Chapter 12 inhibitors of GPI biosynthesis

Enzymes

Volumn 26, Issue C, 2009, Pages 247-267

  Smith, Terry K ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ST ANDREWS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EUKARYOTA;

EID: 77954849545     PISSN: 18746047     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S1874-6047(09)26012-4     Document Type: Review

References (108)

1. Nagamune K., Nozaki T., Maeda Y., Ohishi K., Fukuma T., Hara T., Schwarz R.T., Sutterlin C., Brun R., Riezman H., Kinoshita T. Critical roles of glycosylphosphatidylinositol for Trypanosoma brucei. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000, 97:10336-10341.
2. McConville M.J., Menon A.K. Recent developments in the cell biology and biochemistry of glycosylphosphatidylinositol lipids. Mol Membr Biol 2000, 17:1-16.
3. Morita Y.S., Acosta-Serrano A., Englund P.T. The biosynthesis of GPI anchors. Oligosaccharides in Chemistry and Biology-A comprehensive Handbook 2000, 417-433. Wiley, VCH, Weinheim, Germany. P. Ernst, P. Sinay, G. Hart (Eds.).
4. Ferguson M.A.J., Brimacombe J.S., Brown J.R., Crossman A., Dix A., Field R.A., Guther M.L., Milne K.G., Sharma D.K., Smith T.K. The GPI biosynthetic pathway as a therapeutic target for African sleeping sickness. Biochim Biophys Acta 1999, 1455:327-340.
5. Ferguson M.A.J. The structure, biosynthesis and functions of glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors, and the contributions of trypanosome research. J Cell Sci 1999, 112:2799-2809.
6. Lisanti M.P., Caras I.W., Rodriguez-Boulan E. Fusion proteins containing a minimal GPI-attachment signal are apically expressed in transfected MDCK cells. J Cell Sci 1991, 99:637-640.
7. Tachado S.D., Gerold P., McConville M.J., Baldwin T., Quilici D., Schwarz R.T., Schofield L. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol toxin of Plasmodium induces nitric oxide synthase expression inmacrophages and vascular endothelial cells by a protein tyrosine kinase-dependent and protein kinasec-dependent signaling pathway. J Immunol 1996, 156:1897-1907.
8. Noda M., Yoon K., Rodan G.A., Koppel D.E. High lateral mobility of endogenous and transfected alkaline phosphatase: a phosphatidylinositol-anchored membrane protein. J Cell Biol 1987, 105:1671-1677.
9. Nozaki M., Ohishi K., Yamada N., Kinoshita T., Nagy A., Takeda J. Developmental abnormalities of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor-deficient embryos revealed by Cre/loxp system. Lab Invest 1999, 79:293-299.
10. Almeida A.M., Murakami Y., Layton D.M., Hillmen P., Sellick G.S., Maeda Y., Richards S., Patterson S., Kotsianidis I., Mollica L., Crawford D.H., Baker A., et al. Hypomorphic promoter mutation in PIGM causes inherited glycosylphosphatidylinositol deficiency. Nat Med 2006, 12:846-851.
11. Diep D.B., Nelson K.L., Raja S.M., Pleshak E.N., Buckley J.T. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors of membrane glycoproteins are binding determinants for the channel-forming toxin aerolysin. J Biol Chem 1998, 273:2355-2360.
12. Gordon V.M., Nelson K.L., Buckley J.T., Stevens V.L., Tweten R.K., Elwood P.C., Leppla S.H. Clostridium septicum alpha toxin uses glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein receptors. J Biol Chem 1999, 274:27274-27280.
13. Leidich S.D., Drapp D.A., Orlean P. A conditionally lethal yeast mutant blocked at the first step in glycosyl phosphatidylinositol anchor synthesis. J Biol Chem 1994, 269:10193-10196.
14. Pittet M., Conzelmann A. Biosynthesis and function of GPI proteins in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochim Biophys Acta 2006, 1771(3):405-420.
