Evidence for bird-like air sacs in saurischian dinosaurs

Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Ecological Genetics and Physiology

Volumn 311, Issue 8, 2009, Pages 611-628

  Wedel, Mathew John ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b WESTERN UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AIR SAC; ANIMAL; ARTICLE; DINOSAUR; HISTOLOGY;

AIR SACS; ANIMALS; DINOSAURS;

AVES; DINOSAURIA; HAPLOCANTHOSAURUS; SAURISCHIA; SAUROPODA; TETRAPODA; THEROPODA;

EID: 67650387383     PISSN: 19325223     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jez.513     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. Bezuidenhout AJ, Groenewald HB, Soley JT. 1999. An anatomical study of the respiratory air sacs in ostriches. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 66:317-325.
2. Bonde N, Christiansen P. 2003. The detailed anatomy of Rhamphorhynchus: axial pneumaticity and its implications. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 217:217-232.
3. Bremer JL. 1940a. The pneumatization of the head of the common fowl. J Morphol 67:143-157.
4. Bremer JL. 1940b. The pneumatization of the humerus in the common fowl and the associated activity of theelin. Anat Rec 77:197-211.
5. Britt BB. 1997. Postcranial pneumaticity. In: Currie PJ, Padian K, editors. The encyclopedia of dinosaurs. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. p 590-593.
6. Britt BB, Makovicky PJ, Gauthier J, Bonde N. 1998. Postcranial pneumatization in Archaeopteryx. Nature 395:374-376.
7. Brown RE, Brain JD, Wang N. 1997. The avian respiratory system: a unique model for studies of respiratory toxicosis and for monitoring air quality. Environ Health Perspect 105:188-200.
8. Bryant HN, Russell AP. 1992. The role of phylogenetic analysis in the inference of unpreserved attributes of extinct taxa. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B 337:405-418.
9. Carvalho IS, Avilla LS, Salgado L. 2003. Amazonsaurus maranhensis gen. et sp. nov. (Sauropoda, Diplodocoidea) from the Lower Cretaceous (Aptian-Albian) of Brazil. Cret Res 24:697-713.
10. Chinsamy A, Hillenius WJ. 2004. Physiology of nonavian dinosaurs. In: Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osmo ́lska H, editors. The dinosauria, 2nd edition. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. p 643-659.
11. Christiansen P, Bonde N. 2000. Axial and appendicular pneumaticity in Archaeopteryx. Proc R Soc Lond B 267:2501-2505.
12. Colbert EH. 1989. The Triassic dinosaur Coelophysis. Mus North Ariz Bull 57:1-60.
13. Cover MS. 1953. Gross and microscopic anatomy of the respiratory system of the turkey. III. The air sacs. Am J Vet Res 14:239-245.
14. Cubo J, Casinos A. 2000. Incidence and mechanical significance of pneumatization in the long bones of birds. Zool J Linn Soc 130:499-510.
15. Currey JD, Alexander RM. 1985. The thickness of the walls of tubular bones. J Zool (Lond) 206:453-468.
16. Daniels CB, Pratt J. 1992. Breathing in long-necked dinosaurs: did the sauropods have bird lungs? Comp Biochem Physiol 101A:43-46.
17. Duncker HR. 1971. The lung air sac system of birds. Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol 45:1-171.
18. Farmer CG. 2006. On the origin of avian air sacs. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 154:89-106.
19. Gauthier J. 1986. Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds. Calif Acad Sci Mem 8:1-55.
20. Gier HT. 1952. The air sacs of the loon. The Auk 69:40-49.
21. Gilmore CW. 1932. On a newly mounted skeleton of Diplodocus in the United States National Museum. Proc USA Natl Mus 81:1-21.
22. Hatcher JB. 1901. Diplodocus (Marsh): its osteology, taxonomy, and probable habits, with a restoration of the skeleton. Mem Carn Mus 1:1-63.
23. Hatcher JB. 1903. Osteology of Haplocanthosaurus, with a description of a new species, and remarks on the probable habits of the Sauropoda, and the age and origin of Atlantosaurus beds. Mem Carn Mus 2:1-72.
