Gas turbine engine emissions—part ii: Chemical properties of particulate matter

Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power

Volumn 132, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 1-15

  Knighton, W Berk ^b   Herndon, Scott C ^a   Wood, Ezra C ^a   Onasch, Timothy B ^a   Northway, Megan J ^a   Jayne, John T ^a   Canagaratna, Manjula R ^a   Lye, Richard C Miake ^a  

^a AERODYNE RESEARCH INC   (United States)

^b MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACCURATE ESTIMATION; AMBIENT AIR; ATMOSPHERIC PROCESS; COMPOSITIONAL ANALYSIS; ENGINE EXHAUST; ENGINE TECHNOLOGY; EXIT PLANES; FIELD CAMPAIGN; FUEL SULFUR; GAS TURBINE ENGINE; GAS TURBINE ENGINE EMISSIONS; GAS TURBINE EXHAUSTS; GASEOUS EMISSIONS; INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION; LOWER BOUNDS; LUBRICATION OIL; NON-VOLATILE; ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE; ORGANIC MASS; ORGANIC MATERIALS; PARTICLE MATERIALS; PARTICLE NUMBER EMISSION; PARTICULATE MATTER; POTENTIAL IMPACTS; SOOT EMISSIONS; VOLATILE ORGANIC;

AIR QUALITY; CHEMICAL PROPERTIES; CLIMATE CHANGE; CONVERSION EFFICIENCY; EXHAUST SYSTEMS (ENGINE); GAS EMISSIONS; GAS TURBINES; PARTICULATE EMISSIONS; SOOT; SULFUR; TURBOMACHINERY;

EXHAUST GASES;

EID: 77955233816     PISSN: 07424795     EISSN: 15288919     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1115/1.4000132     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Maricq, M. M., 2007, “Chemical Characterization of Particulate Emissions From Diesel Engines: A Review,” J. Aerosol Sci., 38, pp. 1079-1118.
2. Unal, A., Hu, Y., Chang, M. E., Odman, M. T., and Russel, A. G., 2005, “Airport Related Emissions and Impacts on Air Quality: Application to the Atlanta International Airport,” Atmos. Environ., 39, pp. 5787-5798.
3. Tesseraux, I., 2004, “Risk Factors of Jet Fuel Combustion Products,” Toxicol. Lett., 149, pp. 295-300.
4. Federal Aviation Administration, 2007, FAAAerospace Forecasts: Fiscal Years 2007-2020.
5. International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2007, Climate Change 2007, Cambridge University Press, New York.
6. Lee, D. S., Fahey, D. W., Forster, P M., Newton, P. J., Wit, R. C. N., Lim, L. L., Owen, B., and Sausen, R., 2009, “Aviation and Global Climate Change in the 21st Century,” Atmos. Environ., 43, pp. 3520-3537.
7. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), 1995, Engine Exhaust Emissions Data Bank, Document No. 9646-AN/943, Montreal, QC, Canada.
8. Anderson, B. E., Branham, H.-S., Hudgins, C. H., Plant, J. V., Ballenthin, J. O., Miller, T. M., Viggiano, A. A., Blake, D. R., Boudries, H., Canagaratna, M., Miake-Lye, R. C., Onasch, T. B., Wormhoudt, J. C., Worsnop, D. R., Brunik, K. E., Culler, C., Penko, P, Sanders, T., Han, H.-S., Lee, P, Pui, D. Y. H., Thornhill, K. L., and Winstead, E. L., 2005, “Experiment to Characterize Aircraft Volatile Aerosol and Trace-Species Emissions (EXCAVATE),” Report No. NASA/TM-2005-213783.
9. Anderson, B. E., Chen, G., and Blake, D. R., 2006, “Hydrocarbon Emissions From a Modern Commercial Airliner,” Atmos. Environ., 40, pp. 3601-3612.
