Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and depression: A review of the preclinical and clinical literature

Psychopharmacology

Volumn 212, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 1-12

  Philip, Noah S ^a   Carpenter, Linda L ^a   Tyrka, Audrey R ^a   Price, Lawrence H ^a  

^a BROWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Antidepressants; Cytisine; Major depressive disorder; Mecamylamine; Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor; Varenicline

Indexed keywords

3 (PYRIDIN 3' YL)CYTISINE; 4 CHLORO N (3 QUINUCLIDINYL)BENZAMIDE; ACETYLCHOLINE; AMFEBUTAMONE; AMINE OXIDASE (FLAVIN CONTAINING) ISOENZYME A; AMITRIPTYLINE; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; CITALOPRAM; CYTISINE; DIHYDRO BETA ERYTHROIDINE; DOPAMINE; HEXAMETHONIUM; IMIPRAMINE; MECAMYLAMINE; METHYLLYCACONITINE; N METHYL 4 (3 PYRIDINYL) 3 BUTENAMINE; NICOTINE DERIVATIVE; NICOTINE PATCH; NICOTINIC RECEPTOR; NICOTINIC RECEPTOR ALPHA4BETA2; NICOTINIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; NORADRENALIN; NORTRIPTYLINE; PLACEBO; REBOXETINE; SCOPOLAMINE; SEROTONIN; SERTRALINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; VARENICLINE;

CELL PROLIFERATION; CHOLINERGIC TRANSMISSION; CIGARETTE SMOKING; CLINICAL TRIAL; DEPRESSION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG TARGETING; DRUG TOLERABILITY; FORCED SWIMMING TEST; HAMILTON ANXIETY SCALE; HIPPOCAMPUS; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; INHIBITION KINETICS; MEDICAL DECISION MAKING; MEDICAL LITERATURE; MONTGOMERY ASBERG DEPRESSION RATING SCALE; MOOD DISORDER; NERVE CELL; NEUROBIOLOGY; NEUROTRANSMITTER RELEASE; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECEPTOR DOWN REGULATION; REMISSION; REVIEW; SMOKING CESSATION; SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR; TASK PERFORMANCE; TOBACCO DEPENDENCE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ANIMALS; ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS; CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS; DRUG EVALUATION, PRECLINICAL; HUMANS; RECEPTORS, NICOTINIC;

EID: 77954186129     PISSN: 00333158     EISSN: 14322072     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00213-010-1932-6     Document Type: Review

References (98)

1. Administration USFaD (2009) Varenicline (Marketed as Chantix) Available at: www.fda.gov/CDER/Drug/Infopage/varenicline/default.htm [accessed 12/2009].
2. EX Albuquerque EF Pereira M Alkondon SW Rogers 2009 Mammalian nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: from structure to function Physiol Rev 89 73 120 10.1152/physrev.00015.2008 19126755
3. JT Andreasen JP Redrobe 2009 Antidepressant-like effects of nicotine and mecamylamine in the mouse forced swim and tail suspension tests: role of strain, test and sex Behav Pharmacol 20 286 295 10.1097/FBP.0b013e32832c713e 19404193
4. JT Andreasen JP Redrobe 2009 Nicotine, but not mecamylamine, enhances antidepressant-like effects of citalopram and reboxetine in the mouse forced swim and tail suspension tests Behav Brain Res 197 150 156 10.1016/j.bbr.2008. 08.016 18786574
5. JT Andreasen GM Olsen O Wiborg JP Redrobe 2009 Antidepressant-like effects of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists, but not agonists, in the mouse forced swim and mouse tail suspension tests J Psychopharmacol 23 797 804 10.1177/0269881108091587 18583432
6. HR Arias 2009 Is the inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by bupropion involved in its clinical actions? Int J Biochem Cell Biol 41 2098 2108 10.1016/j.biocel.2009.05.015 19497387
