Forensic Psychology and Forensic Science: A Proposed Agenda for the Next Decade

Psychology, Public Policy, and Law

Volumn 16, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 219-253

  Heilbrun, Kirk ^a   Brooks, Stephanie ^a  

^a DREXEL UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Forensic psychology; Forensic sciences; Priorities; Proposed agenda; Review

Indexed keywords

EID: 77955732832     PISSN: 10768971     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0019138     Document Type: Article

References (159)

1. Abram K., Teplin L., Charles D., Longworth S., McClelland G., Dulcan M. Posttraumatic stress disorder and trauma in youth in juvenile detention. Archives of General Psychiatry 2004, 61:403-410.
2. Almquist L., Dodd E. Mental health courts: A guide to research-informed policy and practices 2009, Council of State Governments Justice Center, New York.
3. Practice guidelines for forensic psychiatric evaluation of defendants raising the insanity defense. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 2002, 30:S1-S40. American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law.
4. American Law Institute, Restatement (Second) of Torts § 282 (1965).
5. Guidelines for child custody evaluations in divorce proceedings. American Psychologist 1994, 49:677-680. American Psychological Association.
6. Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. American Psychologist 2002, 57:1060-1073. American Psychological Association.
7. Determination and documentation of the need for practice guidelines. American Psychologist 2005, 60:976-978. American Psychological Association.
8. Accredited doctoral programs in professional psychology: 2008. American Psychologist 2008, 63:888-902. American Psychological Association.
9. Recognized specialties and proficiencies in professional psychology 2009, American Psychological Association, Author, Washington, DC, Retrieved August 16, 2009, from http://www.apa.org/crsppp/rsp.html.
10. Guidelines for psychological evaluations in child protection matters 1998, American Psychological Association, Committee on Professional Practice and Standards, American Psychological Association, Washington, DC.
11. Resource director of forensic psychology pre-doctoral internship training programs 2006, American Psychology-Law Society, Retrieved July 20, 2009, from http://www.aplsstudentsection.com/Pre-DoctoralInternshipGuide.pdf.
12. 2009 AP-LS conference 2009, American Psychology-Law Society, Retrieved July 26, 2009, from http://www.ap-ls.org/conferences/apls2009/index.html.
13. Division 41/American Psychology-Law Society executive committee meeting minutes. American Psychology-Law News 2009, Summer, 29:1-48. American Psychology-Law Society.
14. Resource director of forensic psychology pre-doctoral internship training programs 2001, American Psychology-Law Society & American Academy of Forensic Psychology, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX.
15. Andrews D., Bonta J. The psychology of criminal conduct 2006, LexisNexis/Mathew Bender, Newark, NJ. 4th ed.
16. Andrews D., Bonta J., Wormith J. The Level of Service/Case Management Inventory user's manual 2004, Multi-Health Systems, North Tonawanda, NY.
17. Andrews D., Bonta J., Wormith J. Recent past and near future of risk/need assessment. Crime and Delinquency 2006, 52:7-27.
18. Aos S., Miller M., Drake E. Evidence-based public policy options to reduce future prison construction, criminal justice costs, and crime rates 2006, Washington State Institute for Public Policy, Olympia.
19. Barefoot v. Estelle, 463 U.S. 880 (1983).
20. Bartol C., Bartol A. Current perspectives in forensic psychology and criminal behavior 2008, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA. 2nd ed.
21. Bazemore G., Stinchcomb J. A civic engagement model of reentry: Involving community through service and restorative justice. Federal Probation 2004, 68:14-24.
22. Bersoff D.N., Goodman-Delahunty J., Grisso J.T., Hans V.P., Poythress N.G., Roesch R.G. Training in law and psychology: Models from the Villanova Conference. American Psychologist 1997, 52:1301-1310.
23. Beutler L. The empirically supported treatments movement: A scientist-practitioner's response. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 2004, 11:225-229.
24. Boccaccini M., Turner D., Murrie D. Do some evaluators report consistently higher or lower PCL-R scores than others? Findings from a statewide sample of sexually violent predator evaluations. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 2008, 14:262-283.
25. Borum R., Bartel P., Forth A. Manual for the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY) 2003, University of South Florida, Tampa.
26. Bouffard J., Bergeron L. Reentry works: The implementation and effectiveness of a serious and violent offender reentry initiative. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation 2006, 44:1-29.
