The osteology of Shaochilong maortuensis, a carcharodontosaurid (dinosauria: theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Asia

Zootaxa

Volumn , Issue 2334, 2010, Pages 1-46

  Brusatte, Stephen L ^a,b   Chure, Daniel J ^c   Benson, Roger B J ^d   Xu, Xing ^e  

^a DIVISION OF INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY   (United States)

^b Och Spine at New York Presbyterian Hospitals   (United States)

^c Dinosaur National Monument   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^e INSTITUTE OF VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY AND PALEOANTHROPOLOGY   (China)

Author keywords

Allosauroidea; Carcharodontosauridae; China; Cladistics; Paleobiogeography; Theropoda

Indexed keywords

DINOSAURIA; MANIRAPTORA; THEROPODA; TYRANNOSAUROIDEA;

EID: 77954008486     PISSN: 11755326     EISSN: 11755334     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2334.1.1     Document Type: Article

References (131)

1. Alcober, O., Sereno, P.C., Larsson, H.C.E., Martinez, R. & Varricchio, D. (1998) A Late Cretaceous carcharodontosaurid (Theropoda: Allosauroidea) from Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 15 (suppl.), 16A.
2. Ali, F., Zelenitsky, D.K., Therrien, F. & Weishampel, D.B. (2008) Homology of the 'ethmoid complex' of tyrannosaurids and its implications for the reconstruction of the olfactory apparatus of non-avian theropods. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 28, 123-133.
3. Anderson, J.F., Hall-Martin, A. & Russell, D.A. (1985) Long-bone circumference and weight in mammals, birds and dinosaurs. Journal of Zoology, 207, 53-61.
4. Allain, R. (2002) Discovery of megalosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) in the Middle Bathonian of Normandy (France) and its implications for the phylogeny of basal Tetanurae. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 22, 548-563.
5. Azuma, Y. & Currie, P.J. (2000) A new carnosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Japan. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 37, 1735-1753.
6. Bakker, R.T., Williams, M. & Currie, P.J. (1988) Nanotyrannus, a new genus of pygmy tyrannosaur, from the latest Cretaceous of Montana. Hunteria, 1, 1-30.
7. Barrett, P.M., Hasegawa, Y., Manabe, M., Isaji, S. & Matsuoka, H. (2002) Sauropod dinosaurs from the Lower Cretaceous of eastern Asia: taxonomic and biogeographical implications. Palaeontology, 45, 1197-1217.
8. Barsbold, R. & Osmólska, H. (1999) The skull of Velociraptor (Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 44, 189-212.
9. Benson, R.B.J. (2008a) A redescription of 'Megalosaurus' hesperis (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Inferior Oolite (Bajocian, Middle Jurassic) of Dorset, United Kingdom. Zootaxa, 1931, 57-67.
10. Benson, R.B.J. (2008b) New information on Stokesosaurus, a tyrannosauroid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from North America and the United Kingdom. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 28, 732-750.
11. Benson, R.B.J. (In press) A description of Megalosaurus bucklandii (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Bathonian of the United Kingdom and the relationships of Middle Jurassic theropods. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society.
12. Benson, R.B.J. & Xu, X. (2008) The anatomy and systematic position of the theropod dinosaur Chilantaisaurus tashuikouensis Hu, 1964 from the Early Cretaceous of Alanshan, People's Republic of China. Geological Magazine, 145, 778-789.
13. Benson, R.B.J., Carrano, M.T. & Brusatte, S.L. (2009) A new clade of archaic large-bodied predatory dinosaurs (Theropoda: Allosauroidea) that survived to the latest Mesozoic. Naturwissenschaften (published online, doi:10.1007/s00114-009-0614-x).
14. Bonaparte, J.F. (1985) A horned Cretaceous carnosaur from Patagonia. National Geographic Research, 1, 149-151.
15. Bonaparte, J.F. (1986) Les dinosaurs (carnosaures, allosauridés, sauropodes, cétiosauridés) du Jurassic moyen de Cerro Cóndor (Chubut, Argentina). Annales de Paléontologie, 72, 247-289.
16. Bonaparte, J.F., Novas, F.E. & Coria, R.A. (1990) Carnotaurus sastrei Bonaparte, the horned, lightly built carnosaur from the Middle Cretaceous of Patagonia. Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 416, 1-41.