7. Arias HR, Feuerbach D, Targowska-Duda KM, Russell M, Jozwiak K (2010) Interaction of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors with neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Biochemistry (in press)
8. I Bacher B Wu DR Shytle TP George 2009 Mecamylamine-a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist with potential for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders Expert Opin Pharmacother 10 2709 2721 10.1517/14656560903329102 19874251
9. CH Beck HC Fibiger 1995 Chronic desipramine alters stress-induced behaviors and regional expression of the immediate early gene, c-fos Pharmacol Biochem Behav 51 331 338 10.1016/0091-3057(94)00391-U 7667349
10. AW Bruijnzeel M Prado S Isaac 2009 Corticotropin-releasing factor-1 receptor activation mediates nicotine withdrawal-induced deficit in brain reward function and stress-induced relapse Biol Psychiatry 66 110 117 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.01.010 19217073
11. BJ Caldarone A Harrist MA Cleary RD Beech SL King MR Picciotto 2004 High-affinity nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are required for antidepressant effects of amitriptyline on behavior and hippocampal cell proliferation Biol Psychiatry 56 657 664 10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.08.010 15522249 (Pubitemid 39446847)
12. SL Cincotta MS Yorek TM Moschak SR Lewis JS Rodefer 2008 Selective nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists: potential therapies for neuropsychiatric disorders with cognitive dysfunction Curr Opin Investig Drugs 9 47 56 18183531
13. MI Damaj FI Carroll JB Eaton HA Navarro BE Blough S Mirza RJ Lukas BR Martin 2004 Enantioselective effects of hydroxy metabolites of bupropion on behavior and on function of monoamine transporters and nicotinic receptors Mol Pharmacol 66 675 682 10.1124/mol.104.001313 15322260 (Pubitemid 39329267)
14. JA Dani RA Harris 2005 Nicotine addiction and comorbidity with alcohol abuse and mental illness Nat Neurosci 8 1465 1470 10.1038/nn1580 16251989 (Pubitemid 41573657)
15. SC Dilsaver NE Alessi 1987 Chronic inescapable footshock produces cholinergic system supersensitivity Biol Psychiatry 22 914 918 10.1016/0006-3223(87)90091-6 3607120 (Pubitemid 17090165)
16. SC Dilsaver RM Snider NE Alessi 1986 Stress induces supersensitivity of a cholinergic system in rats Biol Psychiatry 21 1093 1096 10.1016/0006-3223(86) 90294-5 3741924 (Pubitemid 16016468)
17. VJ Djuric E Dunn DH Overstreet A Dragomir M Steiner 1999 Antidepressant effect of ingested nicotine in female rats of Flinders resistant and sensitive lines Physiol Behav 67 533 537 10.1016/S0031-9384(99)00091-8 10549890 (Pubitemid 29488531)
18. WC Drevets ML Furey 2010 Replication of Scopolamine's antidepressant efficacy in major depressive disorder: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial Biol Psychiatry 67 432 438 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.11.021 20074703
19. BW Dunlop CB Nemeroff 2007 The role of dopamine in the pathophysiology of depression Arch Gen Psychiatry 64 327 337 10.1001/archpsyc.64.3.327 17339521 (Pubitemid 46376789)
20. RM Eglen 2006 Muscarinic receptor subtypes in neuronal and non-neuronal cholinergic function Auton Autacoid Pharmacol 26 219 233 10.1111/j.1474-8673. 2006.00368.x 16879488 (Pubitemid 43898622)
21. LZ Figueredo KM Moreira TL Ferreira RV Fornari MG Oliveira 2008 Interaction between glutamatergic-NMDA and cholinergic-muscarinic systems in classical fear conditioning Brain Res Bull 77 71 76 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2008. 05.008 18582541
22. JS Fowler J Logan GJ Wang ND Volkow 2003 Monoamine oxidase and cigarette smoking Neurotoxicology 24 75 82 10.1016/S0161-813X(02)00109-2 12564384 (Pubitemid 36091163)