27. Brigham J. What is forensic psychology, anyway?. Law and Human Behavior 1999, 23:273-298.
28. Mental health courts program 2009, Bureau of Justice Assistance, Author, Washington, DC, Retrieved July 17, 2009, from http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/BJA/grant/mentalhealth.html.
29. Burrell W. Trends in probation and parole in the states 2004, American Probation and Parole Association, Lexington, KY.
30. Butzin C., Saum C., Scarpitti F. Factors associated with completion of a drug treatment court diversion program. Substance Use & Misuse 2002, 37:1615-1633.
31. Increasing public safety through successful offender reentry: Evidence-based and emerging practices in corrections 2007, Center for Effective Public Policy, Author, Washington, DC.
32. Chanenson S. Prosecutors and evidence-based sentencing: Rewards, risks, and responsibilities. Chapman Journal of Criminal Justice 2009, 1:27-42.
33. Christy A., Douglas K., Otto R., Petrila J. Juveniles evaluated incompetent to proceed: Characteristics and quality of mental health professionals' evaluations. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 2004, 35:380-388.
34. Specialty guidelines for forensic psychologists. Law and Human Behavior 1991, 15:655-665. Committee on Ethical Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists.
35. Specialty guidelines for forensic psychology 2008, September, Committee on the Revision of the Specialty Guidelines for Forensic Psychology, Retrieved July 22, 2009, from http://www.ap-ls.org/links/92908sgfp.pdf.
36. Designated forensic professional procedures manual 2002, Commonwealth of Massachusetts Department of Mental Health, Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Department of Mental Health, Division of Forensic Mental Health Services, Boston.
37. Psychological education and training from culture-specific and multiracial perspectives: Critical issues and recommendations 2009, Council of National Psychological Associations for the Advancement of Ethnic Minority Issues, American Psychological Association, Washington, DC.
38. Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 113 S. Ct. 2886 (1993).
39. DeMatteo, D., Marczyk, G., Krauss, D. A., & Burl, J. (in press). Educational and training models in forensic psychology. Training and Education in Professional Psychology.
40. DeMatteo D., Marlow D., Festinger D., Arabia P. Outcome trajectories in drug court: Do all participants have serious drug problems?. Criminal Justice and Behavior 2009, 36:354-368.
41. Douglas K., Ogloff J. The impact of confidence on the accuracy of structured professional and actuarial violence risk judgments in a sample of forensic psychiatric patients. Law and Human Behavior 2003, 27:573-587.
42. Draine J., Herman D.B. Critical time intervention for reentry from prison for persons with mental illness. Psychiatric Services 2007, 58:1577-1581.
43. Dumanis B. One size does not fit all. Chapman Journal of Criminal Justice 2009, 1:21-26.
44. Dvoskin, J., Skeem, J., Novaco, R., & Douglas, K. (Eds.). (in press). Applying social science to reduce violent offending. New York: Oxford University Press.
45. Etienne M. Legal and practical implications of evidence-based sentencing by judges. Chapman Journal of Criminal Justice 2009, 1:43-60.
46. Faigman D., Monahan J. Standards of legal admissibility and their implications for psychological science. Psychological science in the courtroom: Controversies and consensus 2009, 3-25. Guilford, New York. J. Skeem, K. Douglas, S. Lilienfeld (Eds.).
47. Farnworth L., Muñoz J. An occupational rehabilitation perspective for institutional practice. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 2009, 32:192-198.
48. Forensic evaluator training and the importance of appointing approved forensic evaluators as experts 2006, Florida Department of Children and Families, Author, Tallahassee, FL, Retrieved July 18, 2009, from http://www.dcf.state.fl.us/mentalhealth/forensic/experts.shtml.
49. Education and training guidelines for forensic psychology 2007, Forensic Specialty Council, Retrieved July 20, 2009, from http://www.aplsstudentsection.com/ET%20Guidelines%20final.pdf.
50. Fox R. The dark side of evidence-based treatment. Practitioner Focus 2000, http://www.apa.org/practice/pf/jan00/cappchair.html.
51. Frederick R. Validity Indicator Profile manual 1997, National Computer Systems, Minneapolis, MN.
52. Frye v. United States, 293 F. 1013 (D. C. Cir. 1923).
53. Garrett B., Neufeld P. Invalid forensic science testimony and wrongful convictions. Virginia Law Review 2009, 95:1-97.
54. Gold L., Anfang S., Drukteinis A., Metzner J., Price M., Wall B., Zonana H. AAPL practice guideline for the forensic evaluation of psychiatric disability. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 2008, 36:S3-S50.