17. Britt, B.B. (1991) Theropods of Dry Mesa Quarry (Morrison Formation, Late Jurassic), Colorado, with emphasis on the osteology of Torvosaurus tanneri. Brigham Young University, Geology Studies, 37, 1-72.
18. Brochu, C.A. (1996) Closure of neurocentral sutures during crocodilian ontogeny: implications for assessment of maturity in fossil archosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 16, 49-62.
19. Brochu, C.A. (2003) Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir, 7, 1-138.
20. Brusatte, S.L. & Sereno, P.C. (2007) A new species of Carcharodontosaurus (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Cenomanian of Niger and a revision of the genus. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 24, 902-916.
21. Brusatte, S.L. & Sereno, P.C. (2008) Phylogeny of Allosauroidea (Dinosauria: Theropoda): comparative analysis and resolution. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 6, 155-182.
22. Brusatte, S.L., Benson, R.B.J & Hutt, S. (2008) The osteology of Neovenator salerii (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Wealden Group (Barremian) of the Isle of Wight. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, 162(631), 1-166.
23. Brusatte, S.L., Benson, R.B.J., Carr, T.D., Williamson, T.E. & Sereno, P.C. (2007) The systematic utility of theropod enamel wrinkles. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 27, 1052-1056.
24. Brusatte, S.L., Carr, T.D., Erickson, G.M., Bever, G.S. & Norell, M.A. (2009b) A long-snouted, multi-horned tyrannosaurid from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 106, 17261-17266.
25. Brusatte, S.L., Benson, R.B.J., Chure, D.J., Xu, X., Sullivan, C. & Hone, D.E.W. (2009a) The first definitive carcharodontosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from Asia and the delayed ascent of tyrannosaurids. Naturwissenschaften, 96, 1051-1058.
26. Brusatte, S.L., Benson, R.B.J, Currie, P.J. & Zhao, X.-J. (In press) The skull of Monolophosaurus jiangi (Dinosauria: Theropoda) and its implications for early theropod phylogeny and evolution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society.
27. Buffetaut, E., Suteethorn, V. & Tong, H. (1996) The earliest known tyrannosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Thailand. Nature, 381, 689-691.
28. Buffetaut, E., Suteethorn, V., Tong, H. & Amiot, R. (2008) An Early Cretaceous spinosaurid theropod from southern China. Geological Magazine, 145, 745-748.
29. Calvo, J.O., Porfiri, J.D., Veralli, C., Novas, F. & Poblete, F. (2004) Phylogenetic status of Megaraptor namunhuaiquii Novas based on a new specimen from Neuquén, Patagonia, Argentina. Ameghiniana, 41, 565-575.
30. Canale, J.I., Scanferla, C.A., Angolin, F.L. & Novas, F.E. (2009) New carnivorous dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of NW Patagonia and the evolution of abelisaurid theropods. Naturwissenschaften, 96, 409-414.
31. Carrano, M.T. & Sampson, S.D. (2008) The phylogeny of Ceratosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 6, 183-236.
32. Charig, A.J. & Milner, A.C. (1997) Baryonyx walkeri, a fish-eating dinosaur from the Wealden of Surrey. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum London (Geology), 53, 11-70.
33. Chatterjee, S. (1978) Indosuchus and Indosaurus, Cretaceous carnosaurs from India. Journal of Paleontology, 52, 570-580.
34. Christiansen, P. & Farina, R.A. (2004) Mass prediction in theropod dinosaurs. Historical Biology, 16, 85-92.
35. Chure, D.J. (1998) "Chilantaisaurus" maortuensis, a large maniraptoran theropod from the Early Cretaceous (Albian) of Nei Mongol, PRC. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 18 (suppl.), 33A-34A.
36. Chure, D.J. (2000) A new species of Allosaurus from the Morrison Formation of Dinosaur National Monument (UT-CO) and a revision of the theropod family Allosauridae. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, New York, 964 pp.
37. Chure, D.J., Manabe, M., Tanimoto, M. & Tomida, Y. (1999) An unusual theropod tooth from the Mifune Group (Late Cenomanian to Early Turonian), Kumamoto, Japan. In: Tomida, Y., Rich, T.H. & Vickers-Rich, P. (Eds.) Proceedings of the Second Gondwanan Dinosaur Symposium. National Science Museum Monographs, Tokyo, 15, pp. 291-296.
