Mechanisms of peripheral neuropathic pain: implications for musculoskeletal physiotherapy

Physical Therapy Reviews

Volumn 13, Issue 5, 2008, Pages 313-323

  Zusman, Max ^a  

^a CURTIN UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

MUSCULOSKELETAL PHYSIOTHERAPY; NEUROPATHIC PAIN; PAIN; PHYSIOTHERAPY

Indexed keywords

EID: 77953363798     PISSN: 10833196     EISSN: 1743288X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1179/174328808X356375     Document Type: Review

References (122)

1. Campbell J, Meyer R. Mechanisms of neuropathic pain. Neuron 2006;52:77–92
2. Devor M. Sodium channels and mechanisms of neuropathic pain. J Pain 2006;7:S3–S12
3. Klein T, Magerl W, Rolke R, Treede R-D. Human surrogate models of neuropathic pain. Pain 2005;115:227–233
4. Devor M. Cellular processes associated with ectopia. Eur J Pain 2007;11:S10 (23)
5. Amir R, Argoff C, Bennett G, et al. The role of sodium channels in chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain. J Pain 2006;7:S1–S29
6. Abrahams M. Neuropathic pain in soft tissue complaints. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2007;21:223–244
7. Cherny N. The treatment of neuropathic pain: from hubris to humility. Pain 2007;132:225–226
8. Hansson P. Difficulties in stratifying neuropathic pain by mechanisms. Eur J Pain 2003;7:353–357
9. Bennett G. Can we distinguish between inflammatory and neuropathic pain? Pain Res Manage 2006;11:11A–15A
10. Marchettini P, Lacerenza M, Mauri E, Marangoni C. Painful peripheral neuropathies. Curr Neuropharmacol 2006;4:175–181
11. Cousins M. Persistent pain: a disease entity. J Pain Symptom Manage 2007;33:S4–S10
12. Kehlet H, Jensen T, Woolf C. Persistent postsurgical pain: risk factors and prevention. Lancet 2006;367:1618–1625
13. Greening J., Workshop : clinical implications for clinicians treating patients with non-specific arm pain, whiplash and carpal tunnel syndrome. Man Ther 2006;11:171–172
14. Schwartzman R, Grothusen J. Brachial plexus traction injury: quantification of sensory abnormalities. Pain Med 2008;9:950–957.
15. Sterling M. Neuropathic components of acute whiplash pain. Eur J Pain 2007;11:S94 (214)
16. Butler D. The Sensitive Nervous System. Adelaide: Noigroup Publications 2000
17. Elvey R. Physical evaluation of the peripheral nervous system in disorders of pain and dysfunction. J Hand Ther 1997;10:122–129
18. Shacklock M. Improving application of neurodynamic (neural tension) testing and treatments: a message to researchers and clinicians. Man Ther 2005;10:175–179
19. Grieve’s Modern Manual Therapy: the Vertebral Column, (2nd ed) 2004; Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone
20. Loeser JD. Review: Complementary therapies in rehabilitation, Davis CM, (ed), Slack Inc. ISBN 1–55642–281–4. APS Bull 1997;7(4):July/August.
21. Ochoa J, Torebjork E. Sensations evoked by intraneural microstimulation of single mechanoreceptor units innervating the human hand. J Physiol (London) 1983;342:633–654
22. Rasmussen P, Sindrup S, Jenesn T, Bach F. Symptoms and signs in patients with suspected neuropathic pain. Pain 2004;110:461–469
23. Bennett M, Attal N, Backonja M, et al. Using screening tools to identify neuropathic pain. Pain 2007;127:199–203
24. Rolke R, Baron R, Maier C, et al. Quantitative sensory testing in the German Research Network on Neuropathic Pain (DFNS): standardized protocol and reference values. Pain 2006a;123:231–243
25. Hansson P, Backonja M, Bouhassira D. Usefulness and limitations of quantitative sensory testing: Clinical and research application in neuropathic pain states. Pain 2007;129:256–259
26. Rolke R, Magerl W, Campbell K, et al. Quantitative sensory testing: a comprehensive protocol for clinical trials. Eur J Pain 2006b;10:77–88
27. Liu X, Eschenfelder S, Blenk K, et al. Spontaneous activity of axotomised afferent neurons after L5 spinal nerve injury in rats. Pain 2000;84:309–318
