Emergent ghosts of the emotion machine

Emotion Review

Volumn 2, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 274-285

  Coan, James A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

Author keywords

emergence; emotion; measurement; neural networks; universality

Indexed keywords

EID: 77954731890     PISSN: 17540739     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1754073910361978     Document Type: Review

References (118)

1. Ackert, L., Church, B., & Deaves, R. (2003). Emotion and financial markets. Economic Review-Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, 88, 33-42.
2. Adolphs, R. (2008). Fear, faces, and the human amygdala. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 18, 166-172.
3. Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., Damasio, H., & Damasio, A. R. (1995). Fear and the human amygdala. Journal of Neuroscience, 15, 5879-5891.
4. Anderson, A. K., & Phelps, E. A. (2002). Is the human amygdala critical for the subjective experience of emotion? Evidence of intact dispositional affect in patients with amygdala lesions. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 14, 709-720.
5. Ax, A. (1953). The physiological differentiation between fear and anger in humans. Psychosomatic Medicine, 15, 433-442.
6. Bagshaw, M. H., Kimble, D. P., & Pribram, K. H. (1965). The GSR of monkeys during orienting and habituation and after ablation of the amygdala, hippocampus and inferotemporal cortex. Neuropsychologia, 3, 111-119.
7. Barrett, L. F. (2000, February). Modeling emotion as an emergent phenomenon: A causal indicator analysis. Paper presented at the Annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology.
8. Barrett, L. F. (2006a). Are emotions natural kinds? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 1, 28-58.
9. Barrett, L. F. (2006b). Solving the emotion paradox: Categorization and the experience of emotion. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10, 20-46.
10. Barrett, L. F. (2006c). Valence is a basic building block of emotional life. Journal of Research in Personality, 40, 35-55.
11. Barrett, L. F. (2009). Variety is the spice of life: A psychologist constructivist approach to understanding variability in emotion. Cognition & Emotion, 23, 1284-1306.
12. Barrett, L. F., Bliss-Moreau, E., Duncan, S. L., Rauch, S. L., & Wright, C. I. (2007). The amygdala and the experience of affect. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 2, 73-83.
13. Barrett, L. F., Lindquist, K. A., Bliss-Moreau, E., Duncan, S., Gendron, M., Mize, J., et al. (2007). Of mice and men: Natural kinds of emotions in the mammalian brain? A response to Panksepp and Izard. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2, 297-311.
14. Barrett, L. F., Mesquita, B., Ochsner, K. N., & Gross, J. J. (2007). The experience of emotion. Annual Review of Psycholology, 58, 373-403.
15. Barrett, L. F., Ochsner, K. N., & Gross, J. J. (2007). Automaticity and emotion. In J. Bargh (Ed.), Social psychology and the unconscious (pp. 173-218). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
16. Barrett, L. F., & Wager, T. (2006). The structure of emotion: Evidence from the neuroimaging of emotion. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15, 79-85.
17. Bechara, A., Damasio, H., & Damasio, A. (2000). Emotion, decision making and the orbitofrontal cortex. Cerebral Cortex, 10, 295-307.
18. Birbaumer, N., Veit, R., Lotze, M., Erb, M., Hermann, C., Grodd, W., et al. (2005). Deficient fear conditioning in psychopathy: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 799-805.
19. Blanchard, D. C., & Blanchard, R. J. (1972). Innate and conditioned reactions to threat in rats with amygdaloid lesions. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 81, 281-290.
20. Bollen, K. A. (2002). Latent variables in psychology and the social sciences. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 605-634.
21. Bollen, K. A., & Davis, W. R. (2009). Causal indicator models: Identification, estimation, and testing. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 16, 498-522.
22. Bollen, K. A., & Lennox, R. (1991). Conventional wisdom on measurement: A structural equation perspective. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 305-314.