55. Grisso T. The economic and scientific future of forensic psychological assessment. American Psychologist 1987, 9:831-839.
56. Grisso T. Instruments for assessing understanding and appreciation of Miranda rights 1998, Professional Resource Press, Sarasota, FL.
57. Grisso T. Evaluating competencies: Forensic assessments and instruments 2003, Kluwer Academic, New York. 2nd ed.
58. Grisso T., Appelbaum P. MacArthur competence assessment tool for treatment (MacCAT-T) 1998, Professional Resource Press, Sarasota, FL.
59. Harris G., Rice M., Quinsey V. Violent recidivism of mentally disordered offenders: The development of a statistical prediction instrument. Criminal Justice and Behavior 1993, 20:315-335.
60. Harrison P., Beck A. Prison and jail inmates at mid-year 2005 2006, U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Washington, DC.
61. Hart S., Michie C., Cooke D. The precision of actuarial risk assessment instruments: Evaluating the " margins of error" of group versus individual predictions of violence. British Journal of Psychiatry 2007, 190:S60-S65.
62. Past conferences 2009, Hawaii Department of Health, Hawaii Department of Health, Adult Mental Health Division, Honolulu, HI, Retrieved July 18, 2009, from http://www.amhd.org/Conferences/pastconferences.asp.
63. Hawaii Revised Statutes § 704-411 (2008). Retrieved March 8, 2010, from http://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/session2008/bills/SB2160_.html.
64. Hecker T., Steinberg L. Psychological evaluation at juvenile court disposition. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 2002, 33:300-306.
65. Heilbrun K. Principles of forensic mental health assessment 2001, Kluwer Academic, New York.
66. Heilbrun K. Evaluation of risk of violence in adults 2009, Oxford University Press, New York.
67. Heilbrun K., Collins S. Evaluations of trial competency and mental state at the time of offense: Report characteristics. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 1995, 26:61-67.
68. Heilbrun K., DeMatteo D., Marczyk G., Goldstein A. Standards of practice and care in forensic mental health assessment: Legal, professional, and principles-based considerations. Psychology, Public Policy, & Law 2008, 14:1-26.
69. Heilbrun K., Douglas K., Yasuhara K. Violence risk assessment: Core controversies. Psychological science in the courtroom: Controversies and consensus 2009, 333-357. Guilford, New York. J. Skeem, K. Douglas, S. Lilienfeld (Eds.).
70. Heilbrun K., Grisso T., Goldstein A. Foundations of forensic mental health assessment 2008, Oxford University Press, New York.
71. Heilbrun K., Rosenfeld B., Warren J., Collins S. The use of third party information in forensic assessments: A two-state comparison. Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 1994, 22:399-406.
72. Hoge R.D., Andrews D.A. Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory user's manual 2002, Multi-Health Systems, North Tonawanda, NY.
73. Huss M. Forensic psychology: Research, clinical practice, and applications 2009, Wiley-Blackwell, Malden, MA.
74. Johnson N., Sacuzzo D., Koen W. Child custody mediation in cases of domestic violence: Empirical evidence of a failure to protect. Violence Against Women 2005, 11:1022-1053.
75. Kruh I., Grisso T. Evaluation of juveniles' competence to stand trial 2009, Oxford University Press, New York.
76. Kumho Tire Company, Ltd., v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137 (1999).
77. Lander T., Heilbrun K. The content and quality of forensic mental health assessment: Validation of a principles-based approach. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health 2009, 8:115-121.
78. Latimer J., Morton-Bourgon K., Chretien J. A meta-analytic examination of drug treatment courts: Do they reduce recidivism? 2006, Canada Department of Justice, Research and Statistics Division, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
79. Levant R. The empirically validated treatments movement: A practitioner/educator perspective. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 2004, 11:219-224.
80. Lilienfeld S. The scientific review of mental health practice: Our reason d'etre. Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice 2002, 1:5-10.
81. Lowenkamp C., Holsinger A., Latessa E. Are drug courts effective? A meta-analytic review. Journal of Community Corrections, Fall 2005, 5-28.
82. Marcus M. Conversations on evidence-based sentencing. Chapman Journal of Criminal Justice 2009, 1:61-126.
83. Marlowe D., Festinger D., Lee P., Dugosh K., Benasutti K. Matching judicial supervision to clients' risk status in drug court. Crime and Delinquency 2006, 52:52-76.