15. Kollar R., Reinhold B.B., Petrakova E., Yeh H.J., Ashwell G., Drgonova J., Kapteyn J.C., Klis F.M., Cabib E. Architecture of the yeast cell wall. β 1-6-glucan interconnects mannoprotein, β1-3-glucan, and chitin. J Biol Chem 1997, 272:17762-17775.
16. Nagamune K., Nozaki T., Maeda Y., Ohishi K., Fukuma T., Hara T., Schwarz R.T., Sutterlin C., Brun R., Riezman H., Kinoshita T. Critical roles of glycosylphosphatidylinositol for Trypanosoma brucei. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000, 97(19):10336-10341.
17. Smith T.K., Crossman A., Brimacombe J.S., Ferguson M.A. Chemical validation of GPI biosynthesis as a drug target against African sleeping sickness. EMBO J 2004, 23(23):4701-4708.
18. Cross G.A.M. Antigenic variation in trypanosomes: secrets surface slowly. Bioessays 1996, 18:283-291.
19. Ferguson M.A.J. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol biosynthesis validated as a drug target for African sleeping sickness. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000, 97:10673-10675.
20. Orlean P., Menon A.K. Thematic review series: lipid posttranslational modifications. GPI anchoring of protein in yeast and mammalian cells, or: how we learned to stop worrying and love glycophospholipids. J Lipid Res 2007, 48:993-1011.
21. Smith T.K., Milne F.C., Sharma D.K., Crossman A., Brimacombe J.S., Ferguson M.A. Early steps in glycosylphosphatidylinositol biosynthesis in Leishmania major. Biochem J 1997, 326:393-400.
22. Smith T.K., Kimmel J., Azzouz N., Shams-Eldin H., Schwarz R.T. The role of inositol-acylation and inositol-deacylation in the Toxoplasma gondii glycosylphosphatidylinositol biosynthetic pathway. JBC 2007, 282(44):32032-32042.
23. Tomavo S., Dubremetz J.F., Schwarz R.T. Biosynthesis of glycolipid precursors for glycosylphosphatidylinositol membrane anchors in a Toxoplasma gondii cell-free system. J Biol Chem 1992, 267:21446-21458.
24. Gerold P., Jung N., Azzouz N., Freiberg N., Kobe S., Schwarz R.T. Biosynthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositols of Plasmodium falciparum in a cell-free incubation system: inositol acylation is needed for mannosylation of glycosylphosphatidylinositols. Biochem J 1999, 344:731-738.
25. Chen R., Walter E.I., Parker G., Lapurga J.P., Millan J.L., Ikehara Y., Udenfriend S., Medof M.E. Mammalian glycophosphatidylinositol anchor transfer to proteins and posttransfer deacylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998, 95:9512-9517.
26. Canivenc-Gansel E., Imhof I., Reggiori F., Burda P., Conzelmann A., Benachour A. GPI anchor biosynthesis in yeast: phosphoethanolamine is attached to the a1,4-linked mannose of the complete precursor glycophospholipid. Glycobiology 1998, 8:761-770.
27. Puoti A., Desponds C., Fankhauser C., Conzelmann A. Characterization of glycophospholipid intermediate in the biosynthesis of glycophosphatidylinositol anchors accumulating in the Thy-1-negative lymphoma line SIA-b. J Biol Chem 1991, 266:21051-21059.
28. Watanabe R., Inoue N., Westfall B., Taron C.H., Orlean P., Takeda J., Kinoshita T. The first step of glycosylphosphatidylinositol biosynthesis is mediated by a complex of PIG-A, PIG-H, PIG-C and GPI1. EMBO J 1998, 17:877-885.
29. Watanabe R., Murakami Y., Marmor M.D., Inoue N., Maeda Y., Hino J., Kangawa K., Julius M., Kinoshita T. Initial enzyme for glycosylphosphatidylinositol biosynthesis requires PIG-P and is regulated by DPM2. EMBO J 2000, 19:4402-4411.
