 (2008), 818–827.
44. Keeney, A., Jessop, D.S., Harbuz, M.S., Marsden, C.A., Hogg, S., Blackburn-Munro, R.E., Differential effects of acute and chronic social defeat stress on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function and hippocampal serotonin release in mice. J. Neuroendocrinol. 18 (2006), 330–338.
45. Kishi, T., Kitajima, T., Ikeda, M., Yamanouchi, Y., Kinoshita, Y., Kawashima, K., et al. Association study of clock gene (CLOCK) and schizophrenia and mood disorders in the Japanese population. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 259 (2009), 293–297.
46. Landgraf, R., Kessler, M.S., Bunck, M., Murgatroyd, C., Spengler, D., Zimbelmann, M., et al. Candidate genes of anxiety-related behavior in HAB/LAB rats and mice: Focus on vasopressin and glyoxalase-I. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 31 (2007), 89–102.
47. Leonard, B.E., Psychopathology of depression. Drugs Today (Barc.) 43 (2007), 705–716.
48. Liu, R.Y., Unmehopa, U.A., Zhou, J.N., Swaab, D.F., Glucocorticoids suppress vasopressin gene expression in human suprachiasmatic nucleus. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 98 (2006), 248–253.
49. Liu, Z., Zhu, F., Wang, G., Xiao, Z., Wang, H., Tang, J., et al. Association of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor1 gene SNP and haplotype with major depression. Neurosci. Lett. 404 (2006), 358–362.
50. Lolait, S.J., Stewart, L.Q., Jessop, D.S., Young, W.S. 3rd, O'Carroll, A.M., The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response to stress in mice lacking functional vasopressin V1b receptors. Endocrinology 148 (2007), 849–856.
51. Lu, A., Steiner, M.A., Whittle, N., Vogl, A.M., Walser, S.M., Ableitner, M., et al. Conditional CRH overexpressing mice: An animal model for stress-elicited pathologies and treatments that target the central CRH system. Mol. Psychiatry, 13, 2008, 989.
52. Lu, A., Steiner, M.A., Whittle, N., Vogl, A.M., Walser, S.M., Ableitner, M., et al. Conditional mouse mutants highlight mechanisms of corticotropin-releasing hormone effects on stress-coping behavior. Mol. Psychiatry 13 (2008), 1028–1042.
53. Ludwig, M., Bull, P.M., Tobin, V.A., Sabatier, N., Landgraf, R., Dayanithi, G., et al. Regulation of activity-dependent dendritic vasopressin release from rat supraoptic neurones. J. Physiol. 564 (2005), 515–522.
54. Lund, T.D., Munson, D.J., Haldy, M.E., Handa, R.J., Androgen inhibits, while oestrogen enhances, restraint-induced activation of neuropeptide neurones in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. J. Neuroendocrinol. 16 (2004), 272–278.
55. Mathe, A.A., Husum, H., El Khoury, A., Jimenez-Vasquez, P., Gruber, S.H., Wortwein, G., et al. Search for biological correlates of depression and mechanisms of action of antidepressant treatment modalities. Do neuropeptides play a role?. Physiol. Behav. 92 (2007), 226–231.
56. Merali, Z., Kent, P., Du, L., Hrdina, P., Palkovits, M., Faludi, G., et al. Corticotropin-releasing hormone, arginine vasopressin, gastrin-releasing peptide, and neuromedin B alterations in stress-relevant brain regions of suicides and control subjects. Biol. Psychiatry 59 (2006), 594–602.
57. Meyer-Bahlburg, H.F.L., Ehrhardt, A.A., A prenatal-hormone hypothesis for depression in adults with a history of fetal DES exposure. Halbreich, U., (eds.) Hormones and Depression, 1987, Raven Press, New York, USA, 325–338.
58. Meynen, G., Unmehopa, U.A., van Heerikhuize, J.J., Hofman, M.A., Swaab, D.F., Hoogendijk, W.J., Increased arginine vasopressin mRNA expression in the human hypothalamus in depression: A preliminary report. Biol. Psychiatry 60 (2006), 892–895.
