Filoviruses: A real pandemic threat?

EMBO Molecular Medicine

Volumn 1, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 10-18

  Martina, Byron E E ^a   Osterhaus, Albert D M E ^a  

^a ERASMUS MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Animal reservoir; Ebolavirus; Marburgvirus; Pandemic threat

Indexed keywords

ANTIVIRUS AGENT; DNA VACCINE; HYPERIMMUNE GLOBULIN; RIBAVIRIN; VIRUS VACCINE;

AFRICA; EBOLA VIRUS; EPIDEMIC; FILOVIRUS; GENETIC STABILITY; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; INFECTION CONTROL; MARBURG VIRUS; MORTALITY; NONHUMAN; PANDEMIC; PATIENT CARE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SURVIVAL RATE; VIRUS CELL INTERACTION; VIRUS INFECTION; VIRUS STRAIN; VIRUS TRANSMISSION; VIRUS VIRULENCE; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION; ZOONOSIS;

DISEASE OUTBREAKS; DISEASE RESERVOIRS; FILOVIRIDAE; FILOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 21ST CENTURY; HUMANS;

EID: 77953658107     PISSN: 17574676     EISSN: 17574684     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/emmm.200900005     Document Type: Review

References (75)

1. Baron RC, McCormick JB, Zubeir OA (1983) Ebola virus disease in southern Sudan: hospital dissemination and intrafamilial spread. Bull World Health Organ 61: 997-1003
2. Bausch DG, Borchert M, Grein T, Roth C, Swanepoel R, Libande ML,Talarmin A, Bertherat E, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Tugume B, et al. (2003) Risk factors for Marburg hemorrhagic fever, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Emerg Infect Dis 9: 1531-1537
3. Bausch DG, Nichol ST, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Borchert M, Rollin PE, Sleurs H, Campbell P, Tshioko FK, Roth C, Colebunders R, et al. & International Scientific and Technical Committee for Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever Control in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (2006) Marburg hemorrhagic fever associated with multiple genetic lineages of virus. N Engl J Med 355: 909-919
4. Bausch DG, Towner JS, Dowell SF, Kaducu F, Lukwiya M, Sanchez A, Nichol ST, Ksiazek TG, Rollin PE (2007) Assessment of the risk of Ebola virus transmission from bodily fluids and fomites. J Infect Dis 196 (Suppl 2): S142-S147
5. Bonin O (1969) The Cercopithecus monkey disease in Marburg and Frankfurt (Main), 1967. Acta Zool Pathol Antverp 48: 319-331
6. Bray M, Driscoll J, Huggins JW (2000) Treatment of lethal Ebola virus infection in mice with a single dose of an S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase inhibitor. Antiviral Res 45: 135-147
7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention & World Health Organization, C. W. (1998). Infection Control for Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers in the African Health Care Setting. Atlanta: CDC
8. Emond RT, Evans B, Bowen ET, Lloyd G (1977) A case of Ebola virus infection. Br Med J 2: 541-544
9. Formenty P, Hatz C, Le Guenno B, Stoll A, Rogenmoser P, Widmer A (1999) Human infection due to Ebola virus, subtype Cote d'lvoire: clinical and biologic presentation. J Infect Dis 179 (Suppl 1): S48-S53
10. Formenty P, Libama F, Epelboin A, Allarangar Y, Leroy E, Moudzeo H, Tarangonia P, Molamou A, Lenzi M, Ait-Ikhlef K, et al (2003) [Outbreak of Ebola hemorrhagic fever in the Republic of the Congo, 2003: a new strategy?] L'epidemie de fievre hemorragique a virus Ebola en Republique du Congo, 2003: une nouvelle strategie? Med Trop (Mars) 63: 291-295
