Osteology of Cryolophosaurus ellioti (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Jurassic of Antarctica and implications for early theropod evolution

Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society

Volumn 151, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 377-421

  Smith, Nathan D ^a,b   Makovicky, Peter J ^b   Hammer, William R ^c   Currie, Philip J ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

^b FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY   (United States)

^c AUGUSTANA COLLEGE   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Cryolophosaurus; Gondwana; Hanson Formation; Lower Jurassic; Phylogeny

Indexed keywords

CERATOSAURIA; DINOSAURIA; THEROPODA;

EID: 35148816984     PISSN: 00244082     EISSN: 10963642     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00325.x     Document Type: Article

References (134)

1. Accarie H, Beaudoin B, Dejaz J, Fries G, Michard J-G, Taquet P. 1995. Decouverte d'un Dinosaure Theropode nouveau (Genusaurus sisteronis n. g., n. sp.) dans l'Albien marin de Sisteron (Alpes de Haute-Provence, France) et extension au Cretace inferieur de la lignee ceratosaurienne. Compte Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Paris, Serie IIa 320 : 327 334.
2. Allain R. 2001. Redescription de Streptospondylus altdorfensis, le dinosaure theropode de Cuvier, du Jurassique de Normandie. Geodiversitas 23 : 349 367.
3. Allain R. 2002. Discovery of Megalosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) in the Middle Bathonian of Normandy (France) and its implications for the phylogeny of basal tetanurae. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22 : 548 563.
4. Allain R. 2005. The postcranial anatomy of the megalosaur Dubreuillosaurus valesdunensis (Dinosauria Theropoda) from the Middle Jurassic of Normandy, France. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25 : 850 858.
5. Allain R, Chure DJ. 2002. Poekilopleuron bucklandii, the theropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) of Normandy. Palaeontology 45 : 1107 1121.
6. Anderson JF, Hall-Martin A, Russell DA. 1985. Long-bone circumference and weight in mammals, birds and dinosaurs. Journal of Zoology, London (A) 207 : 53 61.
7. Arcucci AB, Coria RA. 2003. A new Triassic carnivorous dinosaur from Argentina. Ameghiniana 40 : 217 228.
8. Azuma Y, Currie PJ. 2000. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Japan. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37 : 1735 1753.
9. Barrett PJ, Elliot DH. 1972. The early Mesozoic volcaniclastic Prebble Formation, Beardmore Glacier area. In : Adie RJ, ed. Antarctic geology and geophysics. Oslo : Universitetsforlaget, 403 409.
10. Baumell JJ, Witmer LM. 1993. Osteologia. In : Baumel JJ, King AS, Brazile JE, Evans HE, Vanden Berge JC, eds. Handbook of Avian Anatomy: Nomina Anatomica Avium, 2nd edn. Cambridge : Nuttall Ornithological Society, 45 132.
11. Baumell JJ, Raikow RJ. 1993. Arthrologia. In : Baumel JJ, King AS, Brazile JE, Evans HE, Vanden Berge JC, eds. Handbook of Avian Anatomy: Nomina Anatomica Avium, 2nd edn. Cambridge : Nuttall Ornithological Society, 133 188.
12. Bristowe A, Raath MA. 2004. A juvenile coelophysoid skull from the Early Jurassic of Zimbabwe, and the synonymy of Coelophysis and Syntarsus. Palaeontologia Africana 40 : 31 41.
13. Britt BB. 1991. Theropods of Dry Mesa Quarry (Morrison Formation, Late Jurassic), Colorado, with emphasis on the osteology of Torvosaurus tanneri. Brigham Young University Geology Studies 37 : 1 72.
14. Brochu CA. 1996. Closure of neurocentral sutures during crocodilian ontogeny: implications for maturity assessment in fossil archosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16 : 49 62.
15. Brochu CA. 1997. Morphology, fossils, divergence timing, and the phylogenetic relationships of Gavialis. Systematic Biology 46 : 470 522.
16. Brochu CA. 2002. Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 7 : 22 (Suppl. 4): 1 138.
17. Calvo JO, Porfiri JD, Veralli C, Novas F, Poblete F. 2004a. Phylogenetic status of Megaraptor namunhuaiquii Novas based on a new specimen from Neuquén, Patagonia, Argentina. Ameghiniana 41 : 565 575.