84. Office of forensic services 2009, Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Annapolis, Retrieved July 19, 2009, from http://dhmh.maryland.gov/mha/forensicservices.html.
85. McQuiston-Surrett D., Saks M. The testimony of forensic identification science: What expert witnesses say and what factfinders hear. Law and Human Behavior 2009, 436-453. (Published online March 4, 2009.) doi: 10.1007/510979-008-9169-1.
86. Melton G., Petrila J., Poythress N., Slobogin C. Psychological evaluations for the courts: A handbook for mental health professionals and lawyers 1987, Guilford, New York.
87. Melton G., Petrila J., Poythress N., Slobogin C. Psychological evaluations for the courts: A handbook for mental health professionals and lawyers 1997, Guilford, New York. 2nd ed.
88. Melton G., Petrila J., Poythress N., Slobogin C. Psychological evaluations for the courts: A handbook for mental health professionals and lawyers 2007, Guilford, New York. 3rd ed.
89. Certification of forensic examiners 2006, Missouri Department of Mental Health, Retrieved July 18, 2009, from http://www.dmh.missouri.gov/diroffice/gencounsel/regs/dors/ch6/6478.pdf.
90. Center for forensic psychiatry 2008, Michigan Department of Community Health, Michigan Department of Community Health, Mental Health, and Substance Abuse, Lansing.
91. Monahan J. Mandated community treatment: Applying leverage to achieve adherence. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 2008, 36:282-285.
92. Monahan J. Structured violence risk assessment. Textbook of violence assessment and management 2008, 17-33. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC. R. Simon, K. Tardiff (Eds.).
93. Monahan, J., & Steadman, H. (in press). Extending violence reduction principles to justice-involved persons with mental illness. In J. Dvoskin, J. Skeem, R. Novaco, & K. Douglas (Eds.), Applying social science to reduce violent offending. New York: Oxford University Press.
94. Monahan J., Steadman H., Appelbaum P., Grisso T., Mulvey E., Roth L., Silver S. Classification of Violence Risk: Professional manual 2005, Psychological Assessment Resources, Lutz, FL.
95. Monahan J., Swartz M., Bonnie R. Mandated treatment in the community for people with mental disorders. Health Affairs 2003, 22:28-38.
96. Monahan J., Walker L. Social science in law: Cases and materials 2010, Foundation Press, New York. 7th ed.
97. Mossman D., Noffsinger S., Ash P., Frierson R., Gerbasi J., Hackett M., Zonana H. AAPL practice guideline for the forensic psychiatric evaluation of competence to stand trial. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 2007, 35:S3-S72.
98. Munetz M., Griffin P. Use of the sequential intercept model as an approach to decriminalization of people with serious mental illness. Psychiatric Services 2006, 57:544-549.
99. Murrie D., Boccaccini M., Turner D., Meeks M., Woods C., Tussey C. Rater (dis)agreement on risk assessment measures in sexually violent predator proceedings: Evidence of adversarial allegiance in forensic evaluation?. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 2009, 15:19-53.
100. Research findings 2009, National Drug Court Institute, Author, Alexandria, VA, Retrieved July 17, 2009, from http://www.ndci.org/research.
101. Securing funding for NIDA grants and contracts 2009, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes for Health, Bethesda, MD, Retrieved August 21, 2009, from http://www.drugabuse.gov/Funding/.
102. Research funding 2009, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, Retrieved August 21, 2009, from http://nimh.nih.gov/research-funding/index.shtml.
103. Strengthening forensic science in the United States: A path forward 2009, National Research Council, Author, Washington, DC, Retrieved July 16, 2009, from http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12589.
104. NSF by account 2008, National Science Foundation, Author, Arlington, VA, Retrieved August 20, 2009, from http://dellweb.bfa.nsf.gov/NSFHist.htm.
105. Law and social sciences 2009, National Science Foundation, Directorate for Social, Behavioral, and Economic Sciences, National Science Foundation, Arlington, VA, Retrieved July 26, 2009, from http://www.nsf.gov/funding/pgm_summ.jsp?pims_id=5422&org=SES&from=home.
106. Nicholson R., Norwood S. The quality of forensic psychological assessments, reports, and testimony: Acknowledging the gap between promise and practice. Law and Human Behavior 2000, 24:9-44.
107. Norcross J. The integration of science and practice: The case of Division 12 and PsyD psychologists. The Clinical Psychologist 2009, 62:1-4.