38. 39Ar geochronology and the advent of North America's Late Cretaceous terrestrial fauna. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 94, 11163-11167.
39. Clark, J.M., Perle, A. & Norell, M.A. (1994) The skull of Erlicosaurus andrewsi, a Late Cretaceous "segnosaur" (Theropoda: Therezinosauridae) from Mongolia. American Museum Novitates, 3115, 1-39.
40. Coria, R.A. & Currie, P.J. (2002) The braincase of Giganotosaurus carolinii (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 22, 802-811.
41. Coria, R.A. & Currie, P.J. (2006) A new carcharodontosaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Argentina. Geodiversitas, 28, 71-118.
42. Coria, R.A. & Salgado, L. (1995) A new giant carnivorous dinosaur from the Cretaceous of Patagonia. Nature, 377, 224-226.
43. Currie, P.J. (1985) Cranial anatomy of Stenonychosaurus inequalis (Saurischia, Theropoda) and its bearing on the origin of birds. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 22, 1643-1658.
44. Currie, P.J. (1995) New information on the anatomy and relationships of Dromaeosaurus albertensis (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 15, 576-591.
45. Currie, P.J. (1997) Braincase anatomy. In: Currie P.J. & and Padian, K. (Eds.), The Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Academic Press, New York, pp. 81-85.
46. Currie, P.J. (2000) Theropods from the Cretaceous of Mongolia. In: Benton, M.J., Shishkin, M.A., Unwin, D.M. & Kurochkin, E.N. (Eds.) The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 434-455.
47. Currie, P.J. (2003a) Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 48, 191-226.
48. Currie, P.J. (2003b) Allometric growth in tyrannosaurids (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of North America and Asia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 40, 651-665.
49. Currie, P.J. & Azuma, Y. (2006) New specimens, including a growth series, of Fukuiraptor (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous Kitadani Quarry of Japan. Journal of the Paleontological Society of Korea, 22, 173-193.
50. Currie, P.J. & Carpenter, K. (2000) A new specimen of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis (Theropoda, Dinosauria) from the Lower Cretaceous Antlers Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Aptian) of Oklahoma, USA. Geodiversitas, 22, 207-246.
51. Currie, P.J. & Zhao, X.-J. (1993a) A new large theropod (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 30, 2037-2081.
52. Currie, P.J. & Zhao, X.-J. (1993b) A new troodontid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) braincase from the Dinosaur Park Formation (Campanian) of Alberta. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 30, 2231-2247.
53. Dong, Z. (1992) Dinosaurian Faunas of China. China Ocean Press, Beijing 188 pp.
54. Eddy, D.R. (2008) A re-analysis of the skull of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis (NCSM 14345): implications for allosauroid morphology, phylogeny, and biogeography. Unpublished MSc Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 180 pp.
55. Ezcurra, M.D. (2007) The cranial anatomy of the coelophysoid theropod Zupaysaurus rougieri from the Upper Triassic of Argentina. Historical Biology, 19, 185-202.
56. Franzosa, J, & Rowe, T. (2005) Cranial endocast of the Cretaceous theropod dinosaur Acrocanthosaurus atokensis. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 25, 859-864.
57. Gauthier, J. (1986) Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds. Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences, 8, 1-55.
58. Gheerbrant, E. & Rage, J.-C. (2006) Paleobiogeography of Africa: how distinct from Gondwana and Laurasia? Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 241, 224-246.
59. Gower, D.J. & Weber, E. (1998) The braincase of Euparkeria, and the evolutionary relationships of birds and crocodilians. Biological Reviews, 73, 367-411.
60. Harris, J.D. (1998) A reanalysis of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis, its phylogenetic status, and paleobiogeographic implications, based on a new specimen from Texas. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 13, 1-75.