10. Miller, T. M., Ballenthin, J. O., Viggiano, A. A., Anderson, B. E., and Wey, C. C., 2005, “Mass Distribution and Concentrations of Negative Chemiions in the Exhaust of a Jet Engine: Sulfuric Acid Concentrations and Observation of Particle Growth,” Atmos. Environ., 39, pp. 3069-3079.
11. Boudries, H., Canagaratna, M., Onasch, T., Worsnop, D., Wormhoudt, J., Miake-Lye, R., and Anderson, B., 2005, “Real Time Characterization of Aircraft Particulate Emission by an Aerosol Mass Spectrometer During EXCAVATE 2002,” Report No. NASA/TM-2005-213783.
12. Wey, C. C., Anderson, B. E., Wey, C., Miake-Lye, R. C., Whitefield, P, and Howard, R., 2007, “Overview on the Aircraft Particle Emissions Experiment,” J. Propul. Power, 23, pp. 897-905.
13. Lobo, P, Hagan, D. E., Whitefield, P. D., and Alofs, D. J., 2007, “Physical Characterization of Aerosol Emissions From a Commercial Gas Turbine Engine,” J. Propul. Power, 23, pp. 919-929.
14. Onasch, T. B., Jayne, J. T., Herndon, S. C., Mortimer, I. P, Worsnop, D. R., Miake-Lye, R. C., 2009, “Chemical Properties of Aircraft Engine Particulate Exhaust Emissions Sampled DuringAPEX,” J. Propul. Power, 25, 1121-1137.
15. Wormhoudt, J., Herndon, S. C., Yelvington, P E., Miake-Lye, R. C., and Wey, C., 2007, “Nitrogen Oxide (NO/NO2/HONO) Emissions Measurements in Aircraft Exhausts,” J. Propul. Power, 23, pp. 906-911.
16. Yelvington, P. E., Herndon, S. C., Wormhoudt, J. C., Jayne, J. T., Miake-Lye, R. C., Knighton, W. B., and Wey, C., 2007, “Chemical Speciation of Hydrocarbon Emissions From a Commercial Aircraft Engine,” J. Propul. Power, 23, pp. 912-918.
17. Dakhel, P. M., Lukachko, S. P, Waitz, I. A., Miake-Lye, R. C., and Brown, R. C., 2007, “Postcombustion Evolution of Soot Properties in an Aircraft Engine,” J. Propul. Power, 23, pp. 942-948.
18. Knighton, W. B., Rogers, T. M., Anderson, B. E., Herndon, S. C., Yelvington, P. E., and Miake-Lye, R. C., 2007, “Quantification of Aircraft Engine Hydrocarbon Emissions Using Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometry,” J. Propul. Power, 23, pp. 949-958.
19. Wey, T., and Liu, N.-S., 2007, “Modeling Jet Engine Aerosols in the Postcombustor Flow Path and Sampling System,” J. Propul. Power, 23, pp. 930-941.
20. Herndon, S. C., Onasch, T. B., Frank, B. P, Marr, L. C., Jayne, J. T., Canaga-ratna, M. R., Grygas, J., Lanni, T., Anderson, B. E., Worsnop, D., and Miake-Lye, R. C., 2005, “Particulate Emissions From In-Use Commercial Aircraft,” Aerosol Sci. Technol., 39, pp. 799-809.
21. Herndon, S. C., Jayne, J. T., Lobo, P., Onasch, T. B., Fleming, G., Hagen, D. E., Whitefield, P. D., and Miake-Lye, R. C., 2008, “Commercial Aircraft Engine Emissions Characterization of In-Use Aircraft at Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport,” Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, pp. 1877-1883.
22. Gysel, M., Nyeki, S., Weingartner, E., Baltensperger, U., Giebl, H., Hitzenberger, R., Petzold, A., and Wilson, C. W., 2003, “Properties of Jet Engine Combustion Particles During the PartEmis Experiment: Hygroscopicity at Subsaturated Conditions,” Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, p. 15-66.