30. Leidich S.D., Kostova Z., Latek R.R., Costello L.C., Drapp D.A., Gray W., Fassler J.S., Orlean P. Temperature-sensitive yeast GPI anchoring mutants gpi2 and gpi3 are defective in the synthesis of N-acetylglucosaminyl phosphatidylinositol. Cloning of the GPI2 gene. J Biol Chem 1995, 270:13029-13035.
31. Schonbachler M., Horvath A., Fassler J., Riezman H. The yeast spt14 gene is homologous to the human PIG-A gene and is required for GPI anchor synthesis. EMBO J 1995, 14:1637-1645.
32. Inoue N., Watanabe R., Takeda J., Kinoshita T. PIG-C, one of the three human genes involved in the first step of glycosylphosphatidylinositol biosynthesis is a homologue of Saccharomyces cerevisiae GPI2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1996, 226:193-199.
33. Shams-Eldin H., Azzouz N., Kedees M.H., Orlean P., Kinoshita T., Schwarz R.T. The GPI1 homologue from Plasmodium falciparum complements a Saccharomyces cerevisiae GPI1 anchoring mutant. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2002, 120:73-81.
34. Milne K.G., Ferguson M.A., Masterson W.J. Inhibition of the GlcNAc transferase of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor biosynthesis in African trypanosomes. Eur J Biochem 1992, 208:309-314.
35. Martin K., Smith T.K. Phosphatidylinositol synthase is essential in Trypanosoma brucei. Biochem J 2006, 396:287-295.
36. Martin K., Smith T.K. The role of de novo synthesis of myo-inositol in Trypanosoma brucei. Mol Microbiol 2006, 61(1):89-105.
37. Sharma D.K., Smith T.K., Crossman A., Brimacombe J.S., Ferguson M.A. Substrate specificity of the N-acetylglucosaminyl-phosphatidylinositol de-N-acetylase of glycosylphosphatidylinositol membrane anchor biosynthesis in African trypanosomes and human cells. Biochem J 1997, 328:171-177.
38. Sharma D.K., Smith T.K., Weller C.T., Crossman A., Brimacombe J.S., Ferguson M.A. Differences between the trypanosomal and human GlcNAc-PI de-N-acetylases of glycosylphosphatidylinositol membrane anchor biosynthesis. Glycobiology 1999, 9:415-422.
39. Smith T.K., Crossman A., Borissow C.N., Paterson M.J., Dix A., Brimacombe J.S., Ferguson M.A. Specificity of glcnac-PI de-N-acetylase of GPI biosynthesis and synthesis of parasite-specific suicide substrate inhibitors. EMBO J 2001, 20:3322-3332.
40. Smith T.K., Gerold P., Crossman A., Paterson M.J., Borissow C.N., Brimacombe J.S., Ferguson M.A.J., Schwarz R.T. Substrate Specificity of the Plasmodium falciparum glycosylphosphatidylinositol biosynthetic pathway and inhibition by species specific suicide substrates. Biochemistry 2002, 41:12395-12406.
41. Smith T.K., Crossman A., Paterson M.J., Borissow C.N., Brimacombe J.S., Ferguson M.A. Specificities of enzymes of glycosylphosphatidylinositol biosynthesis in Trypanosoma brucei and HeLa cells. J Biol Chem 2002, 277:37147-37153.
42. Smith T.K., Sharma D.K., Crossman A., Brimacombe J.S., Ferguson M.A. Selective inhibitors of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol biosynthetic pathway of Trypanosoma brucei. EMBO J 1999, 18:5922-5930.
43. Smith T.K., Sharma D.K., Crossman A., Dix A., Brimacombe J.S., Ferguson M.A. Parasite and mammalian GPI biosynthetic pathways can be distinguished using synthetic substrate analogues. EMBO J 1997, 16:6667-6675.
44. Urbaniak M.D., Yashunsky D.V., Crossman A., Nikolaev A.V., Ferguson M.A.J. Probing enzymes late in the Trypanosomal GPI biosynthetic pathway with synthetic GPI analogues. Chem Biol 2008, 3(10):625-634.