61. Hocknull, S.A., White, M.A., Tischler, T.R., Cook, A.G., Calleja, N.D., Sloan, T. & Elliott, D.A. (2009) New mid- Cretaceous (latest Albian) dinosaurs from Winton, Queensland, Australia. PLoS ONE, 4(7), e6190 (doi:10.1371/ journal.pone.0006190).
62. Holtz, T.R. (2000) A new phylogeny of the carnivorous dinosaurs. Gaia, 15, 5-61.
63. nd edn University of California Press, Berkeley, pp. 111-136.
64. nd edn. University of California Press, Berkeley, pp. 71-110.
65. Hu, S.-Y. (1964) Carnosaurian remains from Alashan, Inner Mongolia. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 8, 42-63.
66. Hutt, S., Naish, D., Martill, D.M., Barker, M.J. & Newbery, P. (2001) A preliminary account of a new tyrannosauroid theropod from the Wessex Formation (Early Cretaceous) of southern England. Cretaceous Research, 22, 227-242.
67. Irmis, R.B. (2007) Axial skeleton ontogeny in the Parasuchia (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia) and its implications for ontogenetic determination in archosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 27, 350-361.
68. Ji, Q., Ji, S.-A. & Zhang, L.-J. (2009) First large tyrannosauroid theropod from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota in northeastern China. Geological Bulletin of China, 28, 1369-1374.
69. Kirkland, J.I., Zanno, L.E., Sampson, S.D., Clark, J.M. & DeBlieux, D.D. (2005) A primitive therizinosauroid dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Utah. Nature, 435, 84-87.
70. Kobayashi, Y. & Lu, J.-C. (2003) A new ornithomimid dinosaurian with gregarious habits from the Late Cretaceous of China. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 48, 235-259.
71. Kurzanov, S.M. (1976) Braincase structure in the carnosaur Itemirus n. gen. and some aspects of the cranial anatomy of dinosaurs. Paleontological Journal, 10, 361-369.
72. Lamanna, M.C., Martínez, R.D. & Smith JB. (2002) A definitive abelisaurid theropod dinosaur from the early Late Cretaceous of Patagonia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 22, 58-69.
73. Li, D., Norell M.A., Gao, K., Smith, N.D. & Makovicky, P.J. (2009) A longirostrine tyrannosauroid from the Early Cretaceous of China. Proceedings of the Royal Society B (published online, doi: 10.1098/rspb.2009.0249).
74. Luo, Z. (1999) A refugium for relicts. Nature, 400, 24-25.
75. Madsen, J.H. (1976) Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology. Utah Geological Survey Bulletin, 109, 1-163.
76. Madsen, J.H. & Welles S.P (2000) Ceratosaurus (Dinosauria, Theropoda) a revised osteology. Utah Geological Survey Miscellaneous Publication, 00-2, 1-80.
77. Makovicky, P.J. & Norell, MA. (1998) A partial ornithomimid braincase from Ukhaa Tolgod (Upper Cretaceous, Mongolia). American Museum Novitates, 3247, 1-16.
78. Marsh, O.C. (1878) Principal characters of American Jurassic dinosaurs. Pt. 1. American Journal of Science (Series 3), 16, 411-416.
79. Marsh, O.C. (1881) Principal characters of American Jurassic dinosaurs. Part V American Journal of Science (Series 3), 21, 417-423.
80. Milner, A., Buffetaut, E. & Suteethorn, V. (2007) A tall-spined spinosaurid theropod from Thailand and the biogeography of spinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 27 (suppl.), 118A.
81. Molnar, R.E. (1974) A distinctive theropod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaeous of Baja California (Mexico). Journal of Paleontology, 48, 1009-1017.
82. Molnar, R.E., Kurzanov, S.M. & Dong, Z. (1990) Carnosauria. In: Weishampel, D.B., Dodson, P. & Osmólska, H. (Eds.), The Dinosauria. University of California Press, Berkeley, pp. 169-209.
83. Norell, MA. & Makovicky, P.J. (2004) Dromaeosauridae. In: Weishampel, D.B., Dodson., P. & Osmóls ka, H. (Eds.), The Dinosauria, 2nd edition. University of California Press, Berkeley, pp. 196-209.
84. Norell, M.A., Makovicky, P.J. & Clark, J.M. (2004) The braincase of Velociraptor. In: Currie, P.J., Koppelhus, E.B., Shugar, MA. & Wright, J.L. (Eds.), Feathered Dragons: Studies on the Transition from Dinosaurs to Birds. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, pp. 133-143.
85. Norman, D.B. (1998) On Asian ornithopods (Dinosauria: Ornithischia). 3. A new species of iguanodontid dinosaur. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 122, 291-348.
86. Novas, F.E., de Valais, S., Vickers-Rich, P. & Rich, T. (2005) A large Cretaceous theropod from Patagonia, Argentina, and the evolution of carcharodontosaurids. Naturwissenschaften, 92, 226-230.