23. Petzold, A., Fiebig, M., Fritzsche, L., Stein, C., Schumann, U., Wilson, C. W., Hurley, C. D., Arnold, F., Katragkou, E., Baltensperger, U., Gysel, M., Nyeki, S., Hitzenberger, R., Giebl, H., Hughes, K. J., Kurtenbach, R., Wiesen, P., Madden, P., Puxbaum, H., Vrchoticky, S., and Wahl, C., 2005, “Particle Emissions From Aircraft Engines-A Survey of the European Project PartEmis,” Meteorol. Z., 14, pp. 465-476.
24. Wilson, C. W., Petzold, A., Nyeki, S., Schumann, U., and Zellner, R., 2004, “Measurement and Prediction of Emissions of Aerosols and Gaseous Precursors From Gas Turbine Engines (PartEmis): An Overview,” Aerosp. Sci. Technol., 8, pp. 131-143.
25. Nyeki, S., Gysel, M., Weingartner, E., Baltensperger, U., Hitzenberger, R., Petzold, A., and Wilson, C. W., 2004, “Properties of Jet Engine Combustion Particles During the PartEmis Experiment: Particle Size Spectra (d > 15 nm) and Volatility,” Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, p. L18105.
26. Petzold, A., Stein, C., Nyeki, S., Gysel, M., Weingartner, E., Baltensperger, U., Giebl, H., Hitzenberger, R., Dopelheuer, A., Vrchoticky, S., Puxbaum, H., Johnson, M., Hurley, C. D., Marsh, R., and Wilson, C. W., 2003, “Properties of Jet Engine Combustion Particles During the PartEmis Experiment: Microphysics and Chemistry,” Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, pp. 1719.
27. Petzold, A., Gysel, M., Vancassel, X., Hitzenberger, R., Puxbaum, H., Vro-chticky, S., Weingartner, E., Baltensperger, U., and Mirabel, P., 2005, “On the Effects of Organic Matter and Sulphur-Containing Compounds on the CCN Activation of Combustion Particles,” Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, pp. 3187-3203.
28. Katragkou, E., Wilhelm, S., Arnold, F., and Wilson, C., 2004, “First Gaseous Sulfur [VI] Measurements in the Simulated Internal Flow of an Aircraft Engine During Project PartEmis,” Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, p. 102-117.
29. Rogers, F., Arnott, P., Zielinska, B., Sagebiel, J., Kelly, K. E., Wagner, D., Lighty, J. S., and Sarofim, A. F., 2005, “Real-Time Measurements of Jet Aircraft Engine Exhaust,” J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 55, pp. 583-593.
30. Corporan, E., Monroig, O., Wagner, M., and DeWitt, M. J., 2004, “Influence of Fuel Chemical Composition on Particulate Matter Emissions of a Turbine Engine,” Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo, pp. 1-11.
31. Corporan, E., DeWitt, M. J., Belovich, V., Pawlik, R., Lynch, A. C., Gord, J. R., and Meyer, T. R., 2007, “Emissions Characteristics of a Turbine Engine and Research Combustor Burning a Fischer-Tropsch Jet Fuel,” Energy Fuels, 21, pp. 2615-2626.
32. Corporan, E., Quick, A., and DeWitt, M. J., 2008, “Characterization of Particulate Matter and Gaseous Emissions of a C-130H Aircraft,” J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 58, pp. 474-483.
33. Schumann, U., Arnold, F., Busen, R., Curtius, J., Karcher, B., Kiendler, A., Petzold, A., Schlager, H., Schroder, F., and Wohlfrom, K. H., 2002, “Influence of Fuel Sulfur on the Composition of Aircraft Exhaust Plumes: The Experiments SULFUR 1-7,” J. Geophys. Res., 107, p. 42-47.
34. Busen, R., and Buck, A. L., 1995, “Visible Contrail Formation From Fuels With Different Sulfur Contents,” Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, pp. 1357-1360.