59. Meynen, G., Unmehopa, U.A., Hofman, M.A., Swaab, D.F., Hoogendijk, W.J., Relation between corticotropin-releasing hormone neuron number in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and depressive state in Alzheimer's disease. Neuroendocrinology 85 (2007), 37–44.
60. Meynen, G., Unmehopa, U.A., Hofman, M.A., Swaab, D.F., Hoogendijk, W.J., Hypothalamic vasopressin and oxytocin mRNA expression in relation to depressive state in Alzheimer's disease: A difference with major depressive disorder. J. Neuroendocrinol. 21 (2009), 722–729.
61. Mlynarik, M., Zelena, D., Bagdy, G., Makara, G.B., Jezova, D., Signs of attenuated depression-like behavior in vasopressin deficient Brattleboro rats. Horm. Behav., 2006.
62. Mlynarik, M., Zelena, D., Bagdy, G., Makara, G.B., Jezova, D., Signs of attenuated depression-like behavior in vasopressin deficient Brattleboro rats. Horm. Behav. 51 (2007), 395–405.
63. Muller, M.B., Landgraf, R., Keck, M.E., Vasopressin, major depression, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical desensitization. Biol. Psychiatry 48 (2000), 330–333.
64. Nemeroff, C.B., The corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) hypothesis of depression: New findings and new directions. Mol. Psychiatry 1 (1996), 336–342.
65. Pereira-Lima, J.F., Marroni, C.P., Pizarro, C.B., Barbosa-Coutinho, L.M., Ferreira, N.P., Oliveira, M.C., Immunohistochemical detection of estrogen receptor alpha in pituitary adenomas and its correlation with cellular replication. Neuroendocrinology 79 (2004), 119–124.
66. Phillips, D.I., Fetal growth and programming of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 28 (2001), 967–970.
67. Pitchot, W., Scantamburlo, G., Pinto, E., Hansenne, M., Reggers, J., Ansseau, M., et al. Vasopressin-neurophysin and DST in major depression: Relationship with suicidal behavior. J. Psychiatr. Res. 42 (2008), 684–688.
68. Post, R.M., Transduction of psychosocial stress into the neurobiology of recurrent affective disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 149 (1992), 999–1010.
69. Purba, J.S., Hoogendijk, W.J., Hofman, M.A., Swaab, D.F., Increased number of vasopressin- and oxytocin-expressing neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 53 (1996), 137–143.
70. Raadsheer, F.C., Sluiter, A.A., Ravid, R., Tilders, F.J., Swaab, D.F., Localization of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the human hypothalamus; age-dependent colocalization with vasopressin. Brain Res. 615 (1993), 50–62.
71. Raadsheer, F.C., Hoogendijk, W.J., Stam, F.C., Tilders, F.J., Swaab, D.F., Increased numbers of corticotropin-releasing hormone expressing neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of depressed patients. Neuroendocrinology 60 (1994), 436–444.
72. Raadsheer, F.C., Tilders, F.J., Swaab, D.F., Similar age related increase of vasopressin colocalization in paraventricular corticotropin-releasing hormone neurons in controls and Alzheimer patients. J. Neuroendocrinol. 6 (1994), 131–133.
73. Raadsheer, F.C., van Heerikhuize, J.J., Lucassen, P.J., Hoogendijk, W.J., Tilders, F.J., Swaab, D.F., Corticotropin-releasing hormone mRNA levels in the paraventricular nucleus of patients with Alzheimer's disease and depression. Am. J. Psychiatry 152 (1995), 1372–1376.
74. Rabadan-Diehl, C., Aguilera, G., Glucocorticoids increase vasopressin V1b receptor coupling to phospholipase C. Endocrinology 139 (1998), 3220–3226.
75. Riemersma-van der Lek, R.F., Swaab, D.F., Twisk, J., Hol, E.M., Hoogendijk, W.J., Van Someren, E.J., Effect of bright light and melatonin on cognitive and noncognitive function in elderly residents of group care facilities: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 299 (2008), 2642–2655.
76. Rivier, C., Vale, W., Interaction of corticotropin-releasing factor and arginine vasopressin on adrenocorticotropin secretion in vivo. Endocrinology 113 (1983), 939–942.