11. Galat G, Galat-Luong A (1997) [Virus transmission in the tropical environment, the socio-ecology of primates and the balance of ecosystems] Circulation des virus en milieu tropical, socio-ecologie des primates et equilibre des ecosystemes. Sante 7: 81-87
12. Gear JS, Cassel GA, Gear AJ, Trappler B, Clausen L, Meyers AM, Kew MC, Bothwell TH, Sher R, Miller GB, et al (1975) Outbreake of Marburg virus disease in Johannesburg. Br Med J 4: 489-493
13. Geisbert TW, Daddario-Dicaprio KM, Geisbert JB, Reed DS, Feldmann F, Grolla A, Stroher U, Fritz EA, Hensley LE, Jones SM, etal (2008) Vesicular stomatitis virus-based vaccines protect nonhuman primates against aerosol challenge with Ebola and Marburg viruses. Vaccine 26: 6894-6900
14. Geisbert TW, Hensley LE, Jahrling PB, Larsen T, Geisbert JB, Paragas J, Young HA, Fredeking TM, Rote WE, Vlasuk GP (2003) Treatment of Ebola virus infection with a recombinant inhibitor of factor Vila/tissue factor: a study in rhesus monkeys. Lancet 362: 1953-1958
15. Georges AJ, Leroy EM, Renaut AA, Benissan CT, Nabias RJ, Ngoc MT, Obiang PI, Lepage JP, Bertherat EJ, Benoni DD, et al (1999) Ebola hemorrhagic fever outbreaks in Gabon, 1994-1997: epidemiologic and health control issues. J Infect Dis 179 (Suppl 1): S65-S75
16. Groseth A, Stroher U, Theriault S, Feldmann H (2002) Molecular characterization of an isolate from the 1989/90 epizootic of Ebola virus Reston among macaques imported into the United States. Virus Res 87: 155-163
17. Heymann DL (2004) The international response to the outbreak of SARS in 2003. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 359: 1127-1129
18. Heymann DL, Weisfeld JS, Webb PA, Johnson KM, Cairns T, Berquist H (1980) Ebola hemorrhagic fever: Tandala, Zaire, 1977-1978. J Infect Dis 142: 372-376
19. Huggins J, Zhang ZX, Bray M (1999) Antiviral drug therapy of filovirus infections: S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase inhibitors inhibit Ebola virus in vitro and in a lethal mouse model. J Infect Dis 179 (Suppl 1): S240-S247
20. Jaax NK, Davis KJ, Geisbert TJ, Vogel P, Jaax GP, Topper M, Jahrling PB (1996) Lethal experimental infection of rhesus monkeys with Ebola-Zaire (Mayinga) virus by the oral and conjunctival route of exposure. Arch Pathol Lab Med 120: 140-155
21. Jahrling PB, Geisbert TW, Dalgard DW,Johnson ED, KsiazekTG, Hall WC, Peters CJ (1990) Preliminary report: isolation of Ebola virus from monkeys imported to USA. Lancet 335: 502-505
22. Jahrling PB, Geisbert TW, Geisbert JB, Swearengen JR, Bray M,Jaax NK, Huggins JW, LeDuc JW, Peters CJ (1999) Evaluation of immune globulin and recombinant interferon-alpha2b for treatment of experimental Ebola virus infections. J Infect Dis 179 (Suppl 1): S224-234
23. Johnson E, Jaax N, White J, Jahrling P (1995) Lethal experimental infections of rhesus monkeys by aerosolized Ebola virus. Int J Exp Pathol 76: 227-236
24. Johnson ED, Johnson BK, Silverstein D, Tukei P, Geisbert TW, Sanchez AN, Jahrling PB (1996) Characterization of a new Marburg virus isolated from a 1987 fatal case in Kenya. Arch Virol Suppl 11: 101-114
25. Johnson KM, Lange JV, Webb PA, Murphy FA (1977) Isolation and partial characterisation of a new virus causing acute haemorrhagic fever in Zaire. Lancet 1: 569-571