35. Schumann, U., Ström, J., Busen, R., Baumann, R., Gierens, K., Krautstrunk, M., Schröder, F., and Stingl, P J., 1996, “In Situ Observations of Particles in Jet Aircraft Exhausts and Contrails for Different Sulfur-Containing Fuels,” J. Geophys. Res., 101, pp. 6853-6869.
36. Brock, C. A., Schröder, F., Karcher, B., Petzold, A., Busen, R., and Fiebig, M., 2000, “Ultrafine Particle Size Distributions Measured in Aircraft Exhaust Plumes,” J. Geophys. Res., 105, pp. 26555-26567.
37. Paladino, J., Whitefield, P., Hagen, D., Hopkins, A. R., and Trueblood, M., 1998, “Particle Concentration Characterization for Jet Engine Emissions Under Cruise Conditions,” Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, pp. 1697-1700.
38. Toon, O. B., and Miake-Lye, R. C., 1998, “Subsonic Aircraft: Contrail and Cloud Effects Special Study (SUCCESS),” Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, pp. 1109-1112.
39. Anderson, B. E., Cofer, W. R., Bagwell, D. R., Barrick, J. W., Hudgins, C. H., and Brunke, K. E., 1998, “Airborn Observations of AircraftAerosol Emissions 1: Total Nonvolatile Particle Emission Indices,” Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, pp. 1689-1692.
40. Timko, M. T., Herndon, S. C., Wood, E. C., Onasch, T. B., Northway, M. J., Jayne, J. T., Canagaratna, M. R., Miake-Lye, R. C., and Knighton, W. B., 2010, “Gas Turbine Engine Emissions-Part I: Volatile Organic Compounds and Nitrogen Oxides,” ASME J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, 132(6), p. 61-504.
41. Wey, C. C., Anderson, B. E., Hudgins, C., Wey, C., Li-Jones, X., Winstead, E., Thornhill, L. K., Lobo, P., Hagen, D., Whitefield, P, Yelvington, P. E., Herndon, S. C., Onasch, T. B., Miake-Lye, R. C., Wormhoudt, J., Knighton, W. B., Howard, R., Bryant, D., Corporan, E., Moses, C., Holve, D., and Dodds, W., 2006, “Aircraft Particle Emissions Experiment (APEX),” Report No. NASA/TM-2006-214382.
42. Liscinsky, D., and Anderson, B. E., “Particle Matter Measurement Methodology for Aircraft,” unpublished.
43. Petzold, A., Schloesser, H., Sheridan, P. J., Arnott, W., Ogren, J. A., and Virkkula, A., 2005, “Evaluation of Multiangle Absorption Photometry for Measuring Aerosol Light Absorption,” Aerosol Sci. Technol., 39, pp. 40-51.
44. Petzold, A., and Schönlinner, M., 2004, “Multi-Angle Absorption Photometry: A New Method for the Measurement of Aerosol Light Absorption and Atmospheric Black Carbon,” J. Aerosol Sci., 35, pp. 421-441.
45. Jayne, J. T., Leard, D. C., Zhang, X. F., Davidovits, P., Smith, K. A., Kolb, C. E., and Worsnop, D. R., 2000, “Development of an Aerosol Mass Spectrometer for Size and Composition Analysis of Submicron Particles,” Aerosol Sci. Technol., 33, pp. 49-70.
46. Canagaratna, M. R., Jayne, J. T., Jimenez, J. L., Allan, J. D., Alfarra, M. R., Zhang, Q., Onasch, T. B., Drewnick, F., Coe, H., Middlebrook, A., Delia, A., Williams, L. R., Trimborn, A.M., Northway, M.J., DeCarlo, P. F., Kolb, C. E., Davidovits, P., and Worsnop, D. R., 2007, “Chemical and Microphysical Characterization of Ambient Aerosols With the Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer,” Mass Spectrom. Rev., 26, pp. 185-222.
47. Drewnick, F., Hings, S. S., DeCarlo, P. F., Jayne, J. T., Gonin, M., Fuhrer, K., Weimer, S., Jimenez, J. L., Demerjian, K. L., Borrmann, S., and Worsnop, D. R., 2005, “A New Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (ToF-AMS)-Instrument Description and First Field Deployment,” Aerosol Sci. Technol., 39, pp. 637-658.