45. Urbaniak M.D., Crossman A., Chang T., Smith T.K., Van Aalten D., Ferguson M.A.J. The N-acetyl-d-glucosaminyl-phosphatidylinositol de-N-acetylase of glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol biosynthesis is a zinc metalloenzyme. JBC 2005, 280(24):22831-22838.
46. Urbaniak M.D., Crossman A., Ferguson M.A.J. Synthesis of 1-d-6-O-[2-(N-hydroxyaminocarbonyl) amino-2-deoxy-α-d-glucopyranosyl]-myo-inositol 1-(n-octyldecyl phosphate): a potential metalloenzyme inhibitor of GPI biosynthesis 2008, 343(9):1478-1481.
47. Guther M.L., Ferguson M.A. The role of inositol acylation and inositol deacylation in GPI biosynthesis in Trypanosoma brucei. EMBO J 1995, 14:3080-3093.
48. Field M.C. Inositol acylation of glycosylphosphatidylinositol. Glycoconj J 1992, 9:155-159.
49. Masterson W.J., Ferguson M.A. Phenylmethanesulphonyl fluoride inhibits GPI anchor biosynthesis in the African trypanosome. EMBO J 1991, 10:2041-2045.
50. Guther M.L., Masterson W.J., Ferguson M.A. The effects of phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride on inositol-acylation and fatty acid remodeling in African trypanosomes. J Biol Chem 1994, 269:18694-18701.
51. Smith T.K., Crossman A., Brimacombe J.S., Ferguson M.A.J. Chemical validation of GPI biosynthesis as a drug target African sleeping sickness. EMBO J 2004, 23(23):4701-4708.
52. Maeda Y., Watanabe R., Harris C.L., Hong Y., Ohishi K., Kinoshita K., Kinoshita T. PIG-M transfers the first mannose to glycosylphosphatidylinositol on the lumenal side of the ER. EMBO J 2001, 20:250-261.
53. Takahashi M., Inoue N., Ohishi K., Maeda Y., Nakamura N., Endo Y., Fujita T., Takeda J., Kinoshita T. PIG-B, a membrane protein of the endoplasmic reticulum with a large lumenal domain, is involved in transferring the third mannose of the GPI anchor. EMBO J 1996, 15:4254-4261.
54. Sutterlin C., Escribano M.V., Gerold P., Maeda Y., Mazon M.J., Kinoshita T., Schwarz R.T., Riezman H. Saccharomyces cerevisiae GPI10, the functional homologue of human PIG-B, is required for glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor synthesis. Biochem J 1998, 332:153-159.
55. Waechter C.J., Lucas J.J., Lennarz W.J. Membrane glycoproteins. I. Enzymatic synthesis of mannosyl phosphoryl polyisoprenol and its role as a mannosyl donor in glycoprotein synthesis. J Biol Chem 1973, 248:7570-7579.
56. Banerjee D.K. Amphomycin inhibits mannosylphosphoryldolichol synthesis by forming a complex with dolichylmonophosphate. J Biol Chem 1989, 264:2024-2028.
57. Odenthal-Schnittler M., Tomavo S., Becker D., Dubremetz J.F., Schwarz R.T. Evidence for N-linked glycosylation in Toxoplasma gondii. Biochem J 1993, 291:713-721.
58. Dieckmann-Schuppert A., Bender S., Odenthal-Schnittler M., Bause E., Schwarz R.T. Apparent lack of N-glycosylation in the asexual intraerythrocytic stages of Plasmodium falciparum. Eur J Biochem 1992, 205:815-825.
59. Kimura E.A., Couto A.S., Peres V.J., Casal O.L., Katzin A.M. N-linked glycoproteins are related to schizogony of the intraerythrocytic stage in Plasmodium falciparum. J Biol Chem 1996, 271:14452-14461.