26. Keeling MJ, Grenfell BT (1997) Disease extinction and community size: modeling the persistence of measles. Science 275: 65-67
27. Khan AS, Tshioko FK, Heymann DL, Le Guenno B, Nabeth P, Kerstiens B, Fleerackers Y, Kilmarx PH, Rodier GR, Nkuku O, etal(1999)The reemergence of Ebola hemorrhagic fever, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1995. Commission de Lutte contre les Epidemies a Kikwit. J Infect Dis 179 (Suppl1): S76-S86
28. Kissling RE, Robinson RQ, Murphy FA, Whitfield SG (1968) Agent of disease contracted from green monkeys. Science 160: 888-890
29. Kuhn JH (2008). Filoviruses: A compendium of 40 years of Epidemiological, Clinical, and Laboratory Studies. Wien, NewYork: Springer.
30. Kuiken T, Fouchier R, Rimmelzwaan G, Osterhaus A (2003) Emerging viral infections in a rapidly changing world. Curr Opin Biotechnol 14: 641-646.
31. Kuiken T, Leighton FA, Fouchier RA, LeDuc JW, Peiris JS, Schudel A, Stohr K, Osterhaus AD (2005) Public health. Pathogen surveillance in animals.Science 309: 1680-1681
32. Kunz C, Hofmann H, Kovac W, Stockinger L (1968) [Biological and morphological characteristics of the ''hemorrhagic fever" virus occurring in Germany] Biologische und morphologische Charakteristika des Virus des in Deutschland aufgetretenen ''Hamorrhagischen Fiebers''. Wien Klin Wochenschr 80: 161-162 passim.
33. Lahm SA, Kombila M, Swanepoel R, Barnes RF (2007) Morbidityand mortality of wild animals in relation to outbreaks of Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Gabon, 1994-2003. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 101: 64-78
34. Lamunu M, Lutwama JJ, Kamugisha J, Opio A, Nambooze J, Ndayimirije N, Okware S (2004) Containing a haemorrhagic fever epidemic: the Ebola experience in Uganda (October 2000-January 2001). Int J Infect Dis 8:27-37
35. LegrandJ,Grais RF, Boelle PY, Valleron AJ, Flahault A (2007) Understanding the dynamics of Ebola epidemics. Epidemiol Infect 135: 610-621
36. Leroy EM, Baize S, Mavoungou E, Apetrei C (2002a) Sequence analysis of the GP, NP, VP40 and VP24 genes of Ebola virus isolated from deceased, surviving and asymptomatically infected individuals during the 1996 outbreak in Gabon: comparative studies and phylogenetic characterization.J Gen Virol 83: 67-73
37. Leroy EM, Kumulungui B, Pourrut X, Rouquet P, Hassanin A, Yaba P, Delicat A, Paweska JT, Gonzalez JP, Swanepoel R (2005) Fruit bats as reservoirs of Ebola virus. Nature 438: 575-576
38. Leroy EM, Rouquet P, Formenty P, Souquiere S, Kilbourne A, Froment JM, Bermejo M, Smit S, Karesh W, Swanepoel R, etal (2004) Multiple Ebola virus transmission events and rapid decline of central African wildlife. Science303: 387-390
39. Leroy EM, Souquiere S, Rouquet P, Drevet D (2002b) Re-emergence of ebolahaemorrhagic fever in Gabon. Lancet 359: 712 Ligon BL (2005) Outbreak of Marburg hemorrhagic fever in Angola: a review of the history of the disease and its biological aspects. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis16: 219-224
40. Lipsitch M, Cohen T, Cooper B, Robins JM, Ma S, James L, Gopalakrishna G, Chew SK, Tan CC, Samore MH, et al (2003) Transmission dynamics and control of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Science 300: 1966-1970
41. Martina BE, Osterhaus AD (2007). Wildlife and the risk of vector-borne viral diseases. Wageningen, The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers.