24. He X, Li K, Cai K. 1988. The middle Jurassic dinosaur fauna from Dashanpu, Zigong, China, Vol. IV. Sauropod dinosaurs (2): Omeisaurus tianfuensis. Chengdu, China: Sichuan Publishing House of Science and Technology.
25. Hengst R, Rigby Jr JK. 1994. Apatosaurus as a means of understanding dinosaur respiration. In: Rosenberg GD, Wolberg, DL, editors. DinoFest. The Paleontological Society Special Publication 7. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennes-see Press. p 199-211.
26. Hengst RA, Rigby Jr JK, Landis GP, Sloan RL. 1996. Biological consequences of Mesozoic atmospheres: respiratory adaptations and functional range of Apatosaurus. In: MacLeod N, Keller G, editors. Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinctions: biotic and environmental changes. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company. p 327-347.
27. Hillenius WJ, Ruben JA. 2004. The evolution of endothermy in terrestrial vertebrates: who? When? Why? Physiol Biochem Zool 77:1019-1042.
28. Hogg DA. 1984a. The distribution of pneumatisation in the skeleton of the adult domestic fowl. J Anat 138:617-629.
29. Hogg DA. 1984b. The development of pneumatisation in the postcranial skeleton of the domestic fowl. J Anat 139:105-113.
30. Hutt S, Naish D, Martill DM, Barker MJ, Newberry P. 2001. A preliminary account of a new tyrannosauroid theropod from the Wessex formation (Early Cretaceous) of southern England. Cret Res 22:227-242.
31. Hwang SH, Norell MA, Ji Q, Gao K. 2004. A large compsognathid from the Early Cretaceous Yixian formation of China. J Syst Palaeontol 2:13-30.
32. Janensch W. 1947. Pneumatizitat bei Wirbeln von Sauropoden und anderen Saurischien. Palaeontographica Suppl 7 3:1-25.
33. Janensch W. 1950. Die Wirbelsaule von Brachiosaurus brancai. Palaeontographica Suppl 7 3:27-93.
34. Jensen JA. 1988. A fourth new sauropod dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic of the Colorado plateau and sauropod bipedalism. Great Bas Nat 48:121-145.
35. Ji Q, Currie PJ, Norell MA, Ji SA. 1998. Two feathered dinosaurs from northeastern China. Nature 393:753-761.
36. King AS. 1957. The aerated bones of Gallus domesticus. Acta Anat 31:220-230.
37. King AS. 1966. Structural and functional aspects of the avian lungs and air sacs. Int Rev Gen Exp Zool 2:171-267.
38. King AS. 1975. Aves respiratory system. In: Getty R, editor. Sisson and Grossman's anatomy of the domestic animals, 5th edition, Vol. 2. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders. p 1883-1918.
39. King AS, Kelly DF. 1956. The aerated bones of Gallus domesticus: the fifth thoracic vertebra and sternal ribs. Br Vet J 112:279-283.
40. Langer MC, Abdala F, Richter M, Benton MJ. 1999. A sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Upper Triassic (Carnian) of southern Brazil. C R Acad Sci Paris Sci Terr Plan 329:511-517.
41. Locy WA, Larsell O. 1916a. The embryology of the bird's lung based on observations of the domestic fowl. Part I. Am J Anat 19:447-504.
42. Locy WA, Larsell O. 1916b. The embryology of the bird's lung based on observations of the domestic fowl. Part II. Am J Anat 20:1-44.
43. Lü JC, Zhang BK. 2005. A new oviraptorid (Theropod: Oviraptorosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous of the Nanxiong Basin, Guangdong Province of southern China. Acta Pal Sin 44:412-422.
44. Magnussen H, Willmer H, Scheid P. 1976. Gas exchange in air sacs: contribution to respiratory gas exchange in ducks. Respir Physiol 26:129-146.
45. Makovicky PJ, Apesteguía S, Agnolín FL. 2005. The earliest dromaeosaurid theropod from South America. Nature 437:1007-1011.