87. O'Connor, P.M. (2009) Evolution of archosaurian body plans: skeletal adaptations of an air-sac-based breathing apparatus in birds and other archosaurs. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 311A, 504-521.
88. Osmólska, H. (2004) Evidence on relation of brain to endocranial cavity in oviraptorid dinosaurs. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 49, 321-324.
89. Owen, R. (1842) Report on British fossil reptiles. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, 11 (1841), 60-294.
90. Rauhut, O.W.M. (2003a) The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special Papers in Palaeontology, 69, 1-213.
91. Rauhut, O.W.M. (2003b) A tyrannosauroid dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal. Palaeontology, 46, 903-910.
92. Rauhut, O.W.M. (2004a) Braincase structure of the Middle Jurassic theropod dinosaur Piatnitzkysaurus. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 41, 1109-1122.
93. Rauhut, O.W.M. (2004b) Provenance and anatomy of Genyodectes serus, a large-toothed ceratosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from Patagonia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 24, 894-902.
94. Rauhut, O. & Milner, A. (2008) Cranial anatomy and systematic position of the Middle Jurassic theropod dinosaur Proceratosaurus from England. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 28 (suppl.), 130A.
95. Russell, D.A. (1993) The role of Central Asia in dinosaurian biogeography. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 30, 2002-2012.
96. Sadlier, R.W., Barrett, P.M. & Powell, H.P. (2008) The anatomy and systematics of Eustreptospondylus oxoniensis, a theropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Oxfordshire, England. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, 627, 1-82.
97. Sampson, S.D. & Witmer, L.M. (2007) Craniofacial anatomy of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir, 8, 32-102.
98. Seeley, H.G. (1887) On the classification of the fossil animals commonly named Dinosauria. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 43, 165-171.
99. Sereno, P.C. (1999) The evolution of dinosaurs. Science, 284, 2137-2147.
100. Sereno, P.C. & Brusatte, S.L. (2008) Basal abelisaurid and carcharodontosaurid theropods from the Elrhaz Formation (Aptian-Albian) of Niger. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 53, 15-46.
101. Sereno, P.C., McAllister, S. & Brusatte, S.L. (2005) Taxon Search: a relational database for suprageneric taxa and phylogenetic definitions. PhyloInformatics, 8, 1-21.
102. Sereno, P.C., Wilson, J.A. & Conrad, J.L. (2004) New dinosaurs link southern landmasses in the Mid-Cretaceous. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 271, 1325-1330.
103. Sereno, P.C., Forster, C.A., Rogers, R.R. & Monetta, A.M. (1993) Primitive dinosaur skeleton from Argentina and the early evolution of Dinosauria. Nature, 361, 64-66.
104. Sereno, P.C., Wilson, J.A., Larsson, H.C.E., Dutheil, D.B. & Sues, H.-D. (1994) Early Cretaceous dinosaurs from the Sahara. Science, 266, 267-271.
105. Sereno, P.C., Martinez, R.N., Wilson, J.A., Varricchio, D.J., Alcober, O.A. & Larsson, H.C.E. (2008) Evidence for avian intrathoracic air sacs in a new predatory dinosaur from Argentina. PLoS One, 3, e3303 (doi:10.1371/ journal.pone.0003303).
106. Sereno, P.C., Dutheil, D.B., Iarochene, M., Larsson, H.C.E., Lyon, G.H., Magwene, P.M., Sidor, C.A., Varricchio, D.J. & Wilson, J.A. (1996) Predatory dinosaurs from the Sahara and Late Cretaceous faunal differentiation. Science, 272, 986-991.
107. Smith, J.B. & Dodson, P. (2003) A proposal for a standard terminology of anatomical notation and orientation in fossil vertebrate dentitions. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 23, 1-12.
108. Smith, N.D., Makovicky, P.J., Hammer, W.R. & Currie, P.J. (2007) Osteology of Cryolophosaurus ellioti (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Jurassic of Antarctica and implications for early theropod evolution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 151, 377-421.
109. Snively, E., Henderson, D.M. & Phillips, D.S. (2006) Fused and vaulted nasals of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs: implications for cranial strength and feeding mechanics. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 51, 435-454.