23. Borkovec, T. D., Alcaine, O. M., & Behar, E. (2004). Avoidance theory of worry and generaIized anxiety disorder. In R. G. Heimberg, C. L. Turk & D. S. Mennin (Eds.), Generalized anxiety disorder: Advances in research and practice (pp. 77-108). New York: Guilford Press.
24. Borsboom, D., Mellenbergh, G. J., & van Heerden, J. (2003). The theoretical status of latent variables. Psychological Review, 110, 203-219.
25. Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (2000). Measuring emotion: Behavior, feeling, and physiology. In R. D. Lane & L. Nadel (Eds.), Cognitive neuroscience of emotion (pp. 49-59). New York: Oxford University Press.
26. Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (2007). The International Affective Picture System (IAPS) in the study of emotion and attention. In J. A. Coan & J. J. B. Allen (Eds.), Handbook of emotion elicitation and assessment (pp. 29-46). New York: Oxford University Press.
27. Bradley, M. M., Miccoli, L., Escrig, M. A., & Lang, P. J. (2008). The pupil as a measure of emotional arousal and autonomic activation. Psychophysiology, 45, 602-607.
28. Chalmers, D. (2002). Stong and weak emergence. In P. Clayton & P. Davies (Eds.), The re-emergence of emergence: The emergentist hypothesis from science to religion (pp. 244-256). New York: Oxford University Press.
29. Cheng, D. T., Knight, D. C., Smith, C. N., & Helmstetter, F. J. (2006). Human amygdala activity during the expression of fear responses. Behavioral Neuroscience, 120, 1187-1194.
30. Clore, G. L., & Ortony, A. (2008). Appraisal theories: How cognition shapes affect into emotion. In M. Lewis, J. M. Haviland-Jones & L. F. Barrett (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (3rd ed., pp. 628-642). New York: Guilford Press.
31. Coan, J. A. (1998, November). The emergent variable in structural equation modeling and MANOVA. Paper presented at the American Evaluation Association annual meeting.
32. Coan, J. A. (2002, February). Method and theory in the study of emotional experience. Paper presented at the University of Arizona Center for Consciousness Studies Tucson Conference on First Person Methods in the Study of Emotion, Tucson, AZ.
33. Coan, J. A., & Allen, J. J. (2003). Varieties of emotional experience during voluntary emotional facial expressions. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1000, 375-379.
34. Coan, J. A., & Allen, J. J. B. (2007). Handbook of emotion elicitation and assessment. New York: Oxford University Press.
35. Coan, J. A., Allen, J. J. B., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2001). Voluntary facial expression and hemispheric asymmetry over the frontal cortex. Psychophysiology, 38, 912-925.
36. Coan, J. A., & Gottman, J. M. (2007). The Specific Affect Coding System (SPAFF). In J. A. Coan & J. J. B. Allen (Eds.), Handbook of emotion elicitation and assessment (pp. 267-285). New York: Oxford University Press.
37. Craske, M. G., & Hazlett-Stevens, H. (2002). Facilitating symptom reduction and behavior change in GAD: The issue of control. Clinical Psychology: Science & Practice, 9, 69-75.
38. Critchley, H. D., Mathias, C. J., & Dolan, R. J. (2002). Fear conditioning in humans: The influence of awareness and autonomic arousal on functional neuroanatomy. Neuron, 33, 653-663.
39. Dalton, K. M., Kalin, N. H., Grist, T. M., & Davidson, R. J. (2005). Neural-cardiac coupling in threat-evoked anxiety. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 17, 969-980.
40. Davey, G., & Levy, S. (1998). Catastrophic worrying: Personal inadequacy and a perseverative iterative style as features of the catastrophizing process. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 576-586.
41. Davey, G. C. L. (2007). Psychopathology and treatment of specific phobias. Psychiatry, 6, 247-253.
42. Davidson, R. J. (2003). Seven sins in the study of emotion: Correctives from affective neuroscience. Brain and Cognition, 52, 129-132.
43. Davidson, R. J., Maxwell, J., & Shackman, A. (2004). The privileged status of emotion in the brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101, 11915-11916.
44. Derryberry, D., & Reed, M. A. (2003). Information processing approaches to individual differences in emotional reactivity. In R. J. Davidson, K. R. Scherer & H. H. Goldsmith (Eds.), Handbook of Affective Sciences (pp. 681-697). New York: Oxford.