77. Roy, A., HPA axis function and temperament in depression: A negative report. Biol. Psychiatry 39 (1996), 364–366.
78. Scheithauer, B.W., Kovacs, K., Zorludemir, S., Lloyd, R.V., Erdogan, S., Slezak, J., Immunoexpression of androgen receptor in the nontumorous pituitary and in adenomas. Endocr. Pathol. 19 (2008), 27–33.
79. Schmidt, E.D., Janszen, A.W., Wouterlood, F.G., Tilders, F.J., Interleukin-1-induced long-lasting changes in hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)—Neurons and hyperresponsiveness of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. J. Neurosci. 15 (1995), 7417–7426.
80. Schmidt, E.D., Binnekade, R., Janszen, A.W., Tilders, F.J., Short stressor induced long-lasting increases of vasopressin stores in hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurons in adult rats. J. Neuroendocrinol. 8 (1996), 703–712.
81. Schmidt, M.V., Deussing, J.M., Oitzl, M.S., Ohl, F., Levine, S., Wurst, W., et al. Differential disinhibition of the neonatal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in brain-specific CRH receptor 1-knockout mice. Eur. J. Neurosci. 24 (2006), 2291–2298.
82. Scott, L.V., Dinan, T.G., Vasopressin and the regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function: Implications for the pathophysiology of depression. Life Sci. 62 (1998), 1985–1998.
83. Selye, H., A syndrome produced by diverse nocuous agents. 1936. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 10 (1998), 230–231.
84. Shi, J., Wittke-Thompson, J.K., Badner, J.A., Hattori, E., Potash, J.B., Willour, V.L., et al. Clock genes may influence bipolar disorder susceptibility and dysfunctional circadian rhythm. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 147B (2008), 1047–1055.
85. Stefaneanu, L., Kovacs, K., Horvath, E., Lloyd, R.V., Buchfelder, M., Fahlbusch, R., et al. In situ hybridization study of estrogen receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in human adenohypophysial cells and pituitary adenomas. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 78 (1994), 83–88.
86. Surget, A., Belzung, C., Involvement of vasopressin in affective disorders. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 583 (2008), 340–349.
87. Swaab, D.F., Fliers, E., Partiman, T.S., The suprachiasmatic nucleus of the human brain in relation to sex, age and senile dementia. Brain Res. 342 (1985), 37–44.
88. Swaab, D.F., Raadsheer, F.C., Endert, E., Hofman, M.A., Kamphorst, W., Ravid, R., Increased cortisol levels in aging and Alzheimer's disease in postmortem cerebrospinal fluid. J. Neuroendocrinol. 6 (1994), 681–687.
89. Swaab, D.F., Fliers, E., Hoogendijk, W.J., Veltman, D.J., Zhou, J.N., Interaction of prefrontal cortical and hypothalamic systems in the pathogenesis of depression. Prog. Brain Res. 126 (2000), 369–396.
90. Swaab, D.F., The human hypothalamus. Basic and clinical aspects. Part I: Nuclei of the hypothalamus. Aminoff, M.J., Boller, F., Swaab, D.F., (eds.) Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Vol. 79, 2003, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
91. Swaab, D.F., Neuropeptides in hypothalamic neuronal disorders. Int. Rev. Cytol. 240 (2004), 305–375.
92. Swaab, D.F., The human hypothalamus. Basic and clinical aspects. Part II: Neuropathology of the hypothalamus and adjacent brain structures. Aminoff, M.J., Boller, F., Swaab, D.F., (eds.) Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Vol. 80, 2004, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
93. Swaab, D.F., Bao, A.M., Lucassen, P.J., The stress system in the human brain in depression and neurodegeneration. Ageing Res. Rev. 4 (2005), 141–194.
94. Tarullo, A.R., Gunnar, M.R., Child maltreatment and the developing HPA axis. Horm. Behav. 50 (2006), 632–639.
95. Ter Horst, G.J., Wichmann, R., Gerrits, M., Westenbroek, C., Lin, Y., Sex differences in stress responses: Focus on ovarian hormones. Physiol. Behav. 97 (2009), 239–249.
96. Thompson, C., Syddall, H., Rodin, I., Osmond, C., Barker, D.J., Birth weight and the risk of depressive disorder in late life. Br. J. Psychiatry 179 (2001), 450–455.
