Fluoroquinolone resistance in campylobacter

Journal of Food Protection

Volumn 73, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 1141-1152

  Smith, James L ^a   Fratamico, Pina M ^a  

^a EASTERN REGIONAL RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); CAMPYLOBACTER; CAMPYLOBACTER COLI; CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI; GALLUS GALLUS;

ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; DNA TOPOISOMERASE; DNA TOPOISOMERASE (ATP HYDROLYSING); QUINOLONE DERIVATIVE;

ANIMAL; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; BIRD DISEASE; CAMPYLOBACTER; CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS; CHICKEN; DRUG EFFECT; ENZYMOLOGY; FOOD CONTROL; GENETICS; HUMAN; MICROBIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION; MICROBIOLOGY; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; CAMPYLOBACTER; CAMPYLOBACTER INFECTIONS; CHICKENS; DNA GYRASE; DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I, BACTERIAL; DRUG RESISTANCE, BACTERIAL; FLUOROQUINOLONES; FOOD MICROBIOLOGY; HUMANS; MICROBIAL SENSITIVITY TESTS; POULTRY DISEASES;

EID: 77954633590     PISSN: 0362028X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4315/0362-028X-73.6.1141     Document Type: Review

References (112)

1. Acke, E., K. McGill, T. Quinn, B. R. Jones, S. Fanning, and P. Whyte. 2009. Antimicrobial resistance profiles and mechanisms of resistance in Campylobacter jejuni isolates from pets. Food borne Pathog. Dis. 6:705-710.
2. Alfredson, D. A., and V. Korolik. 2007. Antibiotic resistance and resistance mechanisms in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. FEMS MicrobioL. Lett. 277:123-132.
3. Asai, T., K. Harada, K. Ishihara, A. Kojima, T. Sameshima, Y. Tamura, and T. Takahashi. 2007. Association of antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter isolated from food-producing animals with antimicrobial use on farms. Jpn. X Infect. Pis. 60:290-294.
4. Bakeli, G., K. Sato, W. Kumita, R. Saito. E Ono, T. Chida, and N. Okamura. 2008. Antimicrobial susceptibility and mechanism of quinolone resistance in Campylobacter jejuni strains isolated from diarrheal patients in a hospital in Tokyo. J. Infect. Chemother. 14;342-348
5. Bar-Oz, B., M. E. Moretti, R. Boskovic, L. O'Brien, and G. Koren. 2009. The safety of quinolones-a meta-analysis of pregnancy outcomes. Eur. I. Ohstet. GynecoL. Reprod. BioL. 143:75-78.
6. Bearden, D. T., and L. H. Danziger. 2001. Mechanism of action of and resistance to quinolones. Pharmacotherapy 21:224S-232S.
7. Blaser, M. J., and J. Engberg. 2008. Clinical aspects of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli infections, 99-121. In I. Nachamkin, C. M. Szymanski, and M. J. Blaser (ed.), Campylobacter, 3rd ed. ASM Press, Washington, DC.
8. Campylobacter Sentinel Surveillance Scheme Collaborators. 2002. Ciprofloxacin resistance in Campylobacter jejuni: case-case analysis as a tool for elucidating risks at home and abroad. J Antimicrob. Chemother. 50:561-568.
9. Chatzipanaglotou, S., V. loannidou, A. Ioannidis, C. Nicolaou, E. Papavasileiou, S. Chaniotaki, A. Vatopoulos, L. Tzouvelekis, and N. J. Legakis. 2005. Absence of the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance qnrA gene among Campylobacter jejuni clinical isolates from Greece. Int. J Antimicrob. Agents 26:261-262.
10. Cook, A., R. Reid-Smith, R. Irwin, S. A. McEwen, A. Valdivieso-Garcia, and C. Ribble. 2009. Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Escherichia coli isolated from retail turkey meat from southern Ontario, Canada. J. Food Prot. 72:473-481.
11. Cui, S., B. Ge, J. Sheng, and J. Meng. 2005. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella serovars in organic chickens from Maryland retail stores. AppL. Environ. MicrobioL. 71:4108-4111.
