Medium-voltage multilevel converters State of the art, challenges, and requirements in Industrial applications

IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics

Volumn 57, Issue 8, 2010, Pages 2581-2596

  Abu Rub, Haitham ^a   Holtz, Joachim ^b   Rodriguez, Jose ^c   Baoming, Ge ^d  

^a TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY AT QATAR   (Qatar)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WUPPERTAL   (Germany)

^c DEPARTAMENTO DE FÍSICA   (Chile)

^d BEIJING JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

Dual multilevel inverter (MLI); low switching frequency; medium voltage drives; multilevel inverters; neutral point clamped inverter; synchronous optimal PWM

Indexed keywords

BUILDING BLOCKES; CONTROL TECHNIQUES; DYNAMIC DEVICES; HIGH EFFICIENCY; LOW SWITCHING FREQUENCY; MEDIUM VOLTAGE; MEDIUM VOLTAGE DRIVES; MULTILEVEL CONVERTER; MULTILEVEL INVERTER; NEUTRAL-POINT-CLAMPED INVERTERS; POWER RATINGS; RESEARCH AND APPLICATION; STATE OF THE ART; THREE-LEVEL; VOLTAGE WAVEFORMS;

DRIVES; ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; ELECTRIC POWER SUPPLIES TO APPARATUS; HARMONIC DISTORTION; INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS; OPTIMIZATION;

SWITCHING FREQUENCY;

EID: 77954610937     PISSN: 02780046     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/TIE.2010.2043039     Document Type: Article

References (187)

1. B. Wu, High-Power Converters and AC Drives. New York: IEEE Press/Wiley Interscience, 2006.
2. J. Holtz and N. Oikonomou, "Synchronous optimal pulsewidth modulation and stator flux trajectory control for medium voltage drives," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol.43, no.2, pp. 600-608, Mar./Apr. 2007.
3. T. Brückner and D. Holmes, "Optimal pulse-width modulation for threelevel inverters," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol.20, no.1, pp. 82-89, Jan. 2005.
4. S. Bernet, "Recent developments of high power converters for industry and traction applications," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol.15, no.6, pp. 1102-1117, Nov. 2000.
5. S. S. Fazel, "Investigation and comparison of multi-level converters for medium voltage applications," Ph.D. dissertation, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany, 2007.
6. D. Krug, S. Bernet, S. S. Fazel, K. Jalili, and M. Malinowski, "Comparison of 2.3-kV medium-voltage multilevel converters for industrial medium-voltage drives," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.54, no.6, pp. 2979-2992, Dec. 2007.
7. J. K. Steinke, "Use of an LC filter to achieve a motor-friendly performance of the PWM voltage source inverter," IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol.14, no.3, pp. 649-654, Sep. 1999.
8. S. Pöhler, A. Mertens, and R. Sommer, "Optimization of output filters for inverter fed drives," in Proc. IEEE Annu. Conf. Ind. Electron. Soc., Paris, France, 2006, pp. 1082-1088.
9. J. D. Ma, B. Wu, and S. Rizzo, "Active damping control of PWM CSI high power inductionmotor drives," in Proc. IEEE Power Electron. Spec. Conf., 2000, pp. 61-66.
10. M. Veenstra and A. Rufer, "Control of a hybrid asymmetric multilevel inverter for competitive medium-voltage industrial drives," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol.41, no.2, pp. 655-664, Mar./Apr. 2005.
11. R. H. Baker and L. H. Bannister, "Electric power converter," U.S. Patent 3 867 643, Feb. 18, 1975.
12. R. H. Baker, "Switching circuit," U.S. Patent 4 210 826, Jul. 1, 1980.
13. R. H. Baker, "Bridge converter circuit," U.S. Patent 4 270 163, May 26, 1981.
14. P.W. Hammond, "Four-quadrant AC-AC drive and method," U.S. Patent 6 166 513, Dec. 26, 2000.
15. M. F. Aiello, P. W. Hammond, and M. Rastogi, "Modular multi-level adjustable supply with series connected active inputs," U.S. Patent 6 236 580, May 22, 2001.
16. M. F. Aiello, P. W. Hammond, and M. Rastogi, "Modular multi-level adjustable supply with parallel connected active inputs," U.S. Patent 6 301 130, Oct. 9, 2001.
17. J. P. Lavieville, P. Carrere, and T. Meynard, "Electronic circuit for converting electrical energy and a power supply installation making use thereof," U.S. Patent 5 668 711, Sep. 16, 1997.
18. T. Meynard, J.-P. Lavieville, P. Carrere, J. Gonzalez, and O. Bethoux, "Electronic circuit for converting electrical energy," U.S. Patent 5 706 188, Jan. 6, 1998.
19. K. Corzine, "Operation and Design of Multilevel Inverters," Developed for the Office of Naval Research, Dec. 2003, Rev. Jun. 2005
20. J. Rodriguez, J.-S. Lai, and F. Z. Peng, "Multilevel inverters: A survey of topologies, controls, and applications," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.49, no.4, pp. 724-738, Aug. 2002.
21. J. Holtz, "Self-commutated three-phase inverters with staircase voltage waveforms for high-power applications at low switching frequency," Siemens Res. Dev. Rep., vol.6, no.3, pp. 164-171, 1977.