60. Oliver G.J., Harrison J., Hemming F.W. The mannosylation of dolichol-diphosphate oligosaccharides in relation to the formation of oligosaccharides and glycoproteins in pig-liver endoplasmic reticulum. Eur J Biochem 1975, 58:223-229.
61. Vidugiriene J., Menon A.K. Early lipid intermediates in glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol anchor assembly are synthesized in the ER and located in the cytoplasmic leaflet of the ER membrane bilayer. J Cell Biol 1993, 121:987-996.
62. Datema R., Schwarz R.T., Jankowski A.W. Fluoroglucose-inhibition of protein glycosylation in vivo. Inhibition of mannose and glucose incorporation into lipid-linked oligosaccharides. Eur J Biochem 1980, 109:331-341.
63. Datema R., Schwarz R.T., Winkler J. Glycosylation of influenza virus proteins in the presence of fluoroglucose occurs via a different pathway. Eur J Biochem 1980, 110:355-361.
64. Datema R., Schwarz R.T. Formation of 2-deoxyglucose-containing lipid-linked oligosaccharides. Interference with glycosylation of glycoproteins. Eur J Biochem 1978, 90:505-516.
65. Udeinya I.J., Van Dyke K. 2-Deoxyglucose: inhibition of parasitemia and of glucosamine incorporation into glycosylated macromolecules, in malarial parasites (Plasmodium falciparum). Pharmacology 1981, 23:171-175.
66. Santos de Macedo C., Gerold P., Jung N., Azzouz N., Kimmel J., Schwarz R.T. Inhibition of glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol biosynthesis in Plasmodium falciparum by C-2 substituted mannose analogues. Eur J Biochem 2001, 268:6221-6228.
67. Sevlever D., Rosenberry T.L. Mannosamine inhibits the synthesis of putative glycoinositol phospholipid anchor precursors in mammalian cells without incorporating into an accumulate intermediate. J Biol Chem 1993, 268:10938-10945.
68. Pan Y.T., De Gespari R., Warren C.D., Elbein A.D. Formation of unusual mannosamine-containing lipid-linked oligosaccharides in Madin-Darby canine kidney cell cultures. J Biol Chem 1992, 267:8991-8999.
69. Pan Y.T., Kamitani T., Bhuvaneswaran C., Hallaq Y., Warren C., Yeh E.T.H., Elbein A.D. Inhibition of glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor formation by mannosamine. J Biol Chem 1992, 267:21250-21255.
70. Lisanti M.P., Field M.C., Caras W., Menon A.K., Rodriguez-Boulan E. Mannosamine, a novel inhibitor of glycosylphosphatidylinositol incorporation into proteins. EMBO J 1991, 10:1969-1977.
71. Ralton J.E., Milne K.G., Guther M.L., Field R.A., Ferguson M.A.J. The mechanism of inhibition of glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor biosynthesis in Trypanosoma brucei by mannosamine. J Biol Chem 1993, 268:24183-24189.
72. Field M.C., Medina-Acosta E., Cross G.A.M. Inhibition of glycosylphosphatidylinositol biosynthesis in Leishmania mexicana by mannosamine. J Biol Chem 1993, 268:9570-9577.
73. Naik R.S., Davidson E.A., Gowda D.C. Developmental stage-specific biosynthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors in intraerythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum and its inhibition in a novel manner by mannosamine. J Biol Chem 2000, 275:24506-24511.
74. Azzouz N., Macedo C.S., Smith T.K., Schwarz R.T. Mannnosamine can replace glucosamine in GPIs of Plasmodiumn falciparum in vitro. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2005, 142:12-24.
75. Yang X., Ryals P.E. Cytodifferentiation in Tetrahymena vorax is linked to glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchored protein assembly. Biochem J 1994, 298:697-703.
76. Kovacs P., Csaba G. Effects of the amino sugars, glucosamine, mannosamine, or the fluorinated derivative 2-deoxy-fluoroglucose on the phosphatidylinositol and glycosyl phosphatidyl inositol systems of Tetrahymena. Microbios 1997, 89:91-104.