12. Delsol, A. A., J. Sunderland, M. J. Woodward, L. Pumbwe, L. J. V. Piddock, and J. M. Roe. 2004. Emergence of fluoroquinolone resistance in the native Campylobacter coli population of pigs exposed to enrofloxacin. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 53:872-874.
13. Dingle, K. E., L. Clarke, and I. C. J. W. Bowler. 2005. Ciprofloxacin resistance among human Campylobacter isolates 1991-2004: an update. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 6;435-437
14. Dong, Y., Z. Zhao, J. Domagala, and K. Drlica. 1999. Effect of fluoroquinolone concentration on selection of resistant mutants of Mycobacterium bovis BCG and Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43:1576-1759.
15. Drlica, K., and X. Zhao. 1997. DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV, and the 4-quinolones. MicrobioL. MoL. BioL. Rev. 61:377-392.
16. Ekkapobyotin, C, P. Padungtod, and R. Chuanchuen. 2008. Antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter coli isolates from swine. Int. J. Food MicrobioL. 128:325-328.
17. Engberg, J., J. Nermann, E. M. Nielseln, F. Aarestrup, and V. Fussing. 2004. Quinolone-resistant Campylobacter infections in Denmark: risk factors and clinical consequences. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 10:1056-1063.
18. Evans, M. R., G. Northey, T. S. Sarvotham, A. L. Hopkins, C. J. Rigby, and D. R. Thomas. 2009. Risk factors for ciprofloxacin-resistant Campylobacter infection in Wales. J. Antimicrob. Che-mother 64 424-427
19. Evans, M. R., G. Northey, T. S. Sarvotham, C. J. Rigby, A. L. Hopkins, and D. R. Thomas. 2009. Short-term and medium-term clinical outcomes of quinolone-resistant Campylobacter infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. 48:1500-1506.
20. Feodoroff, F. B. L., A. R. Lauhlo, S. J. Sarna, M.-L. Hanninen, and H. I. K. Rautelin. 2009. Severe diarrhoea caused by highly ciprofloxacin-susceptible Campylobacter isolates. Clin. MicrobioL. Infect. 15:188-192.
21. Ferguson, J. 2003. Phototoxicity due to fluoroquinolones, 451-460. In D. C. Hooper and E. Rubinstein (ed.), Quinolone antimicrobial agents, 3rd ed. ASM Press, Washington, DC.
22. Ge, B., P. F. McDermott, D. G. White, and J. Meng. 2005. Role of efflux pumps and topoisomerase mutations in fluoroquinolone resistance in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter. coli Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49:3347-3354.
23. Gold, L., and H. Igra. 2003. Levofloxacin-induced tendon rupture: a case report and review of the literature. J. Am. Board Fam. Pratt. 16:458-460.
24. Griggs, D. J., M. M. Johnson, J. A. Frost, T. Humphrey, F. Jorgensen, and L. J. V. Piddock. 2005. Incidence and mechanism of ciprofloxacin resistance in Campylobacter spp. isolated from commercial poultry flocks in the United Kingdom before, during, and after fluoroquinolone treatment. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49:699-707.
25. Gu, W., R. M. Siletzky, S. Wright, M. Islam, and S. Kathariou. 2009. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and strain type diversity of Campylobacter jejuni isolates from turkeys in eastern North Carolina. AppL. Environ. MicrobioL. 75:474-482.
26. Guévremont, E., É. Nadeau, M. Sirois, and S. Quessy. 2006. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of thermophilic Campylobacter from humans, swine, and chicken broilers. Can. J. Vet. Res. 70:81-86.
27. Guo, B., Y. Wang, F. Shi, Y.-W. Barton, P. Plummer, D. L. Reynolds, D. Nettleton, T. Grinnage-Pulley, J. Lin, and Q. Zhang. 2008. CmeR functions as a pleiotropic regulator and is required for optimal colonization of Campylobacter jejuni in vivo. .J. BacterioL. 190:1879-1890.
28. Habib, I., W. G. Miller, M. Uyttendaele, K. Houf, and L. de Zutter. 2009. Clonal population structure and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter jejuni from chicken meat in Belgium. AppL. Environ. MicrobioL. 75:4264-4272.