46. Marsh OC. 1878. Principal characters of American Jurassic dinosaurs. Part I. Am J Sci 3rd Ser 16:411-416.
47. Marsh OC. 1879. Principal characters of American Jurassic dinosaurs. Part II. Am J Sci 3rd Ser 17:86-92.
48. Marsh OC. 1880. Odontornithes: a monograph on the extinct toothed birds of North America. Yale Univ Peab Mus Mem 1:1-201.
49. Marsh OC. 1881. Principal characters of American Jurassic dinosaurs. Part V. Am J Sci 3rd Ser 21:417-423.
50. Marsh OC. 1884. Principal characters of American Jurassic dinosaurs. Part VII. On the Diplodocidae, a new family of the Sauropoda. Am J Sci 3rd Ser 27:161-167.
51. Marsh OC. 1890. Description of new dinosaurian reptiles. Am J Sci 3rd Ser 39:81-86.
52. Maryanska T, Osmólska H, Wolsam M. 2002. Avialian status for Oviraptorosauria. Acta Palaeontol Pol 47:97-116.
53. Mayr G, Pohl B, Hartman S, Peters DS. 2007. The tenth skeletal specimen of Archaeopteryx. Zool J Linn Soc 149:97-116.
54. McIntosh JS, Miles CA, Cloward KC, Parker JR. 1996. A new nearly complete skeleton of Camarasaurus. Bull Gunma Mus Nat Hist 1:1-87.
55. Müller B. 1908. The air-sacs of the pigeon. Smiths Misc Coll 50:365-420.
56. O'Connor PM. 2006. Postcranial pneumaticity: an evaluation of soft-tissue influences on the postcranial skeleton and the reconstruction of pulmonary anatomy in archosaurs. J Morphol 267:1199-1226.
57. O'Connor PM, Claessens LPAM. 2005. Basic avian pulmonary design and flow-through ventilation in nonavian theropod dinosaurs. Nature 436:253-256.
58. Ojala L. 1957. Pneumatization of the bone and environmental factors: experimental studies on chick humerus. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 133:1-28.
59. Osborn HF. 1899. A skeleton of Diplodocus. Mem Am Mus Nat Hist 1:191-214.
60. Owen R. 1841. On the anatomy of the Southern Apteryx (Apteryx australis, Shaw). Trans Zool Soc Lond 2:257-301.
61. Owen R. 1857. Monograph on the fossil Reptilia of the Wealden and Purbeck formations. Part III. Dinosauria (Megalosaurus). Pal Soc Monogr 9:1-26.
62. Paladino FV, Spotila JR, Dodson P. 1997. A blueprint for giants: modeling the physiology of large dinosaurs. In: Farlow JO, Brett-Surman MK, editors. The complete dinosaur. Bloomington, IL: Indiana University Press. p 491-504.
63. Patterson C. 1982. Morphological characters and homology. In: Joysey KA, Friday AE, editors. Problems of phylogenetic reconstruction. New York, NY: Academic Press. p 21-74.
64. Perry SF. 1983. Reptilian lungs: functional anatomy and evolution. Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol 79:1-81.
65. Perry SF. 1988. Functional morphology of the lungs of the Nile crocodile, Crocodylus niloticus: non-respiratory parameters. J Exp Biol 134:99-117.
66. Perry SF. 1991. Gas exchange strategies in reptiles and the origin of the avian lung. In: Wood SC, Weber RE, Hargens AR, Millard RW, editors. Physiological adaptations in vertebrates: respiration, circulation, and metabolism. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p 149-168.
67. Perry SF. 1998. Lungs: comparative anatomy, functional morphology, and evolution. In: Gans C, Gaunt AS, editors. Biology of the reptilia, Vol. 19. Ithaca, NY: Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptilians. p 1-92.
68. Perry SF. 2001. Functional morphology of the reptilian and avian respiratory systems and its implications for theropod dinosaurs. In: Gauthier J, Gall LF, editors. New perspectives on the origin and early evolution of birds. Proceedings of the international symposium in honor of John H. Ostrom. New Haven, CT: Special Publication of the Peabody Museum of Natural History Yale University. p 429-441.