22. A. Nabae, I. Takahashi, and H. Akagi, "A new neutral-point clamped PWM inverter," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol.IA-17, no.5, pp. 518-523, Sep./Oct. 1981.
23. L. G. Franquelo, J. L. Rodriguez, J. Leon, S. Kouro, R. Portillo, and M. A. Prats, "The age of multilevel converters arrives," IEEE Ind. Electron. Mag., vol.2, no.2, pp. 28-39, Jun. 2008.
24. J.-S. Lai and F. Z. Peng, "Multilevel converters-A new breed of power converters," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol.32, no.3, pp. 509-517, May 1996.
25. J. D. Barros and J. F. Silva, "Optimal predictive control of three-phase NPC multilevel converter for power quality applications," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.55, no.10, pp. 3670-3681, Oct. 2008.
26. L. Lin, Y. Zou, Z. Wang, and H. Jin, "Modeling and control of neutral point voltage balancing problem in three-level NPC PWM inverters," in Proc. 36th IEEE PESC, Recife, Brazil, Jun. 2005, pp. 861-866.
27. O. Ojo and S. Konduru, "A discontinuous carrier-based PWM modulation method for the control of neutral point voltage of three phase three-level diode clamped converters," in Proc. 36th IEEE Annu. Power Electron. Spec. Conf., Recife, Brazil, 2005, pp. 1652-1658.
28. D. Xu and B.Wu, "Multilevel current source inverters with phase-shifted trapezoidal PWM," in Proc. 36th IEEE Annu. Power Electron. Spec. Conf., Recife, Brazil, 2005, pp. 2540-2546.
29. D. G. Holmes and T. A. Lipo, Pulse With Modulation for Power Converters. New York: Wiley, 2003.
30. P.W. Hammond, "Medium voltage PWM drive and method," U.S. Patent 5 625 545, Apr. 29, 1997.
31. K. Yamanaka, K. Yamada, A. Kumagae, and T. Terada, "Three-level neutral point clamping type inverter circuit," U.S. Patent 6 226 192, May 1, 2001.
32. J. P. Lyons, V. Vlatkovic, P. M. Espelange, A. A. M. Esser, and F. F. Want, "Five level high power motor drive converter and control system," U.S. Patent 6 058 031, May 2, 2000.
33. G. A. Duba, E. S. Thaxton, and J. Walter, "Modular static power converter connected in a multi-level, multi-phase, multi-circuit configuration," U.S. Patent 5 933 339, Aug. 3, 1999.
34. Y. Khersonsky, "Step switched PWM sine generator," U.S. Patent 6 556 461, Apr. 29, 2003.
35. S. Bernet, T. Bruckner, and P. Stiemer, "Three-point converter and method for its operation," U.S. Patent 6 219 265, Apr. 17, 2001.
36. P. Steimer, "Operating a power electronic circuit arrangement having multiple power converters," U.S. Patent 6 009 002, Dec. 28, 1999.
37. M. D. Manjrekar, P. K. Steimer, and T. A. Lipo, "Hybrid multilevel conversion system: A competitive solution for high power applications," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol.36, no.3, pp. 834-841, May/Jun. 2000.
38. S. Bernet, "State of the art and developments of medium voltage converters-An overview," Prz. Elektrotech.(Elect. Rev.), vol.82, no.5, pp. 1-10, May 2006.
39. F. Peng, "A generalized multilevel inverter topology with self voltage balancing," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol.37, no.2, pp. 611-618, Mar./Apr. 2001.
40. T. Meynard, H. Foch, F. Forest, C. Turpin, F. Richardeau, L. Delmas, G. Gateau, and E. Lefeuvre, "Multicell converters: Derived topologies," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.49, no.5, pp. 978-987, Oct. 2002.
41. A. Muetze and A. Binder, "Experimental evaluation of mitigation techniques for bearing currents in inverter-supplied drive-systems- Investigations on induction motors up to 500 kW," in Proc. 4th IEMDC, Madison, WI, Jun. 1-4, 2003, vol.3, pp. 1859-1865.
42. P.W. Hammond, "A new approach to enhance power quality for medium voltage AC drives," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol.33, no.1, pp. 202-208, Jan./Feb. 1997.
43. L. M. Tolbert, F. Z. Peng, and T. G. Habetler, "Multilevel converters for large electric drives," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol.35, no.1, pp. 36-44, Jan./Feb. 1999.
44. M. F. Escalante, J. C. Vannier, and A. Arzande, "Flying capacitor multilevel inverters and DTC motor drive applications," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.49, no.4, pp. 809-815, Aug. 2002.
45. A.-C. Rufer, "An aid in the teaching of multilevel inverters for high power applications," in Proc. 26th IEEE Power Electron. Spec. Conf., 1995, vol.1, pp. 347-352.
46. L. M. Tolbert, F. Z. Peng, and T. G. Habetler, "A multilevel converterbased universal power conditioner," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol.36, no.2, pp. 596-603, Mar./Apr. 2000.
47. Z. Cheng and B. Wu, "A novel switching sequence design for five-level NPC/H-bridge inverters with improved output voltage spectrum and minimized device switching frequency," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol.22, no.6, pp. 2138-2145, Nov. 2007.
48. J. I. Leon, S. Vazquez, S. Kouro, L. G. Franquelo, J. M. Carrasco, and J. Rodriguez, "Unidimensional modulation technique for cascaded multilevel convert," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.56, no.8, pp. 2981- 2986, Aug. 2009.