29. Hakkinen, M., U.-M. Nakari, and A. Siitonen. 2009. Chickens and cattle as sources of sporadic domestically acquired Campylobacter jejuni infections in Finland. AppL. Environ. MicrobioL. 75;5244-5249.
30. Han, F., S. I. Lestari, S. Pu, and B. Ge. 2009. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance among Campylobacter spp. in Louisiana retail chickens after the enrofloxacin ban. Foodborne Pathog. Dis. 6:63-171.
31. Han, J., O. Sahin, Y.-W. Barton, and Q. Zhang. 2008. Key role of Mfd in the development of fluoroquinolone resistance in Campyloacter jejuni. PLoS Pathog. 4:e 1000083.
32. Hiinninen, M.-J., and M. Hannula. 2007. Spontaneous mutation frequency and emergence of ciprofloxacin resistance in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 60:1251-1257.
33. Hawkey, P. M. 2003. Mechanisms of quinolone action and microbial response. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 51(Suppl);29-35
34. Hayem, G., P. X. Petit, M. Levacher, C. Gaudin, M.-F. Kahn, and J.-J. Pocidalo. 1994. Cytofluorometric analysis of chondrotoxicity of fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agents. Antimicrob. Agents Che-mother. 38:243-247.
35. Hooper, D. C. 2000. Mechanisms of action and resistance of older and newer fluoroquinolones. Clin. Infect. Dis. 31(SuppL.):S24-S28.
36. Hooper, D. C. 2003. Mechanisms of quinolone resistance, 41-67. In D. C. Hooper and E. Rubinstein (ed.), Quinolone antimicrobial agents, 3rd ed. ASM Press, Washington, DC.
37. Huang, J. L., H. Y. Xu, G. Y. Bao, X. H. Zhou, D. J. Ji, G. Zhang, P. H. Liu, F. Jiang, Z. M. Pan, X. F. Liu, and X. A. Jiao. 2009. Epidemiological surveillance of Campylobacter jejuni in chicken, dairy cattle and diarrhoea patients. EpidmioL. Infect. 137;1111-1120.
38. Humphrey, T., S. O'Brien, and M. Madsen. 2007. Campylobacters as zoonotic pathogens: a food production perspective. Int. .J. Food MicrobioL. 117:237-257.
39. Humphrey, T. J., F. J0rgensen, J. A. Frost, H. Wadda, G. Domingue, N. C. Elviss, D. J. Griggs, and L. J. V. Piddock. 2005. Prevalence and subtypes of ciprofloxacin-resistant Campylobacter spp. in commercial poultry flocks before, during, and after treatment with fluoroquinolones. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49:690-698.
40. Jesse, T. W., M. D. Englen, L. G. Pittenger-Alley, and P. J. Fedorka-Cray. 2006 Two distinct mutations in gyrA lead to ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid resistance in Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni isolated from chickens and beef cattle. .J. AppL. MicrobioL. 100:682-688.
41. Johnson, J. Y. M., L. M. McMullen, P. Hasselback, M. Louie, G. Jhangri, and L. D. Saunders. 2008. Risk factors for ciprofloxacin resistance in reported Campylobacter in southern Alberta. Epide mioL. Infect. 136:903-912.
42. Keller, J., and V. Perreten. 2006. Genetic diversity in fluoroquinolone and macrolide-resistant Campylobacter coli from pigs. Vet. MicrobioL. 113:103-108.
43. Kiangkitiwan, B., A. Doppalapudi, M. Fonder, K. Solberg, and B. Bohner. 2008. Levofloxacin-induced delirium with psychotic features. Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry. 30;381-383
44. Larsen, H., G. L. Nielslen, H. C. Schønheyder, C. Olesen, and H. T. Sørensen. 2001. Birth outcome following maternal use of fluoroquinolones. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 18:259-262.
45. Ledergerber, U., G. Regula, R. Stephan, J. Danuser, B. Bissig, and K. D. Stark. 2003. Risk factors for antibiotic resistance in Campylobacter spp. isolated from raw poultry meat in Switzerland. BMC Public Health 3:39.