69. Perry SF, Reuter C. 1999. Hypothetical lung structure of Brachiosaurus (Dinosauria:Sauropoda) based on functional constraints. Mitt Mus Naturkd Berl Geowiss Reihe 2:75-79.
70. Pi L, Ou Y, Ye Y. 1996. A new species of sauropod from Zigong, Sichuan, Mamenchisaurus youngi. Papers on Geosciences Contributed to the 30th International Geological Congress: 87-91 (in Chinese).
71. Powell JE. 1992. Osteologia de Saltasaurus loricatus (Sauropoda Titanosauridae) del Cretacico Superior del noroeste Argentino. In: Sanz JL, Buscalioni AD, editors. Los Dinosaurios y Su Entorno Biotico: Actas del Segundo Curso de Paleontologia in Cuenca. Cuena, Argentina: Instituto Juan de Valdes. p 165-230.
72. Rauhut OWM, Remes K, Fechner R, Gladera G, Puerta P. 2005. Discovery of a short-necked sauropod dinosaur from the Late Jurassic period of Patagonia. Nature 435:670-672.
73. Reid REH. 1996. Bone histology of the Cleveland-Lloyd dinosaurs and of dinosaurs in general, Part 1: introduction to bony tissues. BYU Geol Stud 41:25-72.
74. Riggs ES. 1904. Structure and relationships of the opisthocoelian dinosaurs, part II: the Brachiosauridae. Field Columbia Mus Publ Geol 2:229-247.
75. Ruben JA, Jones TD, Geist NR, Hillenius WJ. 1997. Lung structure and ventilation in theropod dinosaurs and early birds. Science 278:1267-1270.
76. Ruben JA, Dal Sasso C, Geist NR, Hillenius WJ, Jones TD, Signore M. 1999. New evidence for pulmonary function and metabolic physiology of theropod dinosaurs. Science 283:514-516.
77. Ruben JA, Jones TD, Geist NR. 2003. Respiratory and reproductive paleophysiology of dinosaurs and early birds. Physiol Biochem Zool 76:141-164.
78. Sanz JL, Chiappe LM, Buscalioni AD. 1995. The osteology of Concornis lacustris (Aves: Enantiornithes) from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain and a reexamination of its phylogenetic relationships. Am Mus Nov 3133:1-23.
79. Sanz JL, Powell JE, Le Loeuff J, Martínez R, Pereda-Suberbiola X. 1999. Sauropod remains from the Upper Cretaceous of Laño (northcentral Spain). Titanosaur phylogenetic relationships. Estud Mus Cienc Nat Álava 14:235-255.
80. Scheid P. 1979. Mechanisms of gas exchange in bird lungs. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmcol 86:137-186.
81. Schwarz D, Fritsch G. 2006. Pneumatic structures in the cervical vertebrae of the Late Jurassic Tendaguru sauropods Brachiosaurus brancai and Dicraeosaurus. Eclog Geol Helv 99:65-78.
82. Schwarz D, Frey E, Meyer CA. 2007. Pneumaticity and soft-tissue reconstructions in the neck of diplodocid and dicraeosaurid sauropods. Acta Palaeontol Pol 52: 167-188.
83. Seeley HG. 1870. On Ornithopsis, a gigantic animal of the pterodactyle kind from the Wealden. Ann Mag Nat Hist Ser 4 5:279-283.
84. Senter P. 2007. A new look at the phylogeny of Coelurosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda). J Syst Palaeontol 5:429-463.
85. Sereno PC, Martinez RN, Wilson JA, Varricchio DJ, Alcober OA, Larsson HCE. 2008. Evidence for avian intrathoracic air sacs in a new predatory dinosaur from Argentina. PLoS ONE 3: e3303. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003303.
86. Spector WS. 1956. Handbook of biological data. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders.
87. Spotila JR, O'Connor MP, Dodson P, Paladino FV. 1991. Hot and cold running dinosaurs: body size, metabolism, and migration. Mod Geol 16: 203-227.
88. Upchurch P. 1998. The phylogenetic relationships of sauropod dinosaurs. Zool J Linn Soc 124:43-103.
89. Upchurch P, Barrett PM, Dodson P. 2004. Sauropoda. In: Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osmólska H, editors. The dinosauria, 2nd edition. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. p 259-324.