18. Calvo JO, Rubilar-Rogers D, Moreno K. 2004b. A new Abelisauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from northwest Patagonia. Ameghiniana 41 : 555 563.
19. Carrano MT. 2000. Homoplasy and the evolution of dinosaur locomotion. Paleobiology 26 : 489 512.
20. Carrano MT. 2005. Body-size evolution in the Dinosauria. In : Carrano MT, Blob RW, Gaudin TJ, Wible JR, eds. Amniote paleobiology: perspectives on the evolution of mammals, birds, and reptiles. Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 225 268.
21. Carrano MT, Hutchinson JR. 2002. The pelvic and hind limb musculature of Tyrannosaurus rex (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Journal of Morphology 253 : 207 228.
22. Carrano MT, Hutchinson JR, Sampson SD. 2005. New information on Segisaurus halli, a small theropod dinosaur from the Early Jurassic of Arizona. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25 (4 835 849.
23. Carrano MT, Sampson SD. 1999. Evidence for a paraphyletic 'Ceratosauria' and its implications for theropod dinosaur evolution. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19 (Suppl. 3 36A.
24. Carrano MT, Sampson SD. 2003. The evolutionary history of basal theropod dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23 (Suppl. 3 38 39A.
25. Carrano MT, Sampson SD. 2004. A review of coelophysoids (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Jurassic of Europe, with comments on the late history of the Coelophysoidea. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie, Monatshefte 9 : 537 558.
26. Carrano MT, Sampson SD, Forster CA. 2002. The osteology of Masiakasaurus knopfleri, a small abelisauroid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22 : 510 534.
27. Charig AJ, Milner AC. 1997. Baryonyx walkeri, a fish-eating dinosaur from the Wealden of Surrey. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, London (Geology) 53 : 11 70.
28. Chure DJ. 1998. On the orbit of theropod dinosaurs. GAIA 15 : 233 240.
29. Chure DJ, Madsen JH. 1998. An unusual braincase (?Stokesaurus clevelandi) from the Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry, Utah (Morrison Formation: Late Jurassic). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18 : 115 125.
30. Colbert EH. 1989. The Triassic dinosaur Coelophysis. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin 57 : 1 160.
31. Coria RA, Currie PJ. 2002. The braincase of Giganotosaurus carolinii (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22 : 802 811.
32. Coria RA, Currie PJ. 2006. A new carcharodontosaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Argentina. Geodiversitas 28 : 71 118.
33. Coria RA, Currie PJ, Carabajal AP. 2006. A new abelisauroid from northwestern Patagonia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 43 : 1283 1289.
34. Currie PJ. 1997. Braincase anatomy. In : Currie PJ, Padian K, eds. Encyclopedia of dinosaurs. San Diego : Academic Press, 81 85.
35. Currie PJ. 2003. Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada. Acta Paleontologica Polonica 48 : 191 226.
36. Currie PJ, Carpenter K. 2000. A new specimen of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis (Theropoda, Dinosauria) from the Lower Cretaceous Antlers Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Aptian) of Oklahoma, USA. Geodiversitas 22 : 207 246.
37. Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. 1994a. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30 : 2037 2081. [Listed as 1993, but published in 1994].
38. Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. 1994b. A new troodontid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) braincase from the Dinosaur Park Formation (Campanian) of Alberta. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30 : 2231 2247. [Listed as 1993, but published in 1994].
39. Dzik J. 2003. A beaked herbivorous archosaur with dinosaur affinities from the early Late Triassic of Poland. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23 : 556 574.
40. Day JJ, Barrett PM. 2004. Material referred to Megalosaurus (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Middle Jurassic of Stonesfield, Oxfordshire, England: one taxon or two? Proceedings of the Geologist's Association 115 : 359 366.
41. Elliot DH. 1992. Jurassic magmatism and tectonism associated with Gondwanaland break-up: an Antarctic perspective. In: Storey BC, Alabaster T, Pankhurst RJ, eds. Magmatism and the causes of continental break-up. Special Publication of the Geological Society of London 68 : 165 184.
42. Elliot DH. 1996. The Hanson Formation: a new stratigraphical unit in the Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica. Antarctic Science 8 (4 389 394.