97. Thompson, R.R., George, K., Walton, J.C., Orr, S.P., Benson, J., Sex-specific influences of vasopressin on human social communication. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103 (2006), 7889–7894.
98. Vamvakopoulos, N.C., Chrousos, G.P., Evidence of direct estrogenic regulation of human corticotropin-releasing hormone gene expression. Potential implications for the sexual dimophism of the stress response and immune/inflammatory reaction. J. Clin. Invest. 92 (1993), 1896–1902.
99. van Londen, L., Goekoop, J.G., van Kempen, G.M., Frankhuijzen-Sierevogel, A.C., Wiegant, V.M., van der Velde, E.A., et al. Plasma levels of arginine vasopressin elevated in patients with major depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 17 (1997), 284–292.
100. van Londen, L., Goekoop, J.G., Zwinderman, A.H., Lanser, J.B., Wiegant, V.M., De Wied, D., Neuropsychological performance and plasma cortisol, arginine vasopressin and oxytocin in patients with major depression. Psychol. Med. 28 (1998), 275–284.
101. van Londen, L., Kerkhof, G.A., van den Berg, F., Goekoop, J.G., Zwinderman, K.H., Frankhuijzen-Sierevogel, A.C., et al. Plasma arginine vasopressin and motor activity in major depression. Biol. Psychiatry 43 (1998), 196–204.
102. van Londen, L., Goekoop, J.G., Kerkhof, G.A., Zwinderman, K.H., Wiegant, V.M., De Wied, D., Weak 24-h periodicity of body temperature and increased plasma vasopressin in melancholic depression. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 11 (2001), 7–14.
103. van West, D., Del-Favero, J., Aulchenko, Y., Oswald, P., Souery, D., Forsgren, T., et al. A major SNP haplotype of the arginine vasopressin 1B receptor protects against recurrent major depression. Mol. Psychiatry 9 (2004), 287–292.
104. Walum, H., Westberg, L., Henningsson, S., Neiderhiser, J.M., Reiss, D., Igl, W., et al. Genetic variation in the vasopressin receptor 1a gene (AVPR1A) associates with pair-bonding behavior in humans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105 (2008), 14153–14156.
105. Wang, S.S., Kamphuis, W., Huitinga, I., Zhou, J.N., Swaab, D.F., Gene expression analysis in the human hypothalamus in depression by laser microdissection and real-time PCR: The presence of multiple receptor imbalances. Mol. Psychiatry, 13(786–799), 2008, 741.
106. Weninger, S.C., Dunn, A.J., Muglia, L.J., Dikkes, P., Miczek, K.A., Swiergiel, A.H., et al. Stress-induced behaviors require the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) receptor, but not CRH. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96 (1999), 8283–8288.
107. Wirz-Justice, A., Benedetti, F., Berger, M., Lam, R.W., Martiny, K., Terman, M., et al. Chronotherapeutics (light and wake therapy) in affective disorders. Psychol. Med. 35 (2005), 939–944.
108. Wu, Y.H., Fischer, D.F., Kalsbeek, A., Garidou-Boof, M.L., van der Vliet, J., van Heijningen, C., et al. Pineal clock gene oscillation is disturbed in Alzheimer's disease, due to functional disconnection from the “master clock”. FASEB J. 20 (2006), 1874–1876.
109. Yirmiya, N., Rosenberg, C., Levi, S., Salomon, S., Shulman, C., Nemanov, L., et al. Association between the arginine vasopressin 1a receptor (AVPR1a) gene and autism in a family-based study: Mediation by socialization skills. Mol. Psychiatry 11 (2006), 488–494.
110. Young, E.A., Haskett, R.F., Murphy-Weinberg, V., Watson, S.J., Akil, H., Loss of glucocorticoid fast feedback in depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 48 (1991), 693–699.
111. Young, E.A., Lopez, J.F., Murphy-Weinberg, V., Watson, S.J., Akil, H., Mineralocorticoid receptor function in major depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 60 (2003), 24–28.
112. Zhou, J.N., Riemersma, R.F., Unmehopa, U.A., Hoogendijk, W.J., van Heerikhuize, J.J., Hofman, M.A., et al. Alterations in arginine vasopressin neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus in depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 58 (2001), 655–662.