77. Smith T.K., Cottaz S., Brimacombe J.S., Ferguson M.A. Substrate specificity of the dolichol phosphate mannose: glucosaminyl phosphatidylinositol alpha1-4-mannosyltransferase of the GPI biosynthetic pathway of African trypanosomes. J Biol Chem 1996, 271:6476-6482.
78. Smith T.K., Paterson M.J., Crossman A., Brimacombe J.S., Ferguson M.A. Parasite-specific inhibition of the GPI biosynthetic pathway by stereoisomeric substrate analogues. Biochemistry 2000, 39:11801-11807.
79. Mayer T.G., Weingart R., Munstermann F., Kawada T., Kuurzchalia T., Scmidt R.R. Synthesis of labeled GPI anchors. Eur J Org Chem 1999, 10:2563-2571.
80. Brown J.R., Guther M.L., Field R.A., Ferguson M.A. Hydrophobic mannosides act as acceptors for trypanosome α-mannosyltransferases. Glycobiology 1997, 7:549-558.
81. Sutterlin C., Horvath A., Gerold P., Schwarz R.T., Wang Y., Dreyfuss M., Riezman H. Identification of a species-specific inhibitor of glycosylphosphatidylinositol synthesis. EMBO J 1997, 16:6374-6383.
82. Canivenc-Gansel E., Imhof I., Reggiori F., Burda P., Conzelmann A., Benachour A. GPI anchor biosynthesis in yeast: phosphoethanolamine is attached to the alpha1,4-linked mannose of the complete precursor glycophospholipid. Glycobiology 1998, 8:761-770.
83. Kamitani T., Menon A.K., Hallaq Y., Warren C.D., Yeh E.T. Complexity of ethanolamine phosphate addition in the biosynthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors in mammalian cells. J Biol Chem 1992, 267:24611-24619.
84. Hirose S., Prince G.M., Sevlever D., Ravi L., Rosenberry T.L., Ueda E., Medof M.E. Characterization of putative GPI anchor precursors in mammalian cells. Localization of phosphoethanolamine. J Biol Chem 1992, 267:16968-16974.
85. de Lederkremer R.M. Structural features of the lipopeptidophosphoglycan from Trypanosoma cruzi common with the glycophosphatidylinositol anchors. Eur J Biochem 1990, 192:337-345.
86. Mann K.J., Sevlever D. 1,10-Phenanthroline inhibits glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchoring by preventing phosphoethanolamine addition to GPI anchor precursors. Biochemistry 2001, 40:1205-1213.
87. Sevlever D., Mann K.J., Medof M.E. Differential effect of 1,10-phenanthroline on mammalian, yeast, and parasite glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor synthesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001, 288:1112-1118.
88. Chen R., Walter E.I., Parker G., Lapurga J.P., Millan J.L., Ikehara Y., Udenfriend S., Medof M.E. Mammalian GPI anchor transfer to proteins and post- transfer deacylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998, 95:9512-9517.
89. Tanaka S., Maeda Y., Tashima Y., Kinoshita T. Inositol deacylation of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins is mediated by mammalian PGAP1 and yeast Bst1p. J Biol Chem 2004, 279:14256-14263.
90. Masterson W.J., Raper J., Doering T.L., Hart G.W., Englund P.T. Fatty acid remodeling: a novel reaction sequence in the biosynthesis of trypanosome glycosyl phosphatidylinositol membrane anchors. Cell 1990, 62:73-80.
91. Doering T.L., Raper J., Buxbaum L.U., Adams S.P., Gordon J.I., Hart G.W., Englund P.T. An analog of myristic acid with selective toxicity for African trypanosomes. Science 1991, 252:1851-1854.
92. Doering T.L., Lu T., Werbovetz K.A., Gokel G.W., Hart G.W., Gordon J.I., Englund P.T. Toxicity of myristic acid analogs toward African trypanosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994, 91:9735-9739.