23. R Freedman 2007 Exacerbation of schizophrenia by varenicline Am J Psychiatry 164 1269 10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07020326 17671295 (Pubitemid 47292423)
24. ML Furey WC Drevets 2006 Antidepressant efficacy of the antimuscarinic drug scopolamine: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial Arch Gen Psychiatry 63 1121 1129 10.1001/archpsyc.63.10.1121 17015814 (Pubitemid 44498391)
25. K Fuxe K Andersson P Eneroth A Harfstrand LF Agnati 1989 Neuroendocrine actions of nicotine and of exposure to cigarette smoke: medical implications Psychoneuroendocrinology 14 19 41 10.1016/0306-4530(89)90054-1 2660182 (Pubitemid 19110829)
26. M Gallowitsch-Puerta VA Pavlov 2007 Neuro-immune interactions via the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway Life Sci 80 2325 2329 10.1016/j.lfs.2007. 01.002 17289087 (Pubitemid 46818256)
27. CL Gentry RJ Lukas 2002 Regulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor numbers and function by chronic nicotine exposure Curr Drug Targets CNS Neurol Disord 1 359 385 10.2174/1568007023339184 12769610
28. TP George KA Sacco JC Vessicchio AH Weinberger RD Shytle 2008 Nicotinic antagonist augmentation of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-refractory major depressive disorder: a preliminary study J Clin Psychopharmacol 28 340 344 10.1097/JCP.0b013e318172b49e 18480694
29. D Gonzales SI Rennard M Nides C Oncken S Azoulay CB Billing EJ Watsky J Gong KE Williams KR Reeves 2006 Varenicline, an alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, vs sustained-release bupropion and placebo for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial JAMA 296 47 55 10.1001/jama.296.1.47 16820546
30. C Gotti F Clementi 2004 Neuronal nicotinic receptors: from structure to pathology Prog Neurobiol 74 363 396 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2004.09.006 15649582 (Pubitemid 40092737)
31. C Gotti M Zoli F Clementi 2006 Brain nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: native subtypes and their relevance Trends Pharmacol Sci 27 482 491 10.1016/j.tips.2006.07.004 16876883 (Pubitemid 44251225)
32. D Gunnell D Irvine L Wise C Davies RM Martin 2009 Varenicline and suicidal behaviour: a cohort study based on data from the General Practice Research Database BMJ 339 b3805 10.1136/bmj.b3805 19797344
33. JR Hughes 2007 Depression during tobacco abstinence Nicotine Tob Res 9 443 446 10.1080/14622200701243185 17454698 (Pubitemid 46534455)
34. DS Janowsky CR Risch 1983 Cholinomimetic and anticholinergic drugs used to investigate an acetylcholine hypothesis of affective disorders and stress Drug Devel Res 4 125 142 10.1002/ddr.430040202
35. DS Janowsky MK el-Yousef JM Davis HJ Sekerke 1972 A cholinergic- adrenergic hypothesis of mania and depression Lancet 2 632 635 10.1016/S0140-6736(72)93021-8 4116781
36. DS Janowsky MK el-Yousef JM Davis 1974 Acetylcholine and depression Psychosom Med 36 248 257 4829619
37. DE Jorenby JT Hays NA Rigotti S Azoulay EJ Watsky KE Williams CB Billing J Gong KR Reeves 2006 Efficacy of varenicline, an alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, vs placebo or sustained-release bupropion for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial JAMA 296 56 63 10.1001/jama.296.1.56 16820547
38. D Kalman SB Morissette TP George 2005 Co-morbidity of smoking in patients with psychiatric and substance use disorders Am J Addict 14 106 123 10.1080/10550490590924728 16019961 (Pubitemid 40577885)