43. Elliot DH, Larsen D. 1993. Mesozoic volcanism in the Transantarctic Mountains: depositional environment and tectonic setting. In : Findlay RH, Banks MR, Veevers JJ, Unrug R, eds. Gondwana 8 - Assembly, evolution, and dispersal. Rotterdam : A. A. Balkema, 379 410.
44. Elzanowski A, Wellnhofer P. 1996. Cranial morphology of Archaeopteryx: evidence from the seventh skeleton. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16 : 81 94.
45. Ezcurra MD, Novas FE. 2007. Phylogenetic relationships of the Triassic theropod Zupaysaurus rougieri from NW Argentina. Historical Biology 19 : 35 72.
46. Farabee MJ, Taylor EL, Taylor TN. 1989. Pollen and spore assemblages from the Falla Formation (Upper Triassic), Central Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica. Review of Paleobotany and Palynology 61 : 101 138.
47. Faure G, Hill RL. 1973. The age of the Falla Formation (Triassic), Queen Alexandra Range. Antarctic Journal of the United States 8 : 264 266.
48. Felsenstein J. 1985. Confidence limits on phylogenies: An approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39 : 783 791.
49. Forster CA. 1999. Gondwanan dinosaur evolution and biogeographic analysis. Journal of African Earth Sciences 28 : 169 185.
50. Gao Y. 1998. A new species of Szechuanosaurus from the Middle Jurassic of Dashanpu, Zigong, Sichuan. Vertebrata Palasiatica 31 : 308 314.
51. Gauthier J. 1986. Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds. In : Padian K, ed. The origin of birds and the evolution of flight. San Francisco : California Academy of Sciences, 1 47.
52. Gilmore CW. 1920. Osteology of the carnivorous Dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with special reference to the genera Antrodemus (Allosaurus) and Ceratosaurus. Bulletin of the United States National Musuem 110 : 1 154.
53. Hammer WR. 1997. Jurassic dinosaurs from Antarctica. In : Wolberg DL, Stump E, Rosenberg GD, eds. Proceedings of the 1997 Dinofest International. Philadelphia : Academy of Natural Sciences, 249 251.
54. Hammer WR, Hickerson WJ. 1994. A crested theropod dinosaur from Antarctica. Science 264 : 828 830.
55. Harris JD. 1998. A reanalysis of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis, its phylogenetic status, and paleobiogeographic implications, based on a new specimen from Texas. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 13 : 1 75.
56. He X. 1984. The vertebrate fossils of Sichuan. Sichuan Scientific and Technological Publishing House.
57. 39Ar geochronology. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 121 : 19 41.
58. Holtz TR, Molnar RE, Jr., Currie PJ. 2004. Basal Tetanurae. In : Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osmólska H, eds. The Dinosauria, 2nd edn. Berkeley : University of California Press, 71 110.
59. Holtz TR Jr. 1994. The phylogenetic position of the Tyrannosauridae: implications for theropod systematics. Journal of Paleontology 68 : 1100 1117.
60. Holtz TR Jr. 2000. A new phylogeny of the carnivorous dinosaurs. GAIA 15 : 5 61.
61. Hu S. 1993. A new Theropoda (Dilophosaurus sinensis sp. nov.) from Yunnan, China. Vertebrata Palasiatica 31 : 65 69.
62. Hutchinson JR. 2001a. The evolution of pelvic osteology and soft tissues on the line to extant birds (Neornithes). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 131 : 123 168.
63. Hutchinson JR. 2001b. The evolution of femoral osteology and soft tissues on the line to extant birds (Neornithes). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 131 : 169 197.
64. Hwang SH, Norell MA, Ji Q, Gao K-Q. 2004. A large compsognathid from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of China. Journal of Systematic Paleontology 2 : 13 30.
65. Irmis RB. 2004. First report of Megapnosaurus (Theropoda: Coelophysoidea) from China. Paleobios 24 : 11 18.
66. Irmis RB. 2007. Axial skeleton ontogeny in the Parasuchia (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia) and its implications for ontogenetic determination in archosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27 : 350 361.
67. Jenny J, Jenny-Deshusses C, Le Marrec A, Taquet P. 1980. Découverte d'ossements dans le Jurassique inférieur (Toarcien) du Haut Atlas central (Maroc). Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences 290 : 839 842.