90. Upchurch P, Barrett PM, Galton PM. 2007. A phylogenetic analysis of basal sauropodomorph relationships: implications for the origin of sauropod dinosaurs. Spec Pap Palaeontol 77:57-90.
91. van Schalkwyk OL, Skinner JD, Mitchell G. 2004. A comparison of the bone density and morphology of giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) and buffalo (Syncerus caffer) skeletons. J Zool 264:309-315.
92. Warncke G, Stork HG. 1977. Biostatische und thermoregulatorische Funktion der Sandwich-Strukturen in der Schädeldecke der Vögel. Zool Anz 199:251-257.
93. Wedel MJ. 2003a. Vertebral pneumaticity, air sacs, and the physiology of sauropod dinosaurs. Paleobiology29: 243-255.
94. Wedel MJ. 2003b. The evolution of vertebral pneumaticity in sauropod dinosaurs. J Vert Palaeontol 23:344-357.
95. Wedel MJ. 2005. Postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in sauropods and its implications for mass estimates. In: Wilson JA, Curry-Rogers K, editors. The sauropods: evolution and paleobiology. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. p 201-228
96. Wedel MJ. 2006. Origin of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in dinosaurs. Integr Zool 2:80-85.
97. Wedel MJ. 2007. What pneumaticity tells us about ''prosauropods,'' and vice versa. Spec Pap Palaeontol 77:207-222.
98. Wedel MJ, Cifelli RL, Sanders RK. 2000. Osteology, paleobiology, and relationships of the sauropod dinosaur Sauroposeidon. Acta Palaeontol Pol 45:343-388.
99. Wilson JA. 2002. Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: critique and cladistic analysis. Zool J Linn Soc 136: 217-276.
100. Wilson JA, Sereno PC. 1998. Early evolution and higher-level phylogeny of sauropod dinosaurs. Soc Vert Palaeontol Mem 5:1-68.
101. Wiman C. 1929. Die Kriede-Dinosaurier aus Shantung. Palaeontol Sin 6:1-67.
102. Witmer LM. 1987. The nature of the antorbital fossa of archosaurs: shifting the null hypothesis. In: Currie PJ, Koster EH, editors. Fourth symposium on mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems, short papers. Occasional paper no. 3. Drumheller, Canada: Royal Tyrrell Museum of Paleontology. p 230-235.
103. Witmer LM. 1987. The extant phylogenetic bracket and the importance of reconstructing soft tissues in fossils.. In: Thomason SS, editor. Functional morphology in vertebrate paleonotology.. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p 19-33.
104. Witmer LM. 1997. The evolution of the antorbital cavity of archosaurs: a study in soft-tissue reconstruction in the fossil record with an analysis of the function of pneumaticity. Soc Vert Palaeontol Mem 3:1-73.
105. Wolf S. 1933. Zur Kenntnis von Bau und Funktion der Reptilienlunge. Zoologische Jahrbücher Abteilung Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere 57:139-190.
106. Woodward H. 2005. Bone histology of the titanosaurid sauropod Alamosaurus sanjuanensis from the Javelina Formation, Texas. J Vert Palaeontol 25:132A.
107. Xu X, Zhou Z, Wang XL, Wu XC. 1999. A dromaeosaurid dinosaur with a filamentous integument from the Yixian Formation of China. Nature 401:262-266.
108. Xu X, Zhang X, Tan Q, Zhao X, Tan L. 2006. A new titanosaurian sauropod from Late Cretaceous of Nei Mongol, China. Acta Geol Sin 80:20-26.
109. Yates AM. 2007. The first complete skull of the Triassic dinosaur Melanorosaurus Haughton (Sauropodomorpha: Anchisauria). Spec Pap Palaeontol 77:9-55.
110. Zhou Z, Zhang F. 2002. A long-tailed, seed-eating bird from the Early Cretaceous of China. Nature 418:405-409.
111. Zhou Z, Zhang F. 2003. Jeholornis compared to Archaeopteryx, with a new understanding of the earliest avian evolution. Naturwissenschaften 90:220-225.