39. C Kirschbaum KM Pirke DH Hellhammer 1993 The 'Trier Social Stress Test'-a tool for investigating psychobiological stress responses in a laboratory setting Neuropsychobiology 28 76 81 10.1159/000119004 8255414
40. I Kohen N Kremen 2007 Varenicline-induced manic episode in a patient with bipolar disorder Am J Psychiatry 164 1269 1270 10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07010173 17671294 (Pubitemid 47292424)
41. BM Kudielka DH Hellhammer S Wust 2009 Why do we respond so differently? Reviewing determinants of human salivary cortisol responses to challenge Psychoneuroendocrinology 34 2 18 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.10.004 19041187
42. X Li DG Rainnie RW McCarley RW Greene 1998 Presynaptic nicotinic receptors facilitate monoaminergic transmission J Neurosci 18 1904 1912 9465015
43. PM Lippiello JS Beaver GJ Gatto JW James KG Jordan VM Traina J Xie M Bencherif 2008 TC-5214 (S-(+)-mecamylamine): a neuronal nicotinic receptor modulator with antidepressant activity CNS Neurosci Ther 14 266 277 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2008.00054.x 19040552
44. PD Livingstone JA Dickinson J Srinivasan JN Kew S Wonnacott 2010 Glutamate-dopamine crosstalk in the rat prefrontal cortex is modulated by Alpha7 nicotinic receptors and potentiated by PNU-120596 J Mol Neurosci 40 172 176 10.1007/s12031-009-9232-5 19688191
45. JE Malberg RS Duman 2003 Cell proliferation in adult hippocampus is decreased by inescapable stress: reversal by fluoxetine treatment Neuropsychopharmacology 28 1562 1571 10.1038/sj.npp.1300234 12838272 (Pubitemid 41070856)
46. JE Malberg AJ Eisch EJ Nestler RS Duman 2000 Chronic antidepressant treatment increases neurogenesis in adult rat hippocampus J Neurosci 20 9104 9110 11124987
47. CD Mathers D Loncar 2006 Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030 PLoS Med 3 e442 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030442 17132052 (Pubitemid 44875937)
48. SG Matta Y Fu JD Valentine BM Sharp 1998 Response of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis to nicotine Psychoneuroendocrinology 23 103 113 10.1016/S0306-4530(97)00079-6 9621392 (Pubitemid 28248465)
49. FJ McClernon FB Hiott EC Westman JE Rose ED Levin 2006 Transdermal nicotine attenuates depression symptoms in nonsmokers: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial Psychopharmacology (Berl) 189 125 133 10.1007/s00213-006-0516-y (Pubitemid 44607266)
50. JB McClure GE Swan L Jack SL Catz SM Zbikowski TA McAfee M Deprey J Richards H Javitz 2009 Mood, side-effects and smoking outcomes among persons with and without probable lifetime depression taking varenicline J Gen Intern Med 24 563 569 10.1007/s11606-009-0926-8 19238488
51. PM Meyer K Strecker K Kendziorra G Becker S Hesse D Woelpl A Hensel M Patt D Sorger F Wegner D Lobsien H Barthel P Brust HJ Gertz O Sabri J Schwarz 2009 Reduced alpha4beta2*-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor binding and its relationship to mild cognitive and depressive symptoms in Parkinson disease Arch Gen Psychiatry 66 866 877 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.106 19652126
52. S Mihailescu M Palomero-Rivero P Meade-Huerta A Maza-Flores R Drucker-Colin 1998 Effects of nicotine and mecamylamine on rat dorsal raphe neurons Eur J Pharmacol 360 31 36 10.1016/S0014-2999(98)00658-X 9845269 (Pubitemid 28529393)
53. S Mihailescu R Guzman-Marin C Dominguez Mdel R Drucker-Colin 2002 Mechanisms of nicotine actions on dorsal raphe serotoninergic neurons Eur J Pharmacol 452 77 82 10.1016/S0014-2999(02)02244-6 12323387 (Pubitemid 35248126)