46. Lee, M., P. Bozzo, A. Einarson, and G. Koren. 2008. Urinary tract infections during pregnancy. Can. Fam. Physician54;853-854
47. Lin, J., O. Sahin, L. O. Michel, and Q. Zhang. 2003. Critical role of multidrug efflux pump CmeABC in bile resistance and in vivo colonization of Campylobacter jejuni. Infect. Immun. 71:4250-4259.
48. Lindmark, H., S. Boqvist, M. Ljungström, P. Ågren, B. Björkholm, and L. Engstrand. 2009. Risk factors for campylobacteriosis: an epidemiological surveillance study of patients and retail poultry. J. Clin. MicrobioL. 47:2616-2619.
49. Little, C. L., J. F. Richardson, R. J. Owen, E. de Pinna, and E. J. TrelfalL. 2008. Campylobacter and Salmonella in raw red meats in the United Kingdom: prevalence, characterization and antimicrobial resistance pattern, 2003-2005. Food MicrobioL. 25:538-543.
50. Lode, H., and E. Rubinstein. 2003. Adverse effects, 403-409. In D. C. Hooper and E. Rubinstein (ed.), Quinolone antimicrobial agents, 3rd ed. ASM Press, Washington, DC.
51. Luangtongkum, T., T. Y. Morishita, A. B. El-Tayeb, A. J, Tson, and Q. Zhang. 2007. Comparison of antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Campylobacter spp. by the agar dilution and the agar disk diffusion methods. J.Clin. MicrobioL. 45:590-594.
52. Luangtongkum, T., T. Y. Morishita, A. J. Ison, S. Huang, P. F. McDermott, and O. Zhang. 2006. Effect of conventional and organic production practices on the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter spp. in poultry. AppL. Environ. MicrobioL. 72: 3600-3607.
53. Luo, N., S. Pereira, O. Sahin, J. Lin, S. Huang, L. Michel, and Q. Zhang. 2005. Enhanced in vivo fitness of fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter jejuni in the absence of antibiotic selection pressure. Proc. NatL. Acad. Sci. USA 102:541-546.
54. Luo, N., O. Sahin, J. Lin, L. O. Michel, and Q. Zhang. 2003. In vivo selection of Campylobacter isolates with high levels of fluoroquinolone resistance associated with gyrA mutations and the function of the CmeABC efflux pump. Antmicrob. Agents. Chemother. 47;390-394
55. Martinez, M., P. McDermott, and R. Walker. 2006. Pharmacology of the fluoroquinolones: a perspective for the use in domestic animals. Vet. J. 172:10-28.
56. Mathew, A. G., R. Cissell, and S. Liarnfhong. 2007. Antibiotic resistance in bacteria associated with food animals: a United States perspective of livestock production. Foodborne Pathog. Dis. 4:115-133.
57. McDermott, P., S. M. Bodeis, L. L. English, D. G. White, R. D. Walker, S. Zhao, S. Simjee, and D. D. Wagner. 2002. Ciprofloxacin resistance in Campylobacter jejuni evolves rapidly in chickens treated with fluoroquinolones. J. Infect. Dis. 185;837-840
58. Mclver, C. J., T. R. Hogan, P. A. White, and J. W. TapsalL. 2004. Patterns of quinolone susceptibility in Campylobacter jejuni associated with different gyrA mutations. Pathology36: 166-169.
59. Mehlhom, A. J., and D. A. Brown. 2007. Safety concerns with fluoroquinolones. Ann. Pharmacother. 41:1859-l866.
60. Moibak, K. 2005. Human health consequences of antimicrobial drags-resistant Salmonella and other foodborne pathogens. Clin. Infect. Dis. 41:1613-1620.
61. Muzi, F., G. Bravante, E. Tati, and G. Tati. 2007. Fluoroquinolones- induced tendinitis and tendon rupture in kidney transplant recipients: 2 cases and a review of the literature. Transplant. Proc. 39:1673-1675.