49. Y. Liu, A. Q. Huang, W. Song, S. Bhattacharya, and G. Tan, "Smallsignal model-based control strategy for balancing individual DC capacitor voltages in cascade multilevel inverter-based STATCOM," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.56, no.6, pp. 2259-2269, Jun. 2009.
50. O. Lopez, J. Alvarez, J. Doval-Gandoy, F. D. Freijedo, A. Nogueiras, A. Lago, and C.M. Penalver, "Comparison of the FPGA implementation of two multilevel space vector PWM algorithms," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.55, no.4, pp. 1537-1547, Apr. 2008.
51. C. Hochgraf, R. Lasseter, D. Divan, and T. A. Lipo, "Comparison of multilevel inverters for static VAr compensation," in Conf. Rec. 29th IEEE IAS Annu. Meeting, 1994, pp. 921-928.
52. M. Fracchia, T. Ghiara, M. Marchesoni, and M. Mazzucchelli, "Optimized modulation techniques for the generalized N-level converter," in Proc. IEEE Power Electron. Spec. Conf., 1992, vol.2, pp. 1205-1213.
53. S. Mukherjee and G. Poddar, "Series-connected three-level inverter topology for medium-voltage squirrel-cage motor drive applications," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol.46, no.1, pp. 179-186, Jan./Feb. 2010.
54. Z. Du, L. M. Tolbert, J. N. Chiasson, B. Ozpineci, H. Li, and A. Q. Huang, "Hybrid cascaded H-bridges multilevel motor drive control for electric vehicles," in Proc. 37th IEEE Power Electron. Spec. Conf., Jun. 2006, pp. 1-6.
55. S. Sirisukprasert, Z. Xu, B. Zhang, J. S. Lai, and A. Q. Huang, "A highfrequency 1.5 MVA H-bridge building block for cascaded multilevel converters using emitter turn-off thyrister," in Proc. IEEE Appl. Power Electron. Conf., 2002, pp. 27-32.
56. F. Z. Peng, J. S. Lai, J. W. McKeever, and J. A. VanCoevering, "Multilevel voltage-source inverter with separate dc sources for static VAr generation," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol.32, no.5, pp. 1130-1138, Sep./Oct. 1996.
57. F. Z. Peng, J. W. McKeever, and D. J. Adams, "A power line conditioner using cascade multilevel inverters for distribution systems," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol.34, no.6, pp. 1293-1298, Nov./Dec. 1998.
58. F. Z. Peng and J. S. Lai, "Multilevel cascade voltage-source inverter with separate DC sources," U.S. Patent 5 642 275, Jun. 24, 1997.
59. K. Corzine and Y. Familiant, "A new cascaded multilevel H-bridge drive," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol.17, no.1, pp. 125-131, Jan. 2002.
60. M. Carpita, M. Marchesoni, M. Pellerin, and D. Moser, "Multilevel converter for traction applications: Small-scale prototype tests results," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.55, no.5, pp. 2203-2212, May 2008.
61. M. Malinowski, S. Stynski, W. Kolomyjski, and M. P. Kazmierkowski, "Control of three-level PWM converter applied to variable-speed-type turbines," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.56, no.1, pp. 69-77, Jan. 2009.
62. A. Nabae, I. Takahashi, and H. Akagi, "A new neutral-point clamped PWM inverter," in Conf. Rec. IEEE Ind. Appl. Soc. Annu. Meeting, Sep./Oct. 1980, pp. 761-766.
63. S. Alepuz, S. Busquets-Monge, J. Bordonau, J. Gago, D. Gonzalez, and J. Balcells, "Interfacing renewable energy sources to the utility grid using a three-level inverter," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.53, no.5, pp. 1504-1511, Oct. 2006.
64. R. C. Portillo, M. M. Prats, J. I. Leon, J. A. Sanchez, J. M. Carrasco, E. Galvan, and L. G. Franquelo, "Modeling strategy for back-to-back three-level converters applied to high-power wind turbines," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.53, no.5, pp. 1483-1491, Oct. 2006.
65. J. Holtz and N. Oikonomou, "Neutral point potential balancing algorithm at low modulation index for three-level inverter medium voltage drives," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol.43, no.3, pp. 761-768, May/Jun. 2007.
66. G. Beinhold, R. Jacob, and M. Nahrstaedt, "A new range of medium voltage multilevel inverter drives with floating capacitor technology," in Proc. EPE, Graz, Austria, 2001, [CD-ROM].
67. S. G. Song, F. S. Kang, and S.-J. Park, "Cascaded multilevel inverter employing three-phase transformers and single dc input," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.56, no.6, pp. 2005-2014, Jun. 2009.
68. M. Manjrekar and T. Lipo, "A hybrid multilevel inverter topology for drive applications," in Proc. IEEE Appl. Power Electron. Conf., 1998, vol.2, pp. 523-529.
69. S. Fazel, S. Bernet, D. Krug, and K. Jalili, "Design and comparison of 4-kV neutral-point-clamped, flying-capacitor, and series-connected H-bridge multilevel converters," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.43, no.4, pp. 1032-1040, Jul./Aug. 2007.