54. AH Miller V Maletic CL Raison 2009 Inflammation and its discontents: the role of cytokines in the pathophysiology of major depression Biol Psychiatry 65 732 741 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.11.029 19150053
55. YS Mineur MR Picciotto 2009 Biological basis for the co-morbidity between smoking and mood disorders J Dual Diagn 5 122 130 10.1080/15504260902869964 20046987
56. YS Mineur O Somenzi MR Picciotto 2007 Cytisine, a partial agonist of high-affinity nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, has antidepressant-like properties in male C57BL/6J mice Neuropharmacology 52 1256 1262 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2007.01.006 17320916 (Pubitemid 46527701)
57. YS Mineur C Eibl G Young C Kochevar RL Papke D Gundisch MR Picciotto 2009 Cytisine-based nicotinic partial agonists as novel antidepressant compounds J Pharmacol Exp Ther 329 377 386 10.1124/jpet.108.149609 19164465
58. EL Ochoa J Lasalde-Dominicci 2007 Cognitive deficits in schizophrenia: focus on neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and smoking Cell Mol Neurobiol 27 609 639 10.1007/s10571-007-9149-x 17554626 (Pubitemid 47038107)
59. H Okuda S Shioda Y Nakai H Nakayama M Okamoto T Nakashima 1993 The presence of corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactive synaptic vesicles in axon terminals with nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-like immunoreactivity in the median eminence of the rat Neurosci Lett 161 183 186 10.1016/0304- 3940(93)90289-W 8272263 (Pubitemid 23314863)
60. DH Overstreet 1993 The Flinders sensitive line rats: a genetic animal model of depression Neurosci Biobehav Rev 17 51 68 10.1016/S0149-7634(05)80230-1 8455816
61. RL Papke PR Sanberg RD Shytle 2001 Analysis of mecamylamine stereoisomers on human nicotinic receptor subtypes J Pharmacol Exp Ther 297 646 656 11303054
62. KG Paradiso JH Steinbach 2003 Nicotine is highly effective at producing desensitization of rat alpha4beta2 neuronal nicotinic receptors J Physiol 553 857 871 10.1113/jphysiol.2003.053447 14555718 (Pubitemid 38035627)
63. CM Pariante SL Lightman 2008 The HPA axis in major depression: classical theories and new developments Trends Neurosci 31 464 468 10.1016/j.tins.2008.06. 006 18675469
64. F Patterson C Jepson AA Strasser J Loughead KA Perkins RC Gur JM Frey S Siegel C Lerman 2009 Varenicline improves mood and cognition during smoking abstinence Biol Psychiatry 65 144 149 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.08.028 18842256
65. VA Pavlov 2008 Cholinergic modulation of inflammation Int J Clin Exp Med 1 203 212 19079659
66. VA Pavlov M Ochani LH Yang M Gallowitsch-Puerta K Ochani X Lin J Levi WR Parrish M Rosas-Ballina CJ Czura GJ Larosa EJ Miller KJ Tracey Y Al-Abed 2007 Selective alpha7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist GTS-21 improves survival in murine endotoxemia and severe sepsis Crit Care Med 35 1139 1144 10.1097/01.CCM.0000259381.56526.96 17334244 (Pubitemid 46598966)
67. NS Philip LL Carpenter AR Tyrka LB Whiteley LH Price 2009 Varenicline augmentation in depressed smokers: an 8-week, open-label study J Clin Psychiatry 70 1026 1031 10.4088/JCP.08m04441 19323966
68. NS Philip LL Carpenter AR Tyrka LH Price 2010 Pharmacologic approaches to treatment resistant depression: a re-examination for the modern era Expert Opin Pharmacother 11 709 722 10.1517/14656561003614781 20151847
69. MR Picciotto NA Addy YS Mineur DH Brunzell 2008 It is not "either/or": activation and desensitization of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors both contribute to behaviors related to nicotine addiction and mood Prog Neurobiol 84 329 342 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2007.12.005 18242816