110. Stovall, J.W. & Langston, W. (1950) Acrocanthosaurus atokensis, a new genus and species of Lower Cretaceous Theropoda from Oklahoma. American Midland Naturalist, 43, 696-728.
111. Stromer, E. (1931) Ergebnisse der Forschungsrisen Prof. E. Stromers in den Wüsten Ägyptens. II. Wirbeltierreste der Baharije-Stufe (unterstes Cenoman). 10. Ein Skelett-Rest von Carcharodontosaurus nov. gen. Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Abteilung, Neue Folge, 9, 1-23.
112. Sues, H.-D. (1997) On Chirostenotes, a Late Cretaceous oviraptorosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from Western North America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 17, 698-716.
113. Sues, H.-D., Frey, E., Martill, D.M. & Scott, D.M. (2002) Irritator challengeri, a spinosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 22, 535-547.
114. Taquet, P. & Welles, S.P. (1977) Redescription du crâne de dinosaure de Dives Normandie. Annales de Paléontologie, 63, 191-206.
115. Upchurch, P. (1995) The evolutionary history of the sauropod dinosaurs. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 349, 365-390.
116. Upchurch, P. & Hunn, C.A. (2002) "Time": the neglected dimension in cladistic biogeography? Geobios, 35, 277-286.
117. Upchurch, P., Hunn, C.A. & Norman, D.B. (2002) An analysis of dinosaurian biogeography: evidence for the existence of vicariance and dispersal patterns caused by geological events. Proceedings of the Royal Society Series B, 269, 613-621.
118. Van Itterbeeck, J., Horne, D.J., Bulynck, P. & Vandenberghe, N. (2005) Stratigraphy and palaeoenvironment of the dinosaur-bearing Upper Cretaceous Iren Dabasu Formation, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. Cretaceous Research, 26, 699-725.
119. Wedel, M.J. (2009) Evidence for bird-like air sacs in saurischian sinosaurs. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 311A (published online, doi: 10.1002/jez.513).
120. nd Edition). University of California Press, Berkeley 880 pp.
121. nd edn. University of California Press, Berkeley, pp. 517-606.
122. Welles, S.P. (1984) Dilophosaurus wetherilli (Dinosauria, Theropoda) osteology and comparisons. Palaeontographica Abteilung A, 185, 85-180.
123. Wilson, J.A. (1999) A nomenclature for vertebral laminae in sauropods and other saurischian dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 19, 639-653.
124. Wilson, J.A., Sereno, P.C., Srivastava, S., Bhatt, D.K., Khosla, A. & Sahni, A. (2003) A new abelisaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Lameta Formation (Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) of India. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, 31, 1-42.
125. Witmer, L.M. (1997) The evolution of the antorbital cavity of archosaurs: a study in soft-tissue reconstruction in the fossil record with analysis of the function of pneumaticity. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir, 3, 1-73.
126. Xu, X. & Norell, M.A. (2006) Non-avian dinosaur fossils from the Lower Cretaceous Jehol Group of western Liaoning, China. Geological Journal, 41, 419-437.
127. Xu X., Norell, M.A., Wang, X.-L., Makovicky, P.J. & Wu, X.-C. (2002) A basal troodontid from the Early Cretaceous of China. Nature, 415, 780-784.
128. Xu, X., Norell, M.A., Kuang, X., Wang, X., Zhao, Q. & Jia, C. (2004) Basal tyrannosauroids from China and evidence for protofeathers in tyrannosauroids. Nature, 431, 680-684.
129. Xu, X., Clark, J.M., Forster, C.A., Norell, M.A., Erickson, G.M., Eberth, D.A., Jia, C. & Zhao, Q. (2006) A basal tyrannosauroid dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of China. Nature, 439, 715-718.
130. Zhao, Q., Xu, X., Jia, C. & Dong, Z. (2008) Order Saurischia. In: Li, J., Wu, X. & Zhang, F. (Eds.), The Chinese Fossil Reptiles and their Kin. Science Press, Beijing, 279-335.
131. Zhao, X.-J., Benson, R.B.J., Brusatte, S.L. & Currie, P.J. (2009) The postcranial skeleton of Monolophosaurus jiangi (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Middle Jurassic of Xinjiang, China, and a review of Middle Jurassic Chinese theropods. Geological Magazine. (published online, doi:10.1017/ S0016756809990240)