70. H. P. Krug, T. Kume, and M. Swarmy, "Neutral point clamped threelevel general purpose inverter-Features, benefits and applications," in Proc. 35th IEEE Annu. Power Electron. Spec. Conf., Aachen, Germany, Jun. 20-25, 2004, pp. 323-328.
71. N. Celanovic and D. Borojevic, "A comprehensive study of neutral point voltage balancing problem in three level neutral point clamped voltage source PWM inverters," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol.15, no.2, pp. 242-249, Mar. 2002.
72. K. Yamanaka, A. M. Hava, H. Kirino, Y. Tanaka, N. Koga, and T. Kume, "A novel neutral point potential stabilization technique using the information of output current polarities and voltage vector," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol.38, no.6, pp. 1572-1580, Nov./Dec. 2002.
73. M. Botao, L. Congwei, Z. Yang, and L. Fahai, "New SVPWM control scheme for three-phase diode clamping multilevel inverter with balanced dc voltages," in Proc. IEEE Conf. Ind. Electron. Soc., 2002, vol.1, pp. 903-907.
74. S. Busquets-Monge, S. Somavilla, J. Bordonau, and D. Boroyevich, "A novel modulation for the comprehensive neutral-point balancing in the three level NPC inverter with minimum output switching-frequency ripple," in Proc. IEEE Power Electron. Spec. Conf., 2004, vol.6, pp. 4226-4232.
75. G. P. Adam, S. J. Finney, A. M. Massoud, and B. W. Williams, "Capacitor balance issues of the diode-clamped multilevel inverter operated in a quasi two-state mode," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.55, no.8, pp. 3088-3099, Aug. 2008.
76. H. Mouton, "Natural balancing of three-level neutral point clamped PWM inverter," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.49, no.5, pp. 1017- 1025, Oct. 2002.
77. S. Ogasawara and H. Akagi, "Analysis of variation of neutral point potential in neutral-point-clamped voltage source PWM inverters," in Conf. Rec. IEEE Ind. Appl. Soc. Annu. Meeting, 1993, pp. 965-970.
78. J. Pou, R. Pindado, D. Boroyevich, and P. Rodríguez, "Evaluation of the low-frequency neutral-point voltage oscillations in the three-level inverter," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.52, no.6, pp. 1582-1588, Dec. 2005.
79. J. Pou, D. Boroyevich, and R. Pindado, "New feedforward space-vector PWM method to obtain balanced AC output voltages in a three-level neutral-point-clamped converter," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.49, no.5, pp. 1026-1034, Oct. 2002.
80. F. Wang, "Coordinated control of regenerative three-level neutral point clamped pulsewidth-modulated voltage source inverters," IEEE Ind. Appl. Mag., vol.10, no.4, pp. 51-58, Jul./Aug. 2004.
81. L. Ben-Brahim, "A discontinuous PWM method for balancing the neutral point voltage in three-level inverter-fed variable frequency drives (VFDs)," IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol.23, no.4, pp. 1057-1063, Dec. 2008.
82. Z. Du, L. M. Tolbert, J. N. Chiasson, and B. Ozpineci, "Reduced switching-frequency active harmonic elimination for multilevel converters," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.55, no.4, pp. 1761-1770, Apr. 2008.
83. B. P. McGrath, D. G. Holmes, and T. Meynard, "Reduced PWM harmonic distortion for multilevel inverters operating over a wide modulation range," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol.21, no.4, pp. 941-949, Jul. 2006.
84. Z. Du, L. M. Tolbert, and J. N. Chiasson, "Active harmonic elimination for multilevel converters," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol.21, no.2, pp. 459-469, Mar. 2006.
85. L. G. Franquelo, J. Napoles, R. C. P. Guisado, J. I. Leon, andM. Aguirre, "A flexible selective harmonic mitigation technique to meet grid codes in three level PWM converters," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.54, no.6, pp. 3022-3029, Dec. 2007.
86. C. Rech and J. R. Pinheiro, "Hybrid multilevel converters: Unified analysis and design considerations," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.54, no.2, pp. 1092-1104, Apr. 2007.
87. A. BenAbdelghani, C. A. Martins, X. Roboam, and T. A. Meynard, "Use of extra degrees of freedom in multilevel drives," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.49, no.5, pp. 965-977, Oct. 2002.
88. Z. Pan, F. Z. Peng, K. A. Corzine, V. R. Stefanovic, J. M. Leuthen, and S. Gataric, "Voltage balancing control of diode-clamped multilevel rectifier/inverter systems," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol.41, no.6, pp. 1698-1706, Nov. 2005.
89. L. Yacoubi, K. Al-Haddad, L.-A. Dessaint, and F. Fnaiech, "Linear and nonlinear control techniques for a three-phase three-level NPC boost rectifier," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.53, no.6, pp. 1908-1918, Dec. 2006.
90. P. Lezana, C. A. Silva, J. Rodriguez, and M. A. Perez, "Zero-steadystate- error input-current controller for regenerative multilevel converters based on single-phase cells," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.54, no.2, pp. 733-740, Apr. 2007.
91. E. Cengelci, S. U. Sulistijo, B. O. Woo, P. Enjeti, R. Teodorescu, and F. Blaabjerg, "A new medium voltage PWM inverter topology for adjustable speed drives," in Conf. Rec. IEEE IAS Annu. Meeting, St. Louis, MO, Oct. 1998, pp. 1416-1423.
