Anger and fear: Separable effects of emotion and motivational direction on somatovisceral responses

International Journal of Psychophysiology

Volumn 66, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 141-153

  Stemmler, Gerhard ^a   Aue, Tatjana ^b   Wacker, Jan ^a  

^a PHILIPPS UNIVERSITY MARBURG   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GENEVA   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Anger; Approach; Emotion specificity; Emotion vs. motivational direction; Fear; Somatovisceral responses; Withdrawal

Indexed keywords

ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE; ANGER; ARTICLE; ATHLETE; BREATHING RATE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; EFFECT SIZE; ELECTROMYOGRAM; EMOTION; FEAR; HEART CYCLE; HEART EJECTION FRACTION; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE EJECTION FRACTION; HEART OUTPUT; HEART STROKE VOLUME; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; IMAGERY; MALE; MOTIVATION; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; NORMAL HUMAN; P WAVE; PULSE WAVE; QT INTERVAL; SELF REPORT; ST SEGMENT ELEVATION; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; T WAVE; UNIVARIATE ANALYSIS; VASCULAR RESISTANCE;

ADAPTATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL; ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ANGER; BLOOD PRESSURE; FEAR; GALVANIC SKIN RESPONSE; HEART RATE; HUMANS; IMAGINATION; MALE; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; MOTIVATION; REFERENCE VALUES; SELF ASSESSMENT (PSYCHOLOGY); SKIN TEMPERATURE;