45. Diener, E., Sapyta, J., & Suh, E. (1998). Subjective well-being is essential to well-being. Psychological Inquiry, 9, 33-37.
46. Ekman, P. (1992). An argument for basic emotions. Cognition & Emotion, 6, 169-200.
47. Ekman, P. (2003). Emotions revealed. New York: Times Books.
48. Ekman, P., Rolls, E., Perrett, D., & Ellis, H. (1992). Facial expressions of emotion: An old controversy and new findings [and discussion]. Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, 335, 63-69.
49. Elfenbein, H. A., & Ambady, N. (2002). On the universality and cultural specificity of emotion recognition: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 203-235.
50. Engle, R. W., Tuholski, S. W., Laughlin, J. E., & Conway, A. R. (1999). Working memory, short-term memory, and general fluid intelligence: A latent-variable approach. Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 128, 309-331.
51. Figueredo, A. J. (1998, November). The entitivity of emergent variables. Paper presented at the American Evaluation Association Annual Meeting.
52. Fitzgerald, D. A., Angstadt, M., Jelsone, L. M., Nathan, P. J., & Phan, K. L. (2006). Beyond threat: Amygdala reactivity across multiple expressions of facial affect. Neuroimage, 30, 1441-1448.
53. Frijda, N. H. (1986). The emotions. London: Cambridge University Press.
54. Frijda, N. H. (2007). The laws of emotion. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
55. Frijda, N. H. (2009). Emotion experience and its varieties. Emotion Review, 1(3), 264-271.
56. Gentili, C., Gobbini, M. I., Ricciardi, E., Vanello, N., Pietrini, P., Haxby, J. V., et al. (2008). Differential modulation of neural activity throughout the distributed neural system for face perception in patients with Social Phobia and healthy subjects. Brain Research Bulletin, 77, 286-292.
57. Gross, J. J. (1998). Antecedent and response-focused emotion regulation: Divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 224-237.
58. Gross, J. J. (2007). Handbook of emotion regulation. New York: Guilford Press.
59. Gross, J. J., & Thompson, R. A. (2007). Emotion regulation: Conceptual foundations. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 3-24). New York: Guilford Press.
60. Hacking, I. (1999). The social construction of what? Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
61. Hamm, A. O., Schupp, H. T., & Weike, A. I. (2003). Motivational organization of emotions: Autonomic changes, cortical responses, and reflex modulation. In R. J. Davidson, K. R. Scherer & H. H. Goldsmith (Eds.), Handbook of affective sciences (pp. 187-211). New York: Oxford University Press.
62. Izard, C. (2007). Basic emotions, natural kinds, emotion schemas, and a new paradigm. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2, 260-280.
63. Jackson, D. C., Mueller, C. J., Dolski, I., Dalton, K. M., Nitschke, J. B., Urry, H. L., et al. (2003). Now you feel it, now you don't: Frontal brain electrical asymmetry and individual differences in emotion regulation. Psychological Science, 14, 612-617.
64. James, W. (1884). What is an emotion? Mind, 9, 188-205.
65. Kirschbaum, C., Pirke, K. M., & Hellhammer, D. H. (1993). The "Trier Social Stress Test"-A tool for investigating psychobiological stress responses in a laboratory setting. Neuropsychobiology, 28, 76-81.
66. Kline, R. B. (2006). Reverse arrow dynamics: Formative measurement and feedback loops. In G. R. H. R. O. Mueller (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: A second course. Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing, Inc.
67. Kreibig, S. D., Wilhelm, F. H., Roth, W. T., & Gross, J. J. (2007). Cardiovascular, electrodermal, and respiratory response patterns to fear-and sadness-inducing films. Psychophysiology, 44, 787-806.
68. LaBar, K. S., Gatenby, J. C., Gore, J. C., LeDoux, J. E., & Phelps, E. A. (1998). Human amygdala activation during conditioned fear acquisition and extinction: A mixed-trial fMRI study. Neuron, 20, 937-945.
69. Lambie, J. A., & Marcel, A. J. (2007). Consciousness and the varieties of emotion experience: A theoretical framework. Psychological Review, 109, 219-259.
70. Laughlin, R. B. (2005). A different universe: Reinventing physics from the bottom down. New York, NY: Basic Books.