92. J. Holtz and N. Oikonomou, "Estimation of the fundamental current in low switching frequency high-dynamic medium voltage drives," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol.44, no.5, pp. 1597-1605, Sep./Oct. 2008.
93. L. Tolbert and T. G. Habetler, "Novel multilevel inverter carrier-based PWM method," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol.35, no.5, pp. 1098-1107, Sep./Oct. 1999.
94. J. I. Leon, S. Vazquez, R. Portillo, L. G. Franquelo, J. M. Carrasco, P. W. Wheeler, and A. J. Watson, "Three-dimensional feedforward space vector modulation applied to multilevel diode-clamped converters," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.56, no.1, pp. 101-109, Jan. 2009.
95. Y. Liu, H. Hong, and A. Q. Huang, "Real-time calculation of switching angles minimizing THD for multilevel inverters with step modulation," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.56, no.2, pp. 285-293, Feb. 2009.
96. C. Sourkounis and A. Al-Diab, "A comprehensive analysis and comparison between multilevel space-vector modulation and multilevel carrier-based PWM," in Proc. EPE-PEMC, Poznan, Poland, 2008, pp. 1710-1715.
97. A. M. Hava, R. J. Kerkman, and T. A. Lipo, "Simple analytical and graphical methods for carrier-based PWM-VSI drives," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol.14, no.1, pp. 49-61, Jan. 1999.
98. J. K. Steinke, "Switching frequency optimal PWM control of a threelevel inverter," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol.7, no.3, pp. 487-496, Jul. 1992.
99. K. Zhou and D. Wang, "Relationship between space-vector modulation and three-phase carrier-based PWM: A comprehensive analysis," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.49, no.1, pp. 186-196, Feb. 2002.
100. J. Sun, S. Beineke, and H. Grotstollen, "Optimal PWM based on realtime solution of harmonic elimination equations," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol.11, no.4, pp. 612-621, Jul. 1996.
101. G. Carrara, S. Gardella, M. Marchesoni, R. Salutari, and G. Sciutto, "A new multilevel PWM method: A theoretical analysis," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol.7, no.3, pp. 497-505, Jul. 1992.
102. R. S. Bowes and D. Holliday, "Optimal regular-sampled PWM inverter control techniques," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.54, no.3, pp. 1547- 1559, Jun. 2007.
103. J. Holtz, "Pulsewidth modulation for electronic power converters," Proc. IEEE, vol.82, no.8, pp. 1194-1214, Aug. 1994.
104. J. Rodríguez, L. Morán, P. Correa, and C. Silva, "A vector control technique for medium-voltage multilevel inverters," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.49, no.4, pp. 882-888, Aug. 2002.
105. Y. Liang and C. O. Nwankpa, "A new type of STATCOM based on cascading voltage-source inverters with phase-shifted unipolar SPWM," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol.35, no.5, pp. 1118-1123, Sep./Oct. 1999.
106. W. Hill and C. Harbourt, "Performance of medium voltage multilevel inverters," in Conf. Rec. IEEE IAS Annu. Meeting, Phoenix, AZ, Oct. 3-7, 1999, pp. 1186-1192.
107. P. Bhagwat and V. Stefanovic, "Generalized structure of a multilevel PWM inverter," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol.IA-19, no.6, pp. 1057- 1069, Nov. 1983.
108. O. Lopez, J. Alvarez, J. Doval-Gandoy, and F. D. Freijedo, "Multilevel multiphase space vector PWM algorithm," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.55, no.5, pp. 1933-1942, May 2008.
109. L. Li, D. Czarkowski, Y. Liu, and P. Pillay, "Multilevel selective harmonic elimination PWM technique in series-connected voltage inverters," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol.36, no.1, pp. 160-170, Jan./Feb. 2000.
110. V. G. Agelidis, A. I. Balouktsis, and C. Cossar, "On attaining the multiple solutions of selective harmonic elimination PWMthree-level waveforms through function minimization," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.55, no.3, pp. 996-1004, Mar. 2008.
111. J. Pontt, J. Rodriguez, J. San Martin, R. Aguilera, R. Bernal, and P. Newman, "Resonance mitigation and dynamical behavior of systems with harmonic filters for improving reliability in mining plants," in Conf. Rec. IEEE Ind. Appl. Soc. Annu. Meeting, 2006, pp. 1298-1302.
112. J. Pontt, J. Rodriguez, P. Newman, A. Liendo, and J. Holtz, "Networkfriendly low switching frequency high-power three-level PWMrectifier," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.56, no.4, pp. 1254-1262, Apr. 2009.
113. EUPEC Product Information on IGBTs. [Online]. Available: http:// www.infineon.com/cgi-bin/ifx/portal/ep/channelView.do?channelId=- 78588&channelPag e =%2Fep%2Fchannel%2FproductOverview.jsp& pageTypeId=17099
114. S. Kouro, P. Cortes, R. Vargas, U. Ammann, and J. Rodriguez, "Industrial electronics model predictive control-A simple and powerful method to control power converters," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.56, no.6, pp. 1826-1838, Jun. 2009.
115. H. Lou, C. Mao, J. Lu, D. Wang, and L. Chen, "Double three-level inverter based variable frequency drive with minimal total harmonic distortion using particle swarm optimization," in Advanced Intelligent Computing Theories and Applications With Aspects of Theoretical and Methodological Issues, ICIC. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 2007, pp. 461-472.