62. Nachamkin, I., and P. Guerry. 2005. Campylobacter infections, 285-293. In P. M. Fratamico, A. K. Bhunia, and J. L. Smith (ed.), Foodborne pathogen: microbiology and molecular biology. Caister Academic Press, Norfolk, UK.
63. Nachamkin, I., H. Ung, and M. Li. 2002. Increasing fluoroquinolone resistance in Campylobacter jejuni, Pennsylvania, USA, 1982-2001. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 8:1501-1503.
64. Nadeau, E., S. Messier, and S. Quessy. 2002. Prevalence and comparison of genetic profiles of Campylobacter strains isolated form poultry and sporadic cases of campylobacteriosis in humans. J. Food Prot. 65:73-78.
65. National Office of Animal Health. 2007. The use of fluoroquinolones in animal health. Briefing document no. 18. Available at: http://www noah.couk/issues/hriefingdoc/bd.18.pdf Accessed 6 January 2010.
66. Nelson, J. VI. T. M. Chiller, J. H. Powers, and F. J. Angulo. 2007. Fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter species and the withdrawal of fluoroquinolones from use in poultry: a public health success story. Clin. Infect. Dis. 44:977-980.
67. Nielsen, E. M., V. Fussing, J. Engberg, N. L. Nielsen, and J. Neimann. 2006. Most Campylobacter subtypes from sporadic infections can be found in retail poultry products and food animals. EpidemioL. Infect. 134:758-767.
68. Norrby, S. R. 2003 Central nervous system toxicity 461-465. In D. C. Hooper and E. Rubinstein (ed.), Quinolone antimicrobial agents, 3rd ed. ASM Press, Washington, DC.
69. Norström, M., M. Hofshagen, T. Stavnes, J. Schau, J. Lassen, and H. Kruse. 2006. Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter jejuni.from humans and broilers in Norway. EpidemioL. Infect. 134:127-130.
70. Oliphant, C. M., and G. M. Green. 2002. Quinolones: a comprehensive review. Am. Fam. Physician 65;455-464
71. Olson, C. K., S. Ethelberg, W. van Pelt, and R. V. Pelt. 2008. Epidemiology of Campylobacter jejuni infections in industrialized nations, 163-189. In I. Nachamkin, C. M. Szymanski, and M. J. Blaser (ed.), Campylobacter, 3rd ed. ASM Press, Washington, DC.
72. Owens, R. C, and P. G. Ambrose. 2005. Antimicrobial safety: focus on fluoroquinolones. Clin. Infect. Dis. 41:S144-S157.
73. Oyamada, Y., J. Yamagishi, T. Kihara, H. Yoshida, M. Wachi, and H. Ito. 2007. Mechanism of inhibition of DNA gyrase by ES-1273, a novel DNA gyrase inhibitor. MicrobioL. ImmunoL. 51:977-984.
74. Padungtod, P., J. B. Kaneene, R. Hanson, Y. Morita, and S. Boonmar. 2006. Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter isolated from food animals and humans in northern Thailand. FEMS ImmunoL. Med. MicrobioL. 47:217-225.
75. Pasquali, F., A. Lucchi, and G. Manfreda. 2008. Mutant prevention concentration of ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin and nalidixic acid against Campylobacter jejuni. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 31:500-502.
76. Payot, S., J.-M. Bolla, D. Corcoran, S. Fanning, F. Mégraud, and Q. Zhang. 2006. Mechanisms of fluoroquinolone and macrolide resistance in Campylobacter spp. Microbes. Infect. 8;1967-1971
77. Pedersen, K., and A. Wedderkopp. 2003. Resistance to quinolones in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli from Danish broilers at farm leveL. J: Appl MicrobioL. 94;111-119
78. Poirel, L., V. Cattoir, and P. Nordmann. 2008. Is plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance a clinically significant problem? Clin. MicrobioL. Infect. 14:295-297.
79. Price, L. B., E. Johnson, R. Vailes, and E. Silbergeld. 2005. Fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter isolates from conventional and antibiotic-free chicken products. Environ. Health Perspect. 113:557-560.
80. Price, L. B., L. G. Lackey, R. Vailes, and E. Silbergeld. 2007. The persistence of fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter in poultry production. Environ. Health Perspect. 115:1035-1039.