EID: 35548954667     PISSN: 01678760     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2007.03.019     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. Adsett C.A., Schottstaedt W.W., and Wolf S.G. Changes in coronary blood flow and other hemodynamic indicators induced by stressful interviews. Psychosomatic Medicine 24 (1962) 331-336
2. Andrassy G., Szabo A., Dunai A., Simon E., Nagy T., Trummer Z., et al. Acute effects of cigarette smoking on the QT interval in healthy smokers. American Journal of Cardiology 92 4 (2003) 489-492
3. Ax A.F. The physiological differentiation between fear and anger in humans. Psychosomatic Medicine 15 (1953) 433-442
4. Blascovich J., and Tomaka J. The biopsychosocial model of arousal regulation. In: Zanna M.P. (Ed). Experimental Social Psychology (1996), Academic Press, New York 1-51
5. Böddeker I., and Stemmler G. Who responds how and when to anger? The assessment of actual anger response styles and their relation to personality. Cognition and Emotion 14 (2000) 737-762
6. Boiten F. Autonomic response patterns during voluntary facial action. Psychophysiology 33 2 (1996) 123-131
7. Boutcher S.H., Nugent F.W., McLaren P.F., and Weltman A.L. Heart period variability of trained and untrained men at rest and during mental challenge. Psychophysiology 35 1 (1998) 16-22
8. Breggin P.R. The psychophysiology of anxiety. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 139 (1964) 558-568
9. Cacioppo J.T., Berntson G.G., Larsen J.T., Poehlmann K.M., and Ito T.A. The psychophysiology of emotion. In: Lewis M., and Haviland-Jones J.M. (Eds). Handbook of Emotions. 2nd ed. (2000), Guilford Press, New York 173-191
10. Cannon W.B. The James-Lange theory of emotions: a critical examination and an alternative theory. American Journal of Psychology 39 (1927) 106-124
11. Carver C.S. Negative affects deriving from the behavioral approach system. Emotion 4 1 (2004) 3-22
12. Carver C.S., and White T.L. Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: the BIS/BAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 67 (1994) 319-333
13. Carver C.S., Sutton S.K., and Scheier M.F. Action, emotion, and personality: emerging conceptual integration. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 26 (2000) 741-751
14. Chessick R.D., Bassan M., and Shattan S. A comparison of the effect of infused catecholamines and certain affect states. American Journal of Psychiatry 123 (1966) 156-165
15. Christie I.C., and Friedman B.H. Autonomic specificity of discrete emotion and dimensions of affective space: a multivariate approach. International Journal of Psychophysiology 51 2 (2004) 143-153
16. Coan J.A., and Allen J.J.B. Frontal EEG asymmetry as a moderator and mediator of emotion. Biological Psychology 67 (2004) 7-49
17. Davidson R.J., Ekman P., Saron C.D., Senulis J.A., and Friesen W.V. Approach-withdrawal and cerebral asymmetry: emotional expression and brain physiology: I. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 58 2 (1990) 330-341
18. Dimberg U. Facial electromyography and the experience of emotion. Journal of Psychophysiology 2 (1988) 277-282
19. Dimberg U., and Thell S. Facial electromyography, fear relevance and the experience of stimuli. Journal of Psychophysiology 2 (1988) 213-219
20. Ekman P., and Friesen W.V. Unmasking the Face (1975), Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs
21. Ekman P., Levenson R.W., and Friesen W.V. Autonomic nervous system activity distinguishes among emotions. Science 221 (1983) 1208-1210
22. Engel B.T. Stimulus-response and individual-response specificity. Archives of General Psychiatry 2 (1960) 305-313
23. Fahrenberg J. Psychophysiological individuality: a pattern analytic approach to personality research and psychosomatic medicine. Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy 8 (1986) 43-100
24. Fahrenberg J., and Foerster F. Nicht-invasive Methodik für die kardiovasculäre Psychophysiologie. Non-invasive methods for cardiovascular psychophysiology (1989), Lang, Frankfurt
25. Foerster F. Psychophysiological response specificities: a replication over a 12-month period. Biological Psychology 21 (1985) 169-182
26. Foerster F., Myrtek M., and Stemmler G. Reactivity to multiple stressors: a course in synergism. Journal of Psychophysiology 7 2 (1993) 115-124
27. Fowles D.C., Fisher A.E., and Tranel D.T. The heart beats to reward: the effect of monetary incentive on heart rate. Psychophysiology 19 (1982) 506-513
28. Fridlund A.J., Schwartz G.E., and Fowler S.C. Pattern recognition of self-reported emotional state from multiple-site facial EMG activity during affective imagery. Psychophysiology 21 (1984) 622-637
29. Funkenstein D.H. The physiology of fear and anger. Scientific American 192 (1955) 74-80
30. Funkenstein D.H. Nor-epinephrine-like and epinephrine-like substances in relation to human behavior. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 124 (1956) 58-68
31. Funkenstein D.H., King S.H., and Drolette M. The direction of anger during a laboratory stress-inducing situation. Psychosomatic Medicine 16 (1954) 404-413
32. Graham R.E., Zeichner A., Peacock L.J., and Dishman R.K. Bradycardia during baroreflex stimulation and active or passive stressor tasks: cardiorespiratory fitness and hostility. Psychophysiology 33 5 (1996) 566-575
33. Harrigan J.A., and O'Connell D.M. How do you look when feeling anxious? Facial displays of anxiety. Personality and Individual Differences 21 2 (1996) 205-212
34. Hilton S.M. The defence-arousal system and its relevance for circulatory and respiratory control. Journal of Experimental Biology 100 (1982) 159-174
35. Jäncke L. Facial EMG in an anger-provoking situation: individual differences in directing anger outwards or inwards. International Journal of Psychophysiology 23 3 (1996) 207-214
36. Jänig W. The autonomic nervous system and its co-ordination by the brain. In: Davidson R.J., Goldsmith H.H., and Scherer K.R. (Eds). Handbook of Affective Science (2003), Oxford University Press, New York 135-186
37. Lang P.J. The motivational organization of emotion: affect-reflex connections. In: van Goozen S.H.M., Van de Poll N.E., and Sergeant J.A. (Eds). Emotions: Essays on Emotion Theory (1994), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 61-93
38. Lang P.J., Levin D.N., Miller G.A., and Kozak M.J. Fear behavior, fear imagery, and the psychophysiology of emotion: the problem of affective response integration. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 92 (1983) 276-306
39. Lang P.J., Bradley M.M., and Cuthbert B.N. Emotion, motivation, and anxiety: brain mechanisms and psychophysiology. Biological Psychiatry 44 12 (1998) 1248-1263