116. M. Janssen and A. Steimel, "Direct self-control with minimum torque ripple and high dynamics for a double three-level GTO inverter drive," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.49, no.5, pp. 1065-1071, Oct. 2002.
117. X. Q. Wu and A. Steimel, "Direct self control of induction machines fed by a double three level inverter," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.44, no.4, pp. 519-527, Aug. 1997.
118. H. Stemmler and P. Guggenbach, "Configurations of high power voltage source inverter drives," in Proc. 5th Eur. Conf. Power Electron., Brighton, U.K., 1993, pp. 7-14.
119. M. Depenbrock and S. Ditteney, "Spannungsverhältnisse bei gekoppelten Drehstromwechselrichtern," Elektrotech. Zeitschrift etz-a, vol.97, no.11, pp. 668-671, 1976.
120. M. Kazmierkowski and L. Malesani, "Current control techniques for three-phase voltage source PWM converters: A survey," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol.45, no.4, pp. 691-703, Oct. 1998.
121. P. Zanchetta, D. B. Gerry, V. G.Monopoli, J. C. Clare, and P.W.Wheeler, "Predictive current control for multilevel active rectifiers with reduced switching frequency," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.55, no.1, pp. 163- 172, Jan. 2008.
122. A. I. Maswood and S. Wei, "Genetic-algorithm-based solution in PWM converter switching," Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng.-Electr. Power Appl., vol.152, no.3, pp. 473-478, May 2005.
123. A. Beig, G. Narayanan, and V. T. Ranganathan, "Modified SVPWM algorithm for three level VSI with synchronized and symmetrical waveforms," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.54, no.1, pp. 486-494, Feb. 2007.
124. J. H. Seo, C. H. Choi, and D. S. Hyun, "A new simplified space-vector PWM method for three level inverters," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol.16, no.4, pp. 545-550, Jul. 2001.
125. S. Wei, B. Wu, and Q. Wang, "An improved space vector PWM control algorithm for multilevel inverters," in Proc. Int. Power Electron. Motion Control Conf., Aug. 14-16, 2004, vol.3, pp. 1124-1129.
126. C. Wang, B. K. Bose, V. Oleschuk, S. Mondal, and J. O. P. Pinto, "Neural-network-based space-vector PWM of a three level inverter covering overmodulation region and performance evaluation on induction motor drive," in Proc. IEEE Annu. Conf. Ind. Electron. Soc., 2003, vol.1, pp. 1-6.
127. H. Zhang, A. Von Jouanne, S. Dai, A. K. Wallace, and F. Wang, "Multilevel inverter modulation schemes to eliminate common-mode voltages," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol.36, no.6, pp. 1645-1653, Nov./Dec. 2000.
128. G. S. Buja, "Optimum output waveforms in PWM inverters," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol.IA-16, no.6, pp. 830-836, Nov./Dec. 1980.
129. J. Holtz and B. Beyer, "Fast current trajectory control based on synchronous optimal pulsewidth modulation," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol.31, no.5, pp. 1110-1120, Sep./Oct. 1995.
130. ABB Product Information on IGCTs. [Online]. Available: http://www. abb.de/Product/seitp325/13dc0112de7b238bc12572ad0026be64.aspx? productLanguage=ge&country=AE
131. A. Nagel, S. Bernet, P. K. Steimer, and O. Apeldoorn, "A 24-MVA inverter using IGCT series connection for medium voltage applications," in Conf. Rec. IEEE Ind. Appl. Soc. Annu. Meeting, Chicago, IL, 2001, pp. 867-870.
132. J. Rodriguez, S. Bernet, B. Wu, J. Pontt, and S. Kouro, "Multilevel voltage-source-converter topologies for industrial medium-voltage drives," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.54, no.6, pp. 2930-2945, Dec. 2007.
133. M. Marchesoni and P. Tenca, "Diode-clamped multilevel converters: A practicable way to balance dc-link voltages," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.49, no.4, pp. 752-765, Aug. 2002.
134. K. A. Corzine and X. Kou, "Capacitor voltage balancing in full binary combination schema flying capacitor multilevel inverters," IEEE Power Electron. Lett., vol.1, no.1, pp. 2-5, Mar. 2003.
135. A. Bendre and G. Venkataramanan, "Neutral current ripple minimization in a three-level rectifier," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol.42, no.2, pp. 582- 590, Mar./Apr. 2006.
136. J. Holtz and H.-P. Wurm, "A new type of voltage fed inverter for the megawatt range," Elektr. Bahnen, vol.80, pp. 214-221, 1982.
137. J. Holtz, "Self-controlled inverter," Patent DE 23 39 034, granted in Germany and Japan, January 5, 1983.
138. L. M. Tolbert and F. Z. Peng, "Multilevel converters as a utility interface for renewable energy systems," in Proc. IEEE Power Eng. Soc. Summer Meeting, 2000, vol.2, pp. 1271-1274.
139. S. Daher, J. Schmid, and F. L. M. Antunes, "Multilevel inverter topologies for stand-alone PV systems," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.55, no.7, pp. 2703-2712, Jul. 2008.