42. Morikawa S, Saijo M, Kurane I (2007) Current knowledge on lowervirulence of Reston Ebola virus (in French: Connaissances actuelles sur la moindre virulence du virus Ebola Reston). Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 30:391-398
43. Okware SI, Omaswa FG, Zaramba S, Opio A, Lutwama JJ, Kamugisha J, Rwaguma EB, Kagwa P, Lamunu M (2002) An outbreak of Ebola in Uganda. Trop Med Int Health 7: 1068-1075
44. Osterhaus A (2001) Catastrophes after crossing species barriers. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 356: 791-793
45. PourrutX, Kumulungui B, Wittmann T, Moussavou G, Delicat A, Yaba P, Nkoghe D, Gonzalez JP, Leroy EM (2005) The natural history of Ebola virus in Africa. Microbes Infect 7: 1005-1014
46. Rec WE (1992) Viral haemorrhagic fever in imported monkeys. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 67: 142-143
47. Rec WE (2005) Outbreak of Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Yambio, south Sudan, April-June 2004. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 80: 370-375
48. Rodriguez LL, De Roo A, Guimard Y, Trappier SG, Sanchez A, Bressler D, Williams AJ, Rowe AK, Bertolli J, Khan AS, etal (1999) Persistence and genetic stability of Ebola virus during the outbreak in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1995. J Infect Dis 179 (Suppl 1): S170-S176
49. Roels TH, Bloom AS, Buffington J, Muhungu GL, Mac Kenzie WR, Khan AS, Ndambi R, Noah DL, Rolka HR, Peters CJ, etal (1999) Ebola hemorrhagic fever, Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1995: risk factors for patients without a reported exposure. J Infect Dis 179 (Suppl 1): S92-S97
50. Rollin PE, Williams RJ, Bressler DS, Pearson S, Cottingham M, PucakG, Sanchez A, Trappier SG, Peters RL, Greer PW, et al -(1999) Ebola (subtype Reston) virus among quarantined nonhuman primates recently imported from the Philippines to the United States. J Infect Dis 179 (Suppl 1): S108-S114
51. Sanchez A, Rollin PE (2005) Complete genome sequence of an Ebola virus (Sudan species) responsible for a 2000 outbreak of human disease in Uganda. Virus Res 113: 16-25
52. Schou S, Hansen AK (2000) Marburg and Ebola virus infections in laboratory non-human primates: a literature review. Comp Med 50: 108-123
53. Siegert R, Shu HL, Slenczka W, Peters D, MullerG (1967) [On the etiology of an unknown human infection originating from monkeys] Zur Atiologie einer umbekannten, von Affen ausgegangenen menschlichen Infektionskrankheit. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 92: 2341-2343
54. Slenczka W, Klenk HD (2007) Forty years of marburg virus. J Infect Dis 196 (Suppl 2): S131-S135
55. Smith DH, Johnson BK, Isaacson M, Swanapoel R, Johnson KM, Killey M, Bagshawe A, SiongokT, Keruga WK (1982) Marburg-virus disease in Kenya. Lancet 1: 816-820
56. Snowden FM (2008) Emerging and reemerging diseases: a historical perspective. Immunol Rev 225: 9-26
57. Sullivan NJ, Geisbert TW, Geisbert JB, Shedlock DJ, Xu L, Lamoreaux L, Custers JH, Popernack PM, Yang ZY, Pau MG, et al (2006) Immune protection of nonhuman primates against Ebola virus with single low-dose adenovirus vectors encoding modified GPs. PLoS Med 3: e177
58. Sullivan NJ, Geisbert TW, Geisbert JB, Xu L, Yang ZY, Roederer M, Koup RA, Jahrling PB, Nabel GJ (2003) Accelerated vaccination for Ebola virus haemorrhagic fever in non-human primates. Nature 424: 681-684