68. Kitching JW, Raath MA. 1984. Fossils from the Elliot and Clarens Formations (Karoo Sequence) of the Northeastern Cape, Orange Free State and Lesotho, and a suggested biozonation based on tetrapods. Palaeontologia Africana 25 : 111 125.
69. Kyle RA, Schopf JM. 1982. Permian and Triassic palyno-stratigraphy of the Victoria Group, Transantarctic Mountains. In : Craddock C, ed. Antarctic geoscience. Madison, WI : University of Wisconsin Press, 649 659.
70. Lamanna MC, Smith JB, You H, Holtz TR, Jr., Dodson P. 1998. A reassessment of the Chinese theropod dinosaur Dilophosaurus sinensis. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18 : 57A.
71. Leanza HA. 1999. The Jurassic and Cretaceous terrestrial beds from southern Neuquén Basin, Argentina. Instituto Superior de Correlación Geológica, Miscelánea 4 : 1 30.
72. Madsen JH. 1976. Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology. Utah Geological and Mineral Survey Bulletin 109 : 1 163.
73. Madsen JH, Welles SP. 2000. Ceratosaurus (Dinosauria, Theropoda). A revised osteology. Utah Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Publications 2 : 1 80.
74. Makovicky PJ, Norell MA, Clark JM, Rowe T. 2003. Osteology and relationships of Byronosaurus jaffei (Theropoda: Troodontidae). American Museum Novitates 3402 : 1 32.
75. Makovicky PJ, Sues H-D. 1998. Anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of the theropod dinosaur Microvenator celer from the Lower Cretaceous of Montana. American Museum Novitates 3240 : 1 27.
76. Marsh OC. 1881. Principle characters of American Jurassic dinosaurs. Part V. American Journal of Science, Series 3 21 : 417 423.
77. Molnar RE, Angriman AL, Gasparini Z. 1996. An Antarctic Cretaceous theropod. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 39 : 669 674.
78. Newman BH. 1968. The Jurassic dinosaur Scelidosaurus harrisoni, Owen. Palaeontology 11 : 40 43.
79. Norell MA, Clark JM, Makovicky PJ. 2001. Phylogenetic relationships among coelurosaurian theropods. In : Gauthier J, Gall LF, eds. New perspectives on the origin and early evolution of birds. Proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of John H Ostrom. New Haven, CT : Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, 49 67
80. Norell MA, Clark JM, Turner AH, Makovicky PJ, Barsbold R, Rowe T. 2006. A new dromaeosaurid theropod from Ukhaa Tolgod (Ömnögov, Mongolia). American Museum Novitates 3545 : 1 51.
81. Norell MA, Makovicky PJ, Clark JM. 2000. A new troodontid theropod from Ukhaa Tolgod, Mongolia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20 : 7 11.
82. Novas FE. 1998. Megaraptor namunhuaiquii, gen. et sp. nov., a large-clawed, Late Cretaceous theropod from Patagonia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18 : 4 9.
83. Novas FE, de Valais S, Vickers-Rich P, Rich T. 2005. A large Cretaceous theropod from Patagonia, Argentina, and the evolution of carcharodontosaurids. Naturwissenschaften 92 : 226 230.
84. Olsen PE, Galton PM. 1984. A review of the reptile and amphibian fauna assemblages from the Stormberg of southern Africa, with special emphasis on the footprints and the age of the Stormberg. Palaeontologia Africana 25 : 87 110.
85. Olsen PE, Kent DV, Sues H-D, Koeberl C, Huber H, Montanari A, Rainforth EC, Fowell SJ, Szajna MJ, Hartline BW. 2002. Ascent of dinosaurs linked to an iridium anomaly at the Triassic-Jurassic Boundary. Science 265 : 1305 1307.
86. Padian KP, Horner J, Lee A. 2005. Sexual dimorphism in dinosaurs? A review of the evidence. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25 (Suppl. 3 98A.
87. Raath MA. 1977. The anatomy of the Triassic theropod Syntarsus rhodesiensis (Saurischia: Podokesauridae) and a consideration of its biology. PhD dissertation, Rhodes University, Salisbury.
88. Raath MA. 1985. The theropod Syntarsus and its bearing on the origin of birds. In : Hecht MK, Ostrom JH, Viohl G, Wellnhofer P, eds. The beginning of birds. Eichstätt, Germany : Freunde des Jura Museums, 219 227.