81. Roberts, J., and J.-S. Park. 2004. Mfd, the bacterial transcription repair coupling factor: translocation, repair and termination. Curr. Opin. MicrobioL. 7:120-125.
82. Robicsek, A., G. A. Jacoby, and D. C. Hooper. 2006. The worldwide emergence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance. Lancet. Infect. Dis. 6;629-640
83. Rosengren, L. B., C. L. Waldner, R. J. Reid-Smith, and A. Valdivieso-Garcia. 2009. Association between antimicrobial exposure and resistance in fecal Campylobacter spp. from grow-finish pigs on-farm in Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada. J. Food Prot. 72:482-489.
84. Rozynek, E., K. Dzierzanowska-Fangrat, D. Korsak, P. Konieczny, S. Wardak, J. Szych, M. Jarosz, and D. Dzierzanowska. 2008. Comparison of antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from humans and chicken carcasses in Poland. J. Food Prot. 71:602-607.
85. Savery, N. J. 2007. The molecular mechanism of transcription-coupled DNA repair. Trends. MicrobioL. 15;326-333
86. Sendzik, J., H. Lode, and R. Stahlmann. 2009. Quinolone-induced arthropathy: an update focusing on new mechanistic and clinical data. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 33:194-200.
87. Skj0t-Rasmussen, L., S. Ethelberg, H.-D. Emborg, Y. Agers0, L. S. Larsen, S. Nordentoft, S. S. Olsen, T. Ejlertsen, H. Holt, E. M. Nielsen, and A. M. Hammerum. 2009. Trends in occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter jejuni isolates from broiler chickens, broiler chicken meat, and human domestically acquired cases and travel associated cases in Denmark. Int. J. Food MicrobioL. 131:277'-279.
88. Smith, J. L. 2002. Campylobacter jejuni infection during pregnancy: long-term consequences of associated bacteremia, Guillain-Barre syndrome, and reactive arthritis. J. Food Prot. 65:696-708.
89. Smith, K. E., J. M. Besser, C. W. Hedberg, F. T. Leano, J. B. Bender, J. H. Wicklund, B. P. Johnson, K. A. Moore, M. T. Osterholm, and the Investigation Team. 1999. Quinolone-resistant Campylobacter jejuni infections in Minnesota, 1992-1998. N. EngL. J. Med. 340:1525-1532.
90. Stahlmann, R. 2003. Effects on connective tissue structures, 441-449. In D. C. Hooper and E. Rubinstein (ed.), Quinolone antimicrobial agents, 3rd ed. ASM Press, Washington, DC.
91. Strahilevitz, J., G. A. Jacoby, D. C. Hooper, and A. Robicsek. 2009. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance: a multifaceted threat. Clin. MicrobiaL. Rev. 22:664-689.
92. Taylor, N. M., F. A. Clifton-Hadlely, A. D. Wales, A. Ridley, and R. H. Davies. 2009. Farm-level risk factor for fluoroquinolone resistance in E. coli and thermophilic Campylobacter spp. on finisher pig farms. EpidemioL. Infect. 137:1121-1134.
93. Taylor, N. M., R. H. Davies, A. Ridley, C. Clouting, A. D. Wales, and F. A. Clifton-Hadley. 2008. A survey of fluoroquinolone resistance in Escherichia coli and thermophilic Campylobacter spp. on poultry and pig farms in Great Britain. J. AppL. MicrobioL. 105: 1421-1431.
94. Unicomb, L. E., J. Ferguson, R. J. Stafford, R. Ashbolt, M. D. Kirk, N. G. Becker, M. S. Patel, G. L. Gilbert, M. Vallcanis, and L. Mickan for the Australian Campylobacter Subtyping Study Group. 2006. Low-level fluoroquinolone resistance among Campylobacter jejuni isolates in Australia. Clin. Infect. Dis. 42:1368-1374.
95. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2008. FDA requests boxed warnings on fluoroquinolone antimicrobial drugs. Seeks to strengthen warnings concerning increased risk of tendinitis and tendon rupture. Available at: http:/www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2008/NEW01858.htmL. Accessed 9 April 2010.