140. E. Villanueva, P. Correa, J. Rodriguez, and M. Pacas, "Control of a single-phase cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter for grid-connected photovoltaic system," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.56, no.11, pp. 4399-4406, Nov. 2009.
141. R. Gonzalez, E. Gubia, J. Lopez, and L. Marroyo, "Transformerless single-phase multilevel-based photovoltaic inverter," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.55, no.7, pp. 2694-2702, Jul. 2008.
142. P. N. Enjeti and R. Jakkli, "Optimal power control strategies for neutral point clamped (NPC) inverter topology," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol.28, no.3, pp. 558-566, May/Jun. 1992.
143. T. A. Meynard, M. Fadel, and N. Aouda, "Modeling of multilevel converters," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.44, no.3, pp. 356-364, Jun. 1997.
144. R. D. Klug and N. Klaassen, "High power medium voltage drives: Innovations, portfolio, trends," in Proc. EPE, Dresden, Germany, 2005.
145. A. Urschitz, E. Prem, J. Malzon-Jessen, and T. M. Maloney, "The power of electronic power management," in Proc. 5th IEEE Int. Conf. Ind. Informat., 2007, vol.2, pp. 1221-1226.
146. L. A. Tolbert, F. Z. Peng, T. Cunnyngham, and J. N. Chiasson, "Charge balance control schemes for cascade multilevel converter in hybrid electric vehicles," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.49, no.5, pp. 1058-1064, Oct. 2002.
147. C.-C. Hua, C.-W. Wu, and C.-W. Chuang, "Control of low-distortion 27-level cascade inverter with three H-bridge inverter modules," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Ind. Technol., Dec. 2006, pp. 277-282.
148. P. Bartholomeüs and P. Le Moigne, "Switching behaviour of a generalized diode-clamped converter," in Proc. EPE, Graz, Austria, 2001.
149. P. Carrere, T. Meynard, and J. P. Lavieville, "4000 V-300 A eight level IGBT inverter leg," in Proc. EPE, Sevilla, Spain, 1995, pp. 106-111.
150. C. M. Bingham, D. A. Stone, and M. P. Foster, "A back to back multilevel converter for driving low inductance brushless AC machines," in Proc. EPE, Aalborg, Denmark, 2007, pp. 1-9.
151. J. Holtz and N. Oikonomou, "Optimal control of a dual three-level inverter system for medium-voltage drives," in Conf. Rec. IEEE Ind. Appl. Soc. Annu. Meeting, Orlando, FL, Oct. 8-12, 2008. [Online]. Available: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4659092
152. J. Zaragoza, J. Pou, S. Ceballos, E. Robles, P. Ibanez, and J. L. Villate, "A comprehensive study of a hybrid modulation technique for the neutralpoint- clamped converter," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.56, no.2, pp. 294-304, Feb. 2009.
153. J. Holtz and N. Oikonomou, "Fast dynamic control of medium voltage drives operating at very low switching frequency-An overview," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol.55, no.3, pp. 1005-1013, Mar. 2008.
154. R. Gupta, A. Ghosh, and A. Joshi, "Switching characterization of cascaded multilevel-inverter-controlled systems," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.55, no.3, pp. 1047-1058, Mar. 2008.
155. M. P. Kazmierkowski and L. Malesani, "Current control techniques for three-phase voltage-source PWM converters: A survey," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.45, no.5, pp. 691-703, Oct. 1998.
156. A. K. Gupta and A. M. Khambadkone, "A space vector PWM scheme for multilevel inverters based on two-level space vector PWM," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 53, no. 5, pp. 1631-1639, Oct. 2006.
157. R. Vargas, P. Cortes, U. Ammann, J. Rodriguez, and J. Pontt, "Predictive control of a three-phase neutral-point clamped inverter," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 2697-2705, Oct. 2007.
158. J. Rodriguez, J. Pontt, C. Silva, P. Correa, P. Lezana, P. Cortés, and U. Ammann, "Predictive current control of a voltage source inverter," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.54, no.1, pp. 495-503, Feb. 2007.
159. A. Sapin, P. K. Steimer, and J.-J. Simond, "Modeling, simulation, and test of a three-level voltage-source inverter with output LC filter and direct torque control," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol.43, no.2, pp. 469- 475, Mar./Apr. 2007.
160. A. K. Gupta and A. M. Khambadkone, "A simple space vector PWM scheme to operate a three-level NPC inverter at high modulation index including overmodulation region, with neutral point balancing," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol.43, no.3, pp. 751-760, May/Jun. 2007.
161. J. Holtz and B. Beyer, "The trajectory tracking approach-A new method for minimum distortion PWM in dynamic high-power drives," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol.30, no.4, pp. 1048-1057, Jul./Aug. 1994.
162. N. Oikonomou and J. Holtz, "Closed-loop control of medium voltage drives operated with synchronous optimal pulsewidth modulation," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol.44, no.1, pp. 115-123, Jan./Feb. 2008.
163. J. R. Rodríguez, J. W. Dixon, J. R. Espinoza, J. Pontt, and P. Lezana, "PWM regenerative rectifiers: State of the art," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.52, no.1, pp. 5-22, Feb. 2005.
164. J. Rodríguez, J. Pontt, N. Becker, and A.Weinstein, "Regenerative drives in the megawatt range for high-performance downhill belt conveyors," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol.38, no.1, pp. 203-210, Jan./Feb. 2002.