93. Ralton J.E., McConville M.J. Delineation of three pathways of glycosylphosphatidylinositol biosynthesis in Leishmania mexicana. Precursors from different pathways are assembled on distinct pools of phosphatidylinositol and undergo fatty acid remodelling. J Biol Chem 1998, 273:4245-4257.
94. Singh N., Zoeller R.A., Tykocinski M.L., Lazarow P.B., Tartakoff A.M. Addition of lipid substituents of mammalian protein glycosylphosphoinositol anchors. Mol Cell Biol 1994, 14:21-31.
95. Maeda Y., Tashima Y., Houjou T., Fujita M., Yoko-O T., Jigami Y., Taguchi R., Kinoshita T. Fatty acid remodeling of GPI-anchored proteins is required for their raft association. Mol Biol Cell 2007, 18:1497-1506.
96. Sipos G., Reggiori F., Vionnet C., Conzelmann A. Alternative lipid remodelling pathways for glycosylphosphatidylinositol membrane anchors in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EMBO J 1997, 16:3494-3505.
97. Reggiori F., Canivenc-Gansel E., Conzelmann A. Lipid remodeling leads to the introduction and exchange of defined ceramides on GPI proteins in the ER and Golgi of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EMBO J 1997, 16:3506-3518.
98. Richmond G.S., Smith T.K. A novel phospholipase from Trypanosoma brucei. Mol Microbiol 2007, 63(4):1078-1095.
99. Sharma D.K., Hilley J., Bangs J.D., Coombs G.H., Mottram J., Menon A.K. Soluble GPI8 restores glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchoring in a trypanosome cell-free system depleted of soluble endoplasmic reticulum proteins. Biochem J 2000, 351:717-722.
100. Maxwell S.E., Ramalingam S., Gerber L.D., Brink L., Udenfriend S. An active carbonyl formed during glycosylphosphatidylinositol addition to a protein is evidence of catalysis by a transamidase. J Biol Chem 1995, 270:19576-19582.
101. Sharma D.K., Vidugiriene J., Bangs J.D., Menon A.K. A cell-free assay for glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchoring in African trypanosomes. Demonstration of a transamidation reaction mechanism. J Biol Chem 1999, 274:16479-16486.
102. Grimme S.J., Westfall B.A., Wiedman J.M., Taron C.H., Orlean P. The essential Smp3 protein is required for addition of the side-branching fourth mannose during assembly of yeast glycosylphosphatidylinositols. J Biol Chem 2001, 276:27731-27739.
103. Debierre-Grockiego F., Campos, Azzouz M.A., Schmidt N., Bieker J., Resende U., Mansur M.G., Weingart D.S., Schmidt R., Golenbock R.R.D., Gazzinelli R.T., Schwarz R.T.T. Activation of TLR2 and TLR4 by glycosylphosphatidylinositols derived from Toxoplasma gondii. J Immunol 2007, 179(2):1129-1137.
104. Mehlert A., Zitzmann N., Richardson J.M., Traumann A., Ferguson M.A.J. The glycosylation of the variant surface glycoprotein and procyclic acidic repetitive proteins of T. Brucei. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1998, 91:145-152.
105. Homans S.W., Ferguson M.A.J. Solution structure of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol membrane anchor glycan of trypanosoma-brucei variant surface glycoprotein. Biochemistry 1989, 28:2881-2887.
106. Roper J.R., Guther M.L., Milne K.G., Ferguson M.A. Galactose metabolism is essential for the African sleeping sickness parasite Trypanosoma brucei. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002, 99:5884-5889.
107. Atrih A., Richardson J.M., Prescott A.R., Ferguson M.A.J. Trypanosoma brucei glycoproteins contain novel giant poly-N-acetyllactosamine carbohydrate chains. J Biol Chem 2005, 280:865-871.
108. Urbaniak M.D., Tabudravu J.N., Msaki A., Matera K.M., Brenk R., Jaspars M., Ferguson M.A. Identification of novel inhibitors of UDP-Glc 4'-epimerase, a validated drug target for African sleeping sickness. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006, 16:5744-5747.