108. North Carolina Administrative Code, § 10A-27H Health and Human Services, (1990). New York.
109. Archived solicitations-Fiscal year 2008 2008, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, DC, Retrieved July 26, 2009, from http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/funding/archived_solicitations_08.htm.
110. Ohio Administrative Code § 5122-29-07, Forensic evaluation service. (2003).
111. Community forensic psychiatry centers 2009, Ohio Department of Mental Health, Author, Columbus, OH, Retrieved July 19, 2009, from http://www.mh.state.oh.us/what-we-do/provide/forensic-services/community-forensic-psychiatric-centers.shtml.
112. Ohio Revised Code § 2945.37, Competency to stand trial definitions-hearing. (1997).
113. Otto R., Heilbrun K. The practice of forensic psychology: A look toward the future in light of the past. American Psychologist 2002, 57:5-18.
114. Packer I. Evaluation of criminal responsibility 2009, Oxford University Press, New York.
115. Petersilia J. When prisoners return to communities: Political, economic, and social consequences. Federal Probation 2001, 65:3-8.
116. Petrella R., Poythress N. The quality of forensic evaluations: An interdisciplinary study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1983, 51:76-85.
117. Petrila J. Finding common ground between scientific psychology and the law. Psychological science in the courtroom: Consensus and controversies 2009, 387-407. Guilford, New York. J. Skeem, K. Douglas, S. Lilienfeld (Eds.).
118. Poythress N. A proposal for training in forensic psychology. American Psychologist 1979, 34:612-621.
119. Poythress N., Nicholson R., Otto R., Edens J., Bonnie R., Monahan J., Hoge S. The MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool-Criminal Adjudication: Professional manual 1999, Psychological Assessment Resources, Odessa, FL.
120. Reynolds S., Harris C., Peeples R. Back to the future: An empirical study of child custody outcomes. North Carolina Law Review 2007, 85:1629-1686. Retrieved August 20, 2009, from http://studentorgs.law.unc.edu/nclrev/issues/vol85/issue6/default.aspx.
121. Rich J., Grey C. Pathways to recurrent trauma among young black men: Traumatic stress, substance use and the " code of the street." American Journal of Public Health 2005, 95:816-824.
122. Roesch R., Zapf P., Eaves D. Evaluation of Competency to Stand Trial-Revised: A structured interview for assessing competency to stand trial 2004, Professional Resource Press, Sarasota, FL.
123. Rogers R. Structured interview of reported symptoms 1992, Psychological Assessment Resources, Odessa, FL.
124. Rogers R. Clinical assessment of malingering and deception 2008, Guilford Press, New York. 3rd ed.
125. Rogers R., Harrison K.S., Hazelwood L.L., Sewell K.W. Knowing and intelligent: A study of Miranda warnings in mentally disordered defendants. Law and Human Behavior 2007, 31:401-418.
126. Rogers R., Tillbrook C., Sewell K. Evaluation of Competence to Stand Trial-Revised 2003, Psychological Assessment Resources, Lutz, FL.
127. Seiter R., Kadela K. Prisoner reentry: What works, what does not, and what is promising. Crime and Delinquency 2003, 49:360-388.
128. Shaffer D. Reconsidering drug court effectiveness: A meta-analytic review 2006, Department of Criminal Justice, University of Nevada, Las Vegas.
129. Sheidow A., Henggeler S. Mental health and rehabilitative services in juvenile justice: System reforms and innovative approaches. Juvenile delinquency: Prevention, assessment, and intervention 2005, 257-281. Oxford University Press, New York. K. Heilbrun, N. Goldstein, R. Redding (Eds.).
130. Sipes L.A. Offender reentry: What it means to the law enforcement community. Sheriff 2008, Summer, 65-68.
131. Skeem J., Eno-Louden J. Toward evidence-based practice for probationers and parolees mandated to mental health treatment. Psychiatric Services 2006, 57:333-342.
132. Skeem J., Golding S. Community examiners' evaluations of competence to stand trial: Common problems and suggestions for improvement. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 1998, 29:357-367.
133. Skeem J., Golding S., Cohn N., Berge G. Logic and reliability of evaluations of competence to stand trial. Law and Human Behavior 1998, 22:519-547.
134. Skowyra K., Cocozza J.J. A blueprint for change: Improving the system response to youth with mental health needs involved with the juvenile justice system 2006, The National Center for Mental Health and Juvenile Justice, Delmar, NY.