48. Liu, P., Ziemann, P. J., Kittelson, D. B., and McMurry, P H., 1995, “Generating Particle Beams of Controlled Dimensions and Divergence: I. Theory of Particle Motion in Aerodynamic Lenses and Nozzle Expansions,” Aerosol Sci. Technol., 22, pp. 293-313.
49. Liu, P., Ziemann, P. J., Kittelson, D. B., and McMurry, P. H., 1995b, “Generating Particle Beams of Controlled Dimensions and Divergence: II. Experimental Evaluation of Particle Motion in Aerodynamic Lenses and Nozzle Expansions,” Aerosol Sci. Technol., 22, pp. 314-324.
50. Liu, P. S. K., Deng, R., Smith, K. A., Williams, L. R., Jayne, J. T., Canagar-atna, M. R., Moore, K., Onasch, T. B., Worsnop, D. R., and Deshler, T., 2007, “Transmission Efficiency of an Aerodynamic Focusing Lens System: Comparison of Model Calculations and Laboratory Measurements for the Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer,” Aerosol Sci. Technol., 41, pp. 721-733.
51. DeCarlo, P. F., Kimmel, J. R., Trimborn, A., Northway, M. J., Jayne, J. T., Aiken, A. C., Gonin, M., Fuhrer, K., Horvath, T., Docherty, K. S., Worsnop, D. R., and Jimenez, J. L., 2006, “Field-Deployable, High-Resolution, Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer,” Anal. Chem., 78, pp. 8281-8289.
52. Allan, J. D., Coe, H., Bower, K. N., Alfarra, M. R., Delia, A. E., Jimenez, J. L., Middlebrook, A. M., Drewnick, F., Onasch, T. B., Canagaratna, M. R., Jayne, J. T., and Worsnop, D. R., 2004, “Technical Note: Extraction of Chemically Resolved Mass Spectra From Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer Data,” J. Aerosol Sci., 35, pp. 909-922.
53. DeCarlo, P, Slowik, J. G., Worsnop, D. R., Davidovits, P, and Jiménez, J. L., 2004, “Particle Morphology and Density Characterization by Combined Mobility and Aerodynamic Diameter Measurements. Part 1: Theory,” Aerosol Sci. Technol., 38, pp. 1185-1205.
54. Slowik, J. G., Stainken, K., Davidovits, P., Williams, L. R., Jayne, J. T., Kolb, C. E., Worsnop, D. R., Rudich, Y., DeCarlo, P, and Jiménez, J. L., 2004, “Particle Morphology and Density Characterization by Combined Mobility and Aerodynamic Diameter Measurements. Part 2: Application to Combustion Generated Soot Aerosols as a Function of Fuel Equivalence Ratio,” Aerosol Sci. Technol., 38, pp. 1206-1222.
55. Herndon, S. C., Rogers, T., Dunlea, E. J., Jayne, J. T., Miake-Lye, R., and Knighton, B., 2006, “Hydrocarbon Emissions From In-Use Commercial Aircraft During Airport Operations,” Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, pp. 4406-4413.
56. Bevington, P. R., and Robinson, D. K., 1992, Data Reduction and Error Analysis in the Physical Sciences, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, Chap. 3.
57. Yang, Y., Boehman, A. L., and Santoro, R. J., 2007, “A Study of Jet Fuel Sooting Tendency Using the Threshold Sooting Index (TSI) Model,” Combust. Flame, 149, pp. 191-205.
58. Sampath, P., Gratton, M., Kretschmer, D., and Odgers, J., 1986, “Fuel Property Effects Upon Exhaust Smoke and the Weak Extinction Characteristics of the Pratt and Whitney PT6A-65 Engine,” ASME J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, 108, pp. 175-181.