71. LeDoux, J. E. (1996). The emotional brain: The mysterious underpinnings of emotional life. New York: Simon & Schuster.
72. LeDoux, J. E. (2000). Emotion circuits of the brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 23, 155-184.
73. LeDoux, J. E., Cicchetti, P., Xagoraris, A., & Romanski, L. (1990). The lateral amygdaloid nucleus: Sensory interface of the amygdala in fear conditioning. Journal of Neuroscience, 10, 1062-1069.
74. Levenson, R. W. (1992). Autonomic nervous system differences among emotions. Psychological Science, 3, 23-27.
75. Levenson, R. W., & Ekman, P. (2002). Difficulty does not account for emotion-specific heart rate changes in the directed facial action task. Psychophysiology, 39, 397-405.
76. Levenson, R. W., Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1990). Voluntary facial action generates emotion-specific autonomic nervous system activity. Psychophysiology, 27, 363-384.
77. Levenson, R. W., Ekman, P., Heider, K., & Friesen, W. V. (1992). Emotion and automatic nervous system activity in the Minangkabau of West Sumatra. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 972-988.
78. MacCallum, R. C., & Browne, M. W. (1993). The use of causal indicators in covariance structure models: Some practical issues. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 533-541.
79. Mauss, I. B., Levenson, R. W., McCarter, L., Wilhelm, F. H., & Gross, J. J. (2005). The tie that binds? Coherence among emotion experience, behavior, and physiology. Emotion, 5, 175-190.
80. Mauss, I. B., & Robinson, M. D. (2009). Measures of emotion: A review. Cognition & Emotion, 23, 209-237.
81. Murphy, F. C., Nimmo-Smith, I., & Lawrence, A. D. (2003). Functional neuroanatomy of emotions: A meta-analysis. Cognitive Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience, 3, 207-233.
82. Nazarian, M., & Craske, M. G. (2007). Panic and agoraphobia. In M. Hersen & J. Rosqvist (Eds.), Handbook of psychological assessment, case conceptualization, and treatment (pp. 171-203). New York: Wiley.
83. Nielsen, L., & Kaszniak, A. W. (2007). Conceptual, theoretical, and methodological issues in inferring subjective emotional experience. In J. A. Coan & J. J. B. Allen (Eds.), Handbook of emotion elicitation and assessment (pp. 361-375). New York: Oxford University Press.
84. Ortony, A., Clore, G. L., & Collins, A. (1988). The cognitive structure of emotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
85. Ortony, A., & Turner, T. J. (1990). What's basic about basic emotions. Psychological Review, 97, 315-331.
86. Panksepp, J. (1998). Affective neuroscience: The foundations of human and animal emotions. New York: Oxford University Press.
87. Panksepp, J. (2007). Neurologizing the psychology of affects: How appraisal-based constructivism and basic emotion theory can coexist. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2, 281-296.
88. Panksepp, J. (2008). Cognitive conceptualism - Where have all the affects gone? Additional corrections for Barrett et al. (2007). Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3, 305-308.
89. Pare, D., Quirk, G., & LeDoux, J. (2004). New vistas on amygdala networks in conditioned fear. Journal of Neurophysiology, 92, 1-9.
90. Paulus, M. P., & Stein, M. B. (2006). An insular view of anxiety. Biological Psychiatry, 60, 383-387.
91. Phan, K., Wager, T., Taylor, S., & Liberzon, I. (2002). Functional neuroanatomy of emotion: A meta-analysis of emotion activation studies in PET and fMRI. Neuroimage, 16, 331-348.
92. Phelps, E. A., O'Connor, K. J., Gatenby, J. C., Gore, J. C., Grillon, C., & Davis, M. (2001). Activation of the left amygdala to a cognitive representation of fear. Nature Neuroscience, 4, 437-441.
93. Ponnusamy, R., Poulos, A. M., & Fanselow, M. S. (2007). Amygdala-dependent and amygdala-independent pathways for contextual fear conditioning. Neuroscience, 147, 919-927.
94. Reeve, C. L. (2009). Expanding the g-nexus: Further evidence regarding the relations among national IQ, religiosity and national health outcomes. Intelligence, 37, 495-505.
95. Roseman, I. J. (1984). Cognitive determinants of emotion: A structural theory. In P. Shaver (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology: Vol. 5, Emotions, relationships and health (pp. 11-36). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