135. Designated examiners for probate court procedures 2006, South Carolina Department of Mental Health, South Carolina Department of Mental Health, Office of the State Director of Mental Health, Columbia, Retrieved July 19, 2009, from http://www.state.sc.us/dmh/directives/857-06.htm.
136. Steadman H., Redlich A. Evaluation of the Bureau of Justice Assistance mental health court initiative 2005, Policy Research Associates, Delmar, NY.
137. Steadman H., Redlich A., Griffin P., Petrila J., Monahan J. From referral to disposition: Case processing in seven mental health courts. Behavioral Sciences and the Law 2005, 23:215-226.
138. Tate D., Redding R. Mental health and rehabilitative services in juvenile justice: System reforms and innovative approaches. Juvenile delinquency: Prevention, assessment, and intervention 2005, 134-160. Oxford University Press, New York. K. Heilbrun, N. Goldstein, R. Redding (Eds.).
139. Taxman F. The offender and reentry: Supporting active participation in reintegration. Federal Probation 2004, 68:31-35.
140. Taxman F., Young D., Byrne J., Holsinger A., Anspach D. From prison safety to public safety: Innovations in offender reentry 2003, National Institute of Justice, Washington, DC.
141. History of forensic services 2009, Tennessee Department of Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities, Division of Policy and Legislation, Department of Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities, Nashville, TN, Retrieved July 18, 2009, from http://tennessee.gov/mental/policy/forensic2.html.
142. Tombaugh T. Test of memory malingering (TOMM) 1996, Multi-Health Systems, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
143. Trupin E., Richards H. Seattle's mental health courts: Early indicators of effectiveness. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 2003, 26:33-53.
144. Florida forensic examiner training 2009, University of South Florida College of Behavioral and Community Sciences, University of South Florida College of Behavioral and Community Sciences, Mental Health Law and Policy, Tampa, Retrieved July 18, 2009, from http://mhlp.fmhi.usf.edu/web/mhlp/tdetail.cfm?id=1.
145. Basic forensic evaluation: Principles and practice 2009, University of Virginia, University of Virginia, Institute of Law, Psychiatry, and Public Policy, Charlottesville.
146. Juvenile forensic evaluation: Principles and practice 2009, University of Virginia, University of Virginia, Institute of Law, Psychiatry, and Public Policy, Charlottesville.
147. Forensic examiner training 2009, Utah Department of Human Services, Division of Substance Abuse and Mental Health, Utah Department of Human Services, Salt Lake City, Retrieved July 18, 2009, from http://www.hsdsa.utah.gov/forensic.htm.
148. Warren J., Murrie D., Chauhan P., Dietz P., Morris J. Opinion formation in evaluating sanity at the time of the offense: An examination of 5175 pre-trial evaluations. Behavioral Sciences and the Law 2003, 22:171-186.
149. Report to the legislature: Protocols, designated mental health professionals 2008, Washington State Department of Social and Health Services, Washington State Department of Social and Health Services, Health and Rehabilitative Services, Mental Health Division, Olympia, Retrieved July 19, 2009, from http://www1.dshs.wa.gov/pdf/hrsa/mh/DMHP_Protocols.Final.pdf.
150. Webster C., Douglas K., Eaves D., Hart S. HCR-20: Assessing risk for violence (Version 2) 1997, Mental Health, Law, and Policy Institute, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.
151. Weisgram v. Marley Co., 528 U.S. 440 (2000).
152. West Virginia Code, § 27-6A-1 Mentally Ill Persons (2008).
153. Wettstein R. Quality and quality improvement in forensic mental health evaluations. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 2005, 33:158-175.
154. Wilson D., Mitchell O., MacKenzie D. A systematic review of drug court effects on recidivism. Journal of Experimental Criminology 2006, 2:459-487.
155. Procedure for obtaining competency evaluations 2004, Wisconsin Department of Health Services, Wisconsin Department of Health Services, Madison, Retrieved July 19, 2009, from http://dhs.wisconsin.gov/mentalhealth/competencytostandtrial/procedureforcompexams.htm.
156. Witt P., Conroy M.A. Evaluation of sexually violent predators 2009, Oxford University Press, New York.
157. Wrightsman L., Fulero S. Forensic psychology 2005, Thomson Wadsworth, Belmont, CA. 2nd ed.
158. Zapf P., Roesch R. Evaluation of competence to stand trial 2009, Oxford University Press, New York.
159. Zhang S., Roberts R., Callanan V. Preventing parolees from returning to prison through community-based reintegration. Crime & Delinquency 2006, 52:551-571.