70. P Popik E Kozela M Krawczyk 2003 Nicotine and nicotinic receptor antagonists potentiate the antidepressant-like effects of imipramine and citalopram Br J Pharmacol 139 1196 1202 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705359 12871839 (Pubitemid 36920683)
71. MK Popkin 2008 Exacerbation of recurrent depression as a result of treatment with varenicline Am J Psychiatry 165 774 10.1176/appi.ajp.2008. 07111735 18519539 (Pubitemid 351810551)
72. RD Porsolt M Le Pichon M Jalfre 1977 Depression: a new animal model sensitive to antidepressant treatments Nature 266 730 732 10.1038/266730a0 559941
73. RL Rabenstein BJ Caldarone MR Picciotto 2006 The nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine has antidepressant-like effects in wild-type but not beta2- or alpha7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit knockout mice Psychopharmacology (Berl) 189 395 401 10.1007/s00213-006-0568-z (Pubitemid 44772820)
74. J Raber GF Koob FE Bloom 1995 Interleukin-2 (IL-2) induces corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) release from the amygdala and involves a nitric oxide-mediated signaling; comparison with the hypothalamic response J Pharmacol Exp Ther 272 815 824 7853199
75. ME Rhodes SM O'Toole SL Wright RK Czambel RT Rubin 2001 Sexual diergism in rat hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responses to cholinergic stimulation and antagonism Brain Res Bull 54 101 113 10.1016/S0361-9230(00)00449-4 11226719 (Pubitemid 32156921)
76. N Rohleder C Kirschbaum 2006 The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in habitual smokers Int J Psychophysiol 59 236 243 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2005. 10.012 16325948
77. H Rollema V Guanowsky YS Mineur A Shrikhande JW Coe PA Seymour MR Picciotto 2009 Varenicline has antidepressant-like activity in the forced swim test and augments sertraline's effect Eur J Pharmacol 605 114 116 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.01.002 19168054
78. SA Ross JY Wong JJ Clifford A Kinsella JS Massalas MK Horne IE Scheffer I Kola JL Waddington SF Berkovic J Drago 2000 Phenotypic characterization of an alpha 4 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit knock-out mouse J Neurosci 20 6431 6441 10964949
79. O Sabri K Kendziorra H Wolf HJ Gertz P Brust 2008 Acetylcholine receptors in dementia and mild cognitive impairment Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 35 Suppl 1 S30 S45 10.1007/s00259-007-0701-1 18228017
80. RJ Salin-Pascual 2002 Relationship between mood improvement and sleep changes with acute nicotine administration in non-smoking major depressed patients Rev Invest Clin 54 36 40 11995405
81. A Santamaria HR Arias 2010 Neurochemical and behavioral effects elicited by bupropion and diethylpropion in rats Behav Brain Res 211 132 139 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.03.023 20307582
82. L Santarelli M Saxe C Gross A Surget F Battaglia S Dulawa N Weisstaub J Lee R Duman O Arancio C Belzung R Hen 2003 Requirement of hippocampal neurogenesis for the behavioral effects of antidepressants Science 301 805 809 10.1126/science.1083328 12907793 (Pubitemid 36962615)
83. GG Schofield B Witkop JE Warnick EX Albuquerque 1981 Differentiation of the open and closed states of the ionic channels of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by tricyclic antidepressants Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78 5240 5244 10.1073/pnas.78.8.5240 6272297
84. J Semba C Mataki S Yamada M Nankai M Toru 1998 Antidepressantlike effects of chronic nicotine on learned helplessness paradigm in rats Biol Psychiatry 43 389 391 10.1016/S0006-3223(97)00477-0 9513755 (Pubitemid 28139460)