59. Pande, S. G., and Hardy, D. R., 1995, “An In-Depth Evaluation of Combustion Performance Predictors of Aviation Fuels Sooting Tendencies,” Energy Fuels, 9, pp. 448-457.
60. Lefebvre, A. H., 1998, Gas Turbine Combustion, Taylor & Francis, AnnArbor, MI, Chap. 9.
61. Lukachko, S. P., Waitz, I. A., Miake-Lye, R. C., and Brown, R. C., 2008, “Engine Design and Operational Impacts on Particulate Matter Precursor Emissions,” ASME J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, 130, p. 201-505.
62. Kolb, C. E., Jayne, J. T., Worsnop, D. R., Molina, M. J., Meads, R. F., and Viggiano, A. A., 1994, “Gas Phase Reaction of Sulfur Trioxide With Water Vapor,” J. Am. Chem. Soc., 116, pp. 10314-10315.
63. Zhang, D., and Zhang, R., 2005, “Laboratory Investigation of Heterogeneous Interaction of Sulfuric Acid With Soot,” Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, pp. 5722-5728.
64. Karcher, B., 1998, “Physicochemistry of Aircraft-Generated Liquid Aerosols, Soot, and Ice Particles. 1. Model Descriptions,” J. Geophys. Res., 103, pp. 17111-17128.
65. Curtius, J., Arnold, F., and Schulte, P, 2002, “Sulfuric Acid Measurements in the Exhaust Plume of a Jet Aircraft in Flight: Implications for the Sulfuric Acid Formation Efficiency,” Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, pp. 11-13.
66. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), 1998, “Standard Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum Products by Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry,” ASTM Paper No. 4294-98, pp. 1-5.
67. Winder, C., and Balouet, J. C., 2002, “The Toxicity of Commercial Jet Oils,” Environ. Res., 89, pp. 146-164.
68. van Netten, C., and Leung, V., 2001, “Hydraulic Fluids and Jet Engine Oil: Pyrolysis and Aircraft Air Quality,” Arch. Environ. Health, 56, pp. 181-186.
69. Craig, P. H., and Barth, M. L., 1999, “Evaluation of the Hazards of Industrial Exposure to Tricresyl Phosphate: A Review and Interpretation of the Literature,” J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 2, pp. 281-300.
70. Mackerer, C. R., Barth, M. L., Krueger, A. J., Chawla, B., and Roy, T. A., 1999, “Comparison of Neurotoxic Effects and Potential Risks From Oral Administration or Ingestion of Tricresyl Phosphate and Jet Engine Oil Containing Tricresyl Phosphate,” J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A, 56, pp. 293-328.
71. Wyman, J., Pitzer, E., Williams, F., Rivera, J., Durkin, A., Gehringer, J., Serve, P, Vonminden, D., and Macys, D., 1993, “Evaluation of Shipboard Formation of a Neurotoxicant (Trimethylpropane Phosphate) From Thermal Decomposition of Synthetic Aircraft Engine Lubricant,” Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 54, pp. 584-592.
72. Canagaratna, M. R., Jayne, J. T., Ghertner, D. A., Herndon, S., Shi, Q., Jimenez, J. L., Silva, P. J., Williams, P, Lanni, T., Drewnick, F., Demerjian, K. L., Kolb, C. E., and Worsnop, D. R., 2004, “Chase Studies of Particulate Emissions From In-Use New York City Vehicles,” Aerosol Sci. Technol., 38, pp. 555-573.
73. Wong, H.-W., Yelvington, P. E., Timko, M. T., Onasch, T. B., and Miake-Lye, R. C., 2008, “Microphysical Modeling of Ground-Level Aircraft-Emitted Aerosol Formation: Roles of Sulfur-Containing Species,” J. Propul. Power, 24, pp. 590-602.
74. Zhang, R., Suh, I., Zhao, J., Zhang, D., Fortner, E. C., Tie, X., Molina, L. T., and Molina, M. J., 2004, “Atmospheric New Particle Formation Enhanced by Organic Acids,” Science, 304, pp. 1487-1490.