96. Van Bambeke, F., J.-M. Michot, J. Van Eldere, and P. M. Tulkens. 2005. Quinolones in 2005: an update. Clin. MicrobioL. Infect. 11 256-280.
97. van der Linden, P. D., M. C. J. M. Sturkenboom, R. M. C. Herings, H. M. G. Leufkens, S. Rowlands, and B. H. C. Striker. 2003. Increase risk of Achilles tendon rupture with quinolone antibacterial use, especially in elderly patients taking oral corticosteroids. Arch. Intern. Med. 163:1801-1807.
98. van Hees, B. C, M. J. Veldman-Ariesen, B. M. de Jongh, M. Tersmetter, and W. van Pelt. 2007. Regional and seasonal differences in incidence and antibiotic resistance of Campylobacter from a nationwide surveillance study in The Netherlands: an overview of 2000-2004. Clin. MicrobioL. Infect. 13:305-310.
99. Varela, N. P., R. Friendship, and C. Dewey. 2007. Prevalence of resistance to 11 antimicrobials among Campylobacter coli isolated from pigs on 80 grower-finisher fanns in Ontario. Can. J. Vet. Res. 71:189-194.
100. Vicente, A., R. Barros, A. Florinda, A. Silva, and T. Hanscheid. 2008. High rate of fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter in Portugal-need for surveillance. Euro SurveilL. 13:pp 8031.
101. Vyas, H., and G. Krishnaswamy. 2007. Quinolone-associated rupture of the Achilles' tendon. N. EngL. I. Med. 357:2067.
102. Wassenaar, T. M., M. Kist, and A. de Jong. 2007. Re-analysis of the risks attributed to ciprofloxacin-resistant Campylobacter jejuni infections. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents. 30;195-201
103. ]103. Wegener, H. C. 2003. Antibiotics in animal feed and their role in resistance development. Curr. Opin. MicrobioL. 6:439-445.
104. Wegener, H. C, and J. Engberg. 2003. Veterinary use of quinolones and impact on human infections, 387-403. In D. C. Hooper and E. Rubinstein (ed.), Quinolone antimicrobial agents, 3rd ed. ASM Press, Washington, DC.
105. Wieczorek, P., P. Sacha, T. Hauschild, M. Zórawski, M. Krawczyk, and E. Tryniszewska. 2008. Multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii-the role of AdeABC (RND family) efflux pump in resistance to antibiotics. Folia Histochem. CytobioL. 46:257-267.
106. World Health Organization. 2002. Antimicrobial resistance. Fact sheet no. 194. Available at:http//www.who.int/rnediacentre/factsheets/fs194/en/print. htmL. Accessed 31 December 2009.
107. Yabe, K., K. Goto, T. Jindo, M. Sekiguchi, and K. Furuhama. 2005. Structure-phototoxicity relationship in Balb/c mice treated with fluoroquinolone derivatives, followed by ultraviolet-A irradiation. ToxicoL. Lett; 157:203-210.
108. Yan, M., O. Sahin, J. Lin, and Q. Zhang. 2006. Role of the CmeABC efflux pump in the emergence of fluroquinalone-resistant Campylobacter under selection pressure.J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 58:1154-1159.
109. Yap, Y. G., and A. J. Camm. 2003. QT prolongation with quinolone antimicrobial agents, 421-440. In D. C. Hooper and E. Rubinstein (ed.), Quinolone antimicrobial agents, 3rd ed. ASM Press, Washington, DC.
110. Young, K. T., L. M. Davis, and V. J. DiRita. 2007. Campylobacter jejuni: molecular biology and pathogenesis. Nat. Rev. MicrobioL. 5: 665-679.
111. Zhang, Q., J. Lin, and S. Pereira. 2003. Fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter in animal reservoirs: dynamics of development, resistance mechanisms and ecological fitness. Anim. Health. Rev. 4:63-71.
112. Zhang, Q., O. Sahin, P. F. McDermott, and S. Payot. 2006. Fitness of antimicrobial-resistant Campylobacter and Salmonella. Microbes Infect. 8:1972-1978.