85. RD Shytle AA Silver RJ Lukas MB Newman DV Sheehan PR Sanberg 2002 Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors as targets for antidepressants Mol Psychiatry 7 525 535 10.1038/sj.mp.4001035 12140772
86. RD Shytle AA Silver KH Sheehan DV Sheehan PR Sanberg 2002 Neuronal nicotinic receptor inhibition for treating mood disorders: preliminary controlled evidence with mecamylamine Depress Anxiety 16 89 92 10.1002/da.10035 12415531 (Pubitemid 35334663)
87. RD Shytle T Mori K Townsend M Vendrame N Sun J Zeng J Ehrhart AA Silver PR Sanberg J Tan 2004 Cholinergic modulation of microglial activation by alpha 7 nicotinic receptors J Neurochem 89 337 343 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2004.02347.x 15056277 (Pubitemid 38495982)
88. DA Slattery JA Morrow AL Hudson DR Hill DJ Nutt B Henry 2005 Comparison of alterations in c-fos and Egr-1 (zif268) expression throughout the rat brain following acute administration of different classes of antidepressant compounds Neuropsychopharmacology 30 1278 1287 10.1038/sj.npp.1300734 15812568 (Pubitemid 43093505)
89. JA Stapleton L Watson LI Spirling R Smith A Milbrandt M Ratcliffe G Sutherland 2008 Varenicline in the routine treatment of tobacco dependence: a pre-post comparison with nicotine replacement therapy and an evaluation in those with mental illness Addiction 103 146 154 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.02083.x 18028247 (Pubitemid 350233424)
90. L Steru R Chermat B Thierry P Simon 1985 The tail suspension test: a new method for screening antidepressants in mice Psychopharmacology (Berl) 85 367 370 10.1007/BF00428203 (Pubitemid 15123115)
91. K Suemaru K Yasuda R Cui B Li K Umeda M Amano H Mitsuhashi N Takeuchi T Inoue Y Gomita H Araki 2006 Antidepressant-like action of nicotine in forced swimming test and brain serotonin in mice Physiol Behav 88 545 549 10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.05.007 16766001 (Pubitemid 44093625)
92. Targacet IW-S, NC. http://www.targacept.com/wt/page/pr-1247655940 [Last Accessed 2/2010].
93. Y Tizabi DH Overstreet AH Rezvani VA Louis E Clark Jr DS Janowsky MA Kling 1999 Antidepressant effects of nicotine in an animal model of depression Psychopharmacology (Berl) 142 193 199 10.1007/s002130050879 (Pubitemid 29190855)
94. S Tonstad S Davies M Flammer C Russ J Hughes 2010 Psychiatric adverse events in randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials of varenicline: a pooled analysis Drug Saf 33 289 301 10.2165/11319180-000000000- 00000 20297861
95. MH Trivedi AJ Rush SR Wisniewski AA Nierenberg D Warden L Ritz G Norquist RH Howland B Lebowitz PJ McGrath K Shores-Wilson MM Biggs GK Balasubramani M Fava 2006 Evaluation of outcomes with citalopram for depression using measurement-based care in STAR*D: implications for clinical practice Am J Psychiatry 163 28 40 10.1176/appi.ajp.163.1.28 16390886
96. C Tsigos GP Chrousos 2002 Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, neuroendocrine factors and stress J Psychosom Res 53 865 871 10.1016/S0022-3999(02)00429-4 12377295 (Pubitemid 35282615)
97. H Wang M Yu M Ochani CA Amella M Tanovic S Susarla JH Li H Yang L Ulloa Y Al-Abed CJ Czura KJ Tracey 2003 Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha7 subunit is an essential regulator of inflammation Nature 421 384 388 10.1038/nature01339 12508119 (Pubitemid 36157937)
98. K Wilhelm L Wedgwood H Niven F Kay-Lambkin 2006 Smoking cessation and depression: current knowledge and future directions Drug Alcohol Rev 25 97 107 10.1080/09595230500459560 16492582 (Pubitemid 43308158)