59. Swanepoel R, Leman PA, Burt FJ, Zachariades NA, Braack LE, KsiazekTG, Rollin PE, Zaki SR, Peters CJ (1996) Experimental inoculation of plants and animals with Ebola virus. Emerg Infect Dis 2: 321-325
60. Swenson DL, Wang D, Luo M, Warfield KL, Woraratanadharm J, Holman DH, Dong JY, Pratt WD (2008) Vaccine to confer to nonhuman primates complete protection against multistrain Ebola and Marburg virus infections. Clin Vaccine Immunol 15: 460-467
61. Timen A, et al (2008) Dutch tourist infected with Marburg virus. ProMed mail.
62. Towner JS, Khristova ML, Sealy TK, Vincent MJ, Erickson BR, Bawiec DA, Hartman AL, Comer JA, Zaki SR, Stroher U, et al (2006) Marburg virus genomics and association with a large hemorrhagic fever outbreak in Angola. J Virol 80: 6497-6516
63. Towner JS, Pourrut X, Albarino CG, Nkogue CN, Bird BH, Grard G, Ksiazek TG, Gonzalez JP, Nichol ST, Leroy EM (2007a) Marburg virus infection detected in a common African bat. PLoS ONE 2: e764
64. Towner JS, Rollin PE, Bausch DG, Sanchez A, Crary SM, Vincent M, Lee WF, Spiropoulou CF, KsiazekTG, Lukwiya M, etal (2004) Rapid diagnosis of Ebola hemorrhagic fever by reverse transcription-PCR in an outbreak setting and assessment of patient viral load as a predictor of outcome. J Virol 78: 4330-4341
65. Towner JS, Sealy TK, Khristova ML, Albarino CG, Conlan S, Reeder SA, Quan PL, Lipkin WI, Downing R, TapperoJW, etal (2008) Newly discovered ebola virus associated with hemorrhagic Fever outbreak in Uganda. PLoS Pathog 4:e1000212
66. Towner JS, Sealy TK, Ksiazek TG, Nichol ST (2007b) High-throughput molecular detection of hemorrhagic fever virus threats with applications for outbreak settings. J Infect Dis 196 (Suppl 2): S205-S212
67. Vastag B (2004) Ebola vaccines tested in humans, monkeys. JAMA 291: 549-550
68. Vynnycky E, Trindall A, Mangtani P (2007) Estimates of the reproduction numbers of Spanish influenza using morbidity data. Int J Epidemiol 36: 881-889
69. Walsh PD, Biek R, Real LA (2005) Wave-like spread of Ebola Zaire. PLoS Biol 3: e371
70. Warfield KL, Olinger G, Deal EM, Swenson DL, Bailey M, Negley DL, Hart MK, Bavari S (2005) Induction of humoral and CD8+ T cell responses are required for protection against lethal Ebola virus infection. J Immunol 175: 1184-1191
71. WHO (1978) Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Sudan, 1976. Report of a WHO/ International Study Team. Bull World Health Organ 56: 247-270
72. Yaddanapudi K, Palacios G, Towner JS, Chen I, Sariol CA, Nichol ST, Lipkin WI (2006) Implication of a retrovirus-like glycoprotein peptide in the immunopathogenesis of Ebola and Marburg viruses. Faseb J 20: 2519-2530
73. Zaki SR, Goldsmith CS (1999) Pathologic features of filovirus infections in humans. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 235: 97-116
74. Zaki SR, Shieh WJ, Greer PW, Goldsmith CS, Ferebee T, Katshitshi J, Tshioko FK, Bwaka MA, Swanepoel R, Calain P, et al (1999) A novel immunohistochemical assay for the detection of Ebola virus in skin: implications for diagnosis, spread, and surveillance of Ebola hemorrhagic fever. Commission de Lutte contre les Epidemies a Kikwit. J Infect Dis 179 (Suppl 1): S36-S47
75. Zampieri CA, Sullivan NJ, Nabel GJ (2007) Immunopathology of highly virulent pathogens: insights from Ebola virus. Nat Immunol 8: 1159-1164