165. M. Koyama, Y. Shimomura, H. Yamaguchi, M.Mukunoki, H. Okayama, and S. Mizoguchi, "Large capacity high efficiency three-level GCT inverter system for steel rolling mill drives," in Proc. 9th EPE, Graz, Austria, 2001, [CD-ROM].
166. P. Lezana, J. Rodríguez, and D. A. Oyarzún, "Cascaded multilevel inverter with regeneration capability and reduced number of switches," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.55, no.3, pp. 1059-1066, Mar. 2008.
167. S. Srianthumrong and H. Akagi, "Medium-voltage transformerless AC/DC power conversion system consisting of a diode rectifier and a shunt hybrid filter," in Conf. Rec. IEEE IAS Annu. Meeting, 2002, pp. 78-85.
168. J. Wilson, "The forced-commutated inverter as a regenerative rectifier," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol.IA-14, no.4, pp. 335-340, Jul. 1978.
169. M. C. Di Piazza, G. Tinè, and G. Vitale, "An improved active commonmode voltage compensation device for induction motor drives," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.55, no.4, pp. 1823-1834, Apr. 2008.
170. T. Brückner and S. Bernet, "Feedforward loss control of three-level active NPC converters," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol.43, no.6, pp. 1588- 1596, Nov./Dec. 2007.
171. S. Wei, N. Zargari, B. Wu, and S. Rizzo, "Comparison and mitigation of common mode voltage in power converter topologies," in Conf. Rec. IEEE Ind. Appl. Soc. Annu. Meeting, 2004, pp. 1852-1857.
172. P. Steimer, J. Steinke, H. Gruning, and S. Conner, "A reliable, interfacefriendly medium voltage drive based on the robust IGCT and DTC technologies," in Conf. Rec. IEEE Ind. Appl. Soc. Annu. Meeting, Phoenix, AZ, 1999, pp. 1505-1512.
173. A. K. Gupta and A. M. Khambadkone, "A space vector modulation scheme to reduce common mode voltage for cascaded multilevel inverters," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol.22, no.5, pp. 1672-1681, Sep. 2007.
174. P. C. Loh, D. G. Holmes, Y. Fukuta, and T. A. Lipo, "Reduced commonmode modulation strategies for cascaded multilevel inverters," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol.39, no.5, pp. 1386-1395, Sep. 2003.
175. P. C. Loh, D. G. Holmes, and T. A. Lipo, "Implementation and control of distributed PWM cascaded multilevel inverters with minimal harmonic distortion and common-mode voltage," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol.20, no.1, pp. 90-99, Jan. 2005.
176. M. R. Baiju, K. K. Mohapatra, R. S. Kanchan, and K. Gopakumar, "A dual two-level inverter scheme with common mode voltage elimination for an induction motor drive," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol.19, no.3, pp. 794-805, May 2004.
177. P. N. Tekwani, R. S. Kanchan, and K. Gopakumar, "A dual five-level inverter-fed induction motor drive with common-mode voltage elimination and dc-link capacitor voltage balancing using only the switchingstate redundancy-Part 1," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.54, no.5, pp. 2600-2608, Oct. 2007.
178. P. N. Tekwani, R. S. Kanchan, and K. Gopakumar, "A dual five-level inverter-fed induction motor drive with common-mode voltage elimination and DC-link capacitor voltage balancing using only the switchingstate redundancy-Part 2," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.54, no.5, pp. 2609-2617, Oct. 2007.
179. G. Mondal, K. Gopakumar, P. N. Tekwani, and E. Levi, "A reducedswitch- count five-level inverter with common-mode voltage elimination for an open-end winding induction motor drive," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.54, no.4, pp. 2344-2351, Aug. 2007.
180. J. Salomäki, M. Hinkkanen, and J. Luomi, "Cost-effective design of inv. output filters for AC drives," in Proc. 33rd Annu. Conf. IEEE Ind. Electron. Soc., 2007, pp. 1220-1226.
181. M. Kojima, K. Hirabayashi, Y. Kawabata, E. C. Eijogu, and T. Kawabata, "Novel vector control system using deadbeat-controlled PWM inverter with output LC filter," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol.40, no.1, pp. 162- 169, Jan./Feb. 2004.
182. J. Guzinski and H. Abu-Rub, "Speed sensorless control of induction motors with inverter output filter," Electr. Power Compon. Syst., vol.3, no.2, pp. 337-343, Apr. 2008.
183. J. Guzinski and H. Abu-Rub, "Nonlinear control of an asynchronous motor with inverter output LC filter," in Proc. 2nd Mediterranean CISA, Zarzis, Tunisia, 2009.
184. J. Salomäki, M. Hinkkanen, and J. Luomi, "Sensorless control of induction motor drives equipped with inverter output filter," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.53, no.4, pp. 1188-1197, Aug. 2006.
185. G. Schmitt, R. Kennel, and J. Holtz, "Voltage gradient limitation of IGBTs by optimized gate-current profiles," in Proc. IEEE Power Electron. Spec. Conf., Rhodes, Greece, Jun. 15-19, 2008, pp. 3592-3596.
186. [Online]. Available: http://www.gotocontrol.com/downLoad/files/oagwp002- en-p.pdf
187. [Online]. Available: http://www.rockwellautomation.com