89. Raath MA. 1990. Morphological variation in small theropods and its meaning in systematics: evidence from Syntarsus rhodesiensis. In : Carpenter K, Currie PJ, eds. Dinosaur systematics: perspectives and approaches. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 91 105.
90. Rauhut OWM. 1998. Elaphrosaurus bambergi and the early evolution of theropod dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18 (Suppl. 3 71A.
91. Rauhut OWM. 2000. The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropods (Dinosauria, Saurischia). PhD dissertation, University of Bristol.
92. Rauhut OWM. 2003. The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special Papers in Palaeontology 69.
93. Rauhut OWM. 2004. Braincase structure of the Middle Jurassic theropod dinosaur Piatnitzkysaurus. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 41 : 1109 1122.
94. Rauhut OWM. 2005a. Osteology and relationships of a new theropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Patagonia. Palaeontology 48 : 87 110.
95. Rauhut OWM. 2005b. Post-cranial remains of 'coelurosaurs' (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Late Jurassic of Tanzania. Geological Magazine 142 : 97 107.
96. Rauhut OWM, Xu X. 2005. The small theropod dinosaurs Tugulusaurus and Phaedrolosaurus from the Early Cretaceous of Xinjiang, China. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25 : 107 118.
97. Rowe T. 1989. The early history of theropods. In : Padian K, Chure DJ, eds. The age of dinosaurs, 12th Annual Short Course of the Paleontological Society. Knoxville : University of Tennessee, 100 112.
98. Rowe T, Gauthier J. 1990. Ceratosauria. In : Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osmolska H, eds. The Dinosauria. Berkeley, CA : University of California Press, 151 168.
99. Sadleir RW. 2004. The anatomy and systematics of Eustreptospondylus oxoniensis, a Middle Jurassic (Callovian) theropod dinosaur from Oxfordshire. MSc thesis, University of Oxford.
100. Sadleir RW, Barrett P, Powell P. 2004. Anatomy and systematics of Eustreptospondylus oxoniensis (Dinosauria: Theropoda): Evolutionary implications. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24 (Suppl. 3 107A.
101. Sampson SD, Witmer LM, Forster CA, Krause DW, O'Connor PM, Dodson P, Ravoavy F. 1998. Predatory dinosaur remains from Madagascar: implications for the Cretaceous biogeography of Gondwana. Science 280 : 1048 1051.
102. Sanders RK, Smith DK. 2005. The endocranium of the theropod dinosaur Ceratosaurus studied with computed tomography. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 50 : 601 616.
103. Seeley HG. 1887. On a sacrum apparently indicating a new type of bird, Ornithodesmus cluniculus. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 43 : 206.
104. Sereno PC. 1999. The evolution of dinosaurs. Science 284 : 2, 137 2, 132, 147.
105. Sereno PC, Beck AL, Dutheil DB, Gado B, Larsson HCE, Rauhut OWM, Sadleir RW, Sidor CA, Varricchio DJ, Wilson GP, Wilson JA. 1998. A long-snouted predatory dinosaur from Africa and the evolution of spinosaurids. Science 282 : 1298 1302.
106. Sereno PC, Dutheil DB, Iarochene M, Larsson HCE, Lyon GH, Magwene PM, Sidor CA, Varricchio DJ, Wilson JA. 1996. Predatory dinosaurs from the Sahara and Late Cretaceous faunal differentiation. Science 272 : 986 991.
107. Sereno PC, Wilson JA, Conrad JL. 2004. New dinosaurs link Southern landmasses in the Mid-Cretaceous. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 271 : 1325 1330.
108. Sereno PC, Wilson JA, Larsson HCE, Dutheil DB, Sues H-D. 1994. Early Cretaceous dinosaurs from the Sahara. Science 266 : 267 271.
109. Shaffer HB, Meylan P, McKnight ML. 1997. Tests of turtle phylogeny: Molecular, morphological, and paleontological approaches. Systematic Biology 46 : 235 268.
110. Smith ND, Hammer WR, Currie PJ. 2005. Osteology and phylogenetic relationships of Cryolophosaurus ellioti (Dinosauria: Theropoda): Implications for basal theropod evolution. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25 (Suppl. 3 116 117A.