40. Laux L., Glanzmann P., Schaffner P., and Spielberger C.D. Das State-Trait-Angstinventar (1981), Beltz, Weinheim
41. Lazarus R.S. Emotion and Adaptation (1991), Oxford University Press, New York
42. Levenson R.W. Autonomic specificity and emotion. In: Davidson R.J., Goldsmith H.H., and Scherer K.R. (Eds). Handbook of Affective Science (2003), Oxford University Press, New York 212-224
43. Linden W., Hogan B.E., Rutledge T., Chawla A., Lenz J.W., and Leung D. There is more to anger coping than "in" or "out". Emotion 3 1 (2003) 12-29
44. Löllgen H., Meuret G., Just H., and Wiemers K. Sympathikomimetika in der Notfall-und Intensivmedizin. Deutsches Ärzteblatt 82 (1985) 1951-1955
45. McCubbin J.A., Cheung R., Montgomery T.B., Bulbulian R., and Wilson J.F. Aerobic fitness and opioidergic inhibition of cardiovascular stress reactivity. Psychophysiology 29 (1992) 687-697
46. Murphy F.C., Nimmo-Smith I., and Lawrence A.D. Functional neuroanatomy of emotions: a meta-analysis. Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience 3 (2003) 207-233
47. Myrtek M., and Spital S. Psychophysiological response patterns to single, double, and triple stressors. Psychophysiology 23 (1986) 663-671
48. Neumann R., and Strack F. Approach and avoidance: the influence of proprioceptive and exteroceptive cues on encoding of affective information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 79 1 (2000) 39-48
49. Nyklicek I., Thayer J.F., and van Doornen L.J.P. Cardiorespiratory differentiation of musically-induced emotions. Journal of Psychophysiology 11 (1997) 304-321
50. Obrist P.A. The cardiovascular-behavioral interaction: as it appears today. Psychophysiology 13 (1976) 95-107
51. Oken D., Heath H., Shipman W., Goldstein I.B., Grinker R.R., and Fish J. The specificity of response to stressful stimuli. Archives of General Psychiatry 15 (1966) 624-634
52. Overall J.E., and Klett C.J. Applied Multivariate Analysis (1972), McGraw-Hill, New York
53. Panksepp J. Affective neuroscience. The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions (1998), Oxford, New York
54. Panksepp J. The neuro-evolutionary cusp between emotions and cognitions: implications for understanding consciousness and the emergence of a unified mind science. Consciousness and Emotion 1 1 (2000) 15-54
55. Prkachin K.M., Williams-Avery R.M., Zwaal C., and Mills D.E. Cardiovascular changes during induced emotion: an application of Lang's theory of emotional imagery. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 47 3 (1999) 255-267
56. Roberts R.J., and Weerts T.C. Cardiovascular responding during anger and fear imagery. Psychological Reports 50 (1982) 219-230
57. Russell J.A. A circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 39 (1980) 1161-1178
58. SAS Institute Inc. JMP" Statistics and Graphics Guide, version 4 (2000), Author, Cary, NC
59. Schachter J. Pain, fear, and anger in hypertensives and normotensives. Psychosomatic Medicine 19 (1957) 17-29
60. Schwartz G.E., Weinberger D.A., and Singer J.A. Cardiovascular differentiation of happiness, sadness, anger, and fear following imagery and exercise. Psychosomatic Medicine 43 (1981) 343-364
61. Schwenkmezger P., Hodapp V., and Spielberger C.D. Das State-Trait-Ärgerausdrucks-Inventar (STAXI) (1993), Hogrefe, Göttingen
62. Sherwood A., Allen M.T., Obrist P.A., and Langer A.W. Evaluation of beta-adrenergic influences on cardiovascular and metabolic adjustments to physical and psychological stress. Psychophysiology 23 (1986) 89-104
63. Sinha R., and Parsons O.A. Multivariate response patterning of fear and anger. Cognition and Emotion 10 2 (1996) 173-198
64. Sinha R., Lovallo W.R., and Parsons O.A. Cardiovascular differentiation of emotions. Psychosomatic Medicine 54 (1992) 422-435
65. Stemmler G. Psychophysiologische Emotionsmuster (1984), Lang, Frankfurt
66. Stemmler G. The autonomic differentiation of emotions revisited: convergent and discriminant validation. Psychophysiology 26 (1989) 617-632
67. Stemmler G. Differential Psychophysiology: Persons in Situations (1992), Springer, New York
68. Stemmler G. Emotionen. In: Rösler F. (Ed). Ergebnisse und Anwendungen der Psychophysiologie. Enzyklopädie der Psychologie, Band 5, Serie I, Themenbereich C (1998), Hogrefe Verlag für Psychologie, Göttingen 95-163
69. Stemmler G. Methodological considerations in the psychophysiological study of emotion. In: Davidson R.J., Goldsmith H.H., and Scherer K.R. (Eds). Handbook of Affective Science (2003), Oxford University Press, New York 225-255
70. Stemmler G. Physiological processes during emotion. In: Philippot P., and Feldman R.S. (Eds). The Regulation of Emotion (2004), Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ 33-70
71. Stemmler G., Heldmann M., Pauls C.A., and Scherer T. Constraints for emotion specificity in fear and anger: the context counts. Psychophysiology 38 2 (2001) 275-291
72. Stevens J. Applied Multivariate Statistics for the Social Sciences. 3rd. ed. (1996), Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ
73. Turner J., Carroll D., Costello M., and Sims J. The effects of aerobic fitness on additional heart rates during active psychological challenge. Journal of Psychophysiology 2 (1988) 91-97
74. Uchiyama I. Differentiation of fear, anger, and joy. Perceptual and Motor Skills 74 (1992) 663-667
75. van Boxtel A., and Jessurun M. Amplitude and bilateral coherency of facial and jaw-elevator EMG activity as an index of effort during a two-choice serial reaction task. Psychophysiology 30 6 (1993) 589-604
76. van Doornen L.J.P., and de Geus E.J. Aerobic fitness and the cardiovascular response to stress. Psychophysiology. 26 (1989) 17-28
77. Wacker J., Heldmann M., and Stemmler G. Separating emotion and motivational direction in fear and anger: effects on frontal asymmetry. Emotion 3 (2003) 167-193
78. Wagner H. The peripheral physiological differentiation of emotions. In: Wagner H., and Manstead A. (Eds). Handbook of Social Psychophysiology (1989), Wiley, Chichester 77-98
79. Weiss T., del-Bo A., Reichek N., and Engelman K. Pulse transit time in the analysis of autonomic nervous system effects on the cardiovascular system. Psychophysiology 17 (1980) 202-207
80. Weiss R., Knight B.P., Bahu M., Zivin A., Souza J., Goyal R., et al. Cardiac electrophysiologic effects of norepinephrine in human beings. American Heart Journal 135 (1998) 945-951
81. Wenger M.A., Clemens T.L., Darsie M.L., Engel B.T., Estess F.M., and Sonnenschein R.R. Autonomic response patterns during intravenous infusion of epinephrine and nor-epinephrine. Psychosomatic Medicine 22 (1960) 294-307
82. Winer B.J. Statistical Principles in Experimental Design (1971), McGraw-Hill, New York