96. Rottenberg, J., Kasch, K. L., Gross, J. J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2002). Sadness and amusement reactivity differentially predict concurrent and prospective functioning in major depressive disorder. Emotion, 2, 135-146.
97. Roy, M. P., Kirschbaum, C., & Steptoe, A. (2001). Psychological, cardiovascular, and metabolic correlates of individual differences in cortisol stress recovery in young men. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 26, 375-391.
98. Russell, J. (2003). Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion. Psychological Review, 110, 145-172.
99. Russell, J., & Barrett, L. (1999). Core affect, prototypical emotional episodes, and other things called emotion: Dissecting the elephant. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 805-819.
100. Ryle, G. (1949). The concept of mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
101. Salovey, P., Rothman, A., Detweiler, J., & Steward, W. (2000). Emotional states and physical health. American Psychologist, 55, 110-121.
102. Sanfey, A., Rilling, J., Aronson, J., Nystrom, L., & Cohen, J. (2003). The neural basis of economic decision-making in the Ultimatum Game. Science, 300, 1755-1758.
103. Schachter, S., & Singer, J. (1962). Cognitive, social and physiological determinants of emotional state. Psychological Review, 69, 379-399.
104. Schaefer, H. S. (2008). Brain, body, and cognition: Neural, physiological and self-report correlates of phobic and normative fear. Unpublished Masters Thesis, University of Virginia, Charlottesville.
105. Scherer, K. R. (1984). On the nature and function of emotion: A component process approach. In K. R. Scherer & P. Ekman (Eds.), Approaches to emotion (pp. 293-317). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
106. Scherer, K. R. (2001). Appraisal considered as a process of multilevel sequential checking. In K. R. Scherer, A. Schorr & T. Johnstone (Eds.), Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research (pp. 92-120). New York: Oxford University Press.
107. Scherer, K. R., & Ellgring, H. (2007). Multimodal expression of emotion: Affect programs or componential appraisal patterns. Emotion, 7, 158-171.
108. Schneider, J., & Clegg, J. (2009). Health and social needs of people with low intelligence. Mental Health Review Journal, 14, 22-27.
109. Spearman, C. (1904a). "General intelligence" objectively determined and measured. American Journal of Psychology, 15, 201-292.
110. Stemmler, G., Aue, T., & Wacker, J. (2007). Anger and fear: Separable effects of emotion and motivational direction on somatovisceral responses. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 66, 141-153.
111. Urry, H. L. (2009). Using reappraisal to regulate unpleasant emotional episodes: Goals and timing matter. Emotion, 9, 782-797.
112. Urry, H. L. (2010). Seeing, thinking, and feeling: Emotion-regulating effects of gaze-directed cognitive reappraisal. Emotion, 10, 125-135.
113. Weierich, M. R., Wright, C. I., Negreira, A., Dickerson, B. C., & Barrett, L. F. (2010). Novelty as a dimension in the affective brain. NeuroImage, 49, 2871-2878.
114. Whalen, P. J., Kagan, J., Cook, R. G., Davis, F. C., Kim, H., Polis, S., et al. (2004). Human amygdala responsivity to masked fearful eye whites. Science, 306, 2061.
115. Whalen, P. J., Rauch, S. L., Etcoff, N. L., McInerney, S. C., Lee, M. B., & Jenike, M. A. (1998). Masked presentations of emotional facial expressions modulate amygdala activity without explicit knowledge. Journal of Neuroscience, 18, 411-418.
116. Whalen, P. J., Shin, L. M., McInerney, S. C., Fischer, H., Wright, C. I., & Rauch, S. L. (2001). A functional MRI study of human amygdala responses to facial expressions of fear versus anger. Emotion, 1, 70-83.
117. Wilensky, A. E., Schafe, G. E., & LeDoux, J. E. (2000). The amygdala modulates memory consolidation of fear-motivated inhibitory avoidance learning but not classical fear conditioning. Journal of Neuroscience, 20, 7059-7066.
118. Yogo, Y., Hama, H., Yogo, M., & Matsuyama, Y. (1995). A study of physiological response during emotional imaging. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 81, 43-49.