111. Sorenson MD. 1999. Treerot, Version 2. Boston, MA : Boston University.
112. Stovall JW, Langston W Jr. 1950. Acrocanthosaurus atokensis, a new genus and species of Lower Cretaceous Theropoda from Oklahoma. American Midland Naturalist 43 : 696 728.
113. Sues H-D, Frey E, Martill DM, Scott DM. 2002. Irritator challengeri, a spinosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22 : 535 547.
114. Swofford DL. 2002. PAUP*. Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (*and other methods), Version 4. Sunderland, MA : Sinauer Associates.
115. Taquet P. 1985. Two new Jurassic specimens of coelurosaurs (Dinosauria). In : Hecht MK, Ostrom JH, Viohl G, Wellnhofer P, eds. The beginning of birds. Eichstätt, Germany : Freunde des Jura Museums, 229 232.
116. Taquet P, Welles SP. 1977. Redescription du crâne de Dinosaure théropode de Dives (Normandie). Annales de Paléontologie (Vertébrés) 63 : 191 206.
117. Tykoski RS. 1998. The osteology of Syntarsus kayentakatae and its implications for ceratosaurid phylogeny. MSc thesis, University of Texas at Austin.
118. Tykoski RS. 2004. Ontogenetic stage assessment and the position of coelophysoidea within basal theropoda. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24 (Suppl. 3 124A.
119. Tykoski RS. 2005. Anatomy, ontogeny, and phylogeny of coelophysoid theropods. PhD dissertation, University of Texas at Austin.
120. Tykoski RS, Rowe TB. 2004. Ceratosauria. In : Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osmólska H, eds. The Dinosauria, 2nd edn. Berkeley : University of California Press, 47 70.
121. Vanden Berge JC, Zweers GA. 1993. Myologia. In : Baumel JJ, King AS, Brazile JE, Evans HE, Vanden Berge JC, eds. Handbook of Avian Anatomy: Nomina Anatomica Avium, 2nd edn. Cambridge : Nuttall Ornithological Society, 189 250.
122. Waldman M. 1974. Megalosaurids from the Bajocian (Middle Jurassic) of Dorset. Palaeontology 17 : 325 339.
123. Walker AD. 1985. The braincase of Archaeopteryx. In : Hecht MK, Ostrom JH, Viohl G, Wellnhofer P, eds. The beginning of birds. Eichstätt, Germany : Freunde des Jura Museums, 123 134.
124. Welles SP. 1984. Dilophosaurus wetherilli (Dinosauria, Theropoda): osteology and comparisons. Palaeontographica Abteilung A 185 : 85 180.
125. Wilson JA. 1999. A nomenclature for vertebral laminae in sauropods and other saurischian dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19 : 639 653.
126. Wilson JA, Sereno PC, Srivastava S, Bhatt DK, Khosla A, Sahni A. 2003. A new abelisaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Lameta Formation (Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) of India. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, the University of Michigan 31 : 1 42.
127. Witmer LM. 1990. The craniofacial air sac system of Mesozoic birds (Aves). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 100 : 327 378.
128. Witmer LM. 1997. Craniofacial air sinus systems. In : Currie PJ, Padian K, eds. Encyclopedia of dinosaurs. San Diego : Academic Press, 151 159.
129. Wu XC, Chatterjee S. 1993. Dibothrosuchus elaphrox, a crocodylomorph from the Lower Jurassic of China and the phylogeny of the Sphenosuchia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 13 : 58 98.
130. Xu X, Cheng Y-N, Wang X-L, Chang C-H. 2002. An unusual oviraptorosaurian dinosaur from China. Nature 419 : 291 293.
131. Xu X, Clark JM. 2006. New ceratosaurs from the Jurassic Shishugou Formation of western China. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26 (Suppl. 3 142A.
132. Xu X, Zhao X-J, Clark JM. 2001. A new therizinosaur from the Lower Jurassic Lufeng Formation of Yunnan, China. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21 : 477 483.
133. Yates AM. 2005. A new theropod dinosaur from the Early Jurassic of South Africa and its implications for the early evolution of theropods. Palaeontologia Africana 41 : 105 122.
134. Zhao X-J, Currie PJ. 1994. A large crested theropod from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30 : 2027 2036. [Listed as 1993, but published in 1994].