28. Michaelis M, Liu X, Janig W. Axotomised and intact muscle afferents but not skin afferents develop ongoing discharges of dorsal root ganglion origin after peripheral nerve lesion. J Neurosci 2000;20:2742–2748
29. Woolf C. Dissecting out mechanisms responsible for peripheral neuropathic pain: implications for diagnosis and therapy. Life Sci 2004a;74:2605–2610
30. Noguchi K, Kawai Y, Fukuoka T, et al. Substance P induced by peripheral nerve injury in primary afferent sensory neurons and its effect on dorsal column nucleus neurons. J Neurosci 1995;15:7633–7643
31. Allen B, Menning P, Rogers S, et al. Primary afferent fibers that contribute to increased substance P receptor internalization in the spinal cord after injury. J Neurophysiol 1999;81:1379–1390.
32. Klede M, Handwerker H, Schmelz M. Central origin of secondary Mechanical Hyperalgesia. J Neurophysiol 2003;90:353–359
33. Woolf C., Pain : moving from symptom control toward mechanism-specific pharmacologic management. Annals Int Med 2004b;140:441–451
34. Sun H, Ren K, Zhong C, et al. Nerve injury-induced tactile allodynia is mediated via ascending spinal dorsal column projections. Pain 2001;90:105–111
35. Hall T, Elvey R. Nerve trunk pain: physical diagnosis and treatment. Man Ther 1999;4:63–73
36. Sterling M, Treleaven J, Jull G. Responses to a clinical test of mechanical provocation of nerve tissue in whiplash associated disorders. Man Ther 2002;7:89–94
37. Linderoth B, Foreman R. Mechanisms of spinal cord stimulation in painful syndromes: role of animal models. Pain Med 2006;7:S14–S26
38. Ossipov M, Porreca F. Descending excitatory systems. Handbook Clin Neurol, Pain 2006;81:193–210
39. Serra J. Ectopic discharges in C-nociceptors as a cause of neuropathic pain. Eur J Pain 2007;11:S9 (21)
40. Gold M, Weinreich D, Kim C-S, et al. Redistribution of Nav 1.8 in uninjured axons enables neuropathic pain. J Neurosci 2003;23;158–166
41. Djouhri L, Koutsikou S, Fang X, et al. Spontaneous pain, both neuropathic and inflammatory, is related to frequency of spontaneous firing in intact C-fiber nociceptors. J Neurosci 2006;26:1281–1292
42. Uceyler N, Sommer C. Wallerian degeneration and neuropathic pain. Drug Disc Today: Dis Mechan 2006;3:351–256
43. Eliav E, Benoliel R, Tal M. Inflammation with no axonal damage of the rat saphenous nerve trunk induces ectopic discharge and mechanosensitivity in myelinated axons. Neurosci Lett 2001;311:49–52
44. Greening J. How inflammation and minor nerve injury contribute to pain in nerve root and peripheral neuropathies. In: Boyling J, Jull G, (Eds) Grieve’s Modern Manual Therapy: the Vertebral Column, (3rd ed) 2004; Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone pp 205–214
45. Hall T, Elvey R. Management of mechanosensitivity of the nervous system in spinal pain syndromes. In: Boyling J, Jull G, (Eds) Grieve’s Modern Manual Therapy: the Vertebral Column, (3rd ed) 2004; Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone pp 413–433
46. Vicenzino B, Wright A. Physical treatments. In: Strong J, Unrah A, Wright A, Baxter G, (Eds) Pain: A Textbook for Therapists, 2002, Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone pp 187–206.
47. Zusman M. Cognitive-behavioural components ofmusculoskeletal physiotherapy: the role of control. Phys Ther Rev 2005;10:89–98
48. Zusman M. Associative memory for movement-evoked chronic back pain and its extinction with musculoskeletal physiotherapy. Phys Ther Rev 2008;13:57
49. Chong M, Bajwa Z. Diagnosis and treatment of neuropathic pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 2003;25:S4–S11
50. Schofferman J. Restoration of function: the missing link in pain medicine? Pain Med 2006;7: S159–S165
51. Freynhagen R, Rolke R, Baron R, et al. Pseudoradicular and radicular low-back pain–a disease continuum rather than different entities? Answers from quantitative sensory testing. Pain 2008;135:63–74
52. Eliav E,Herzberg U, Ruda M, Bennett G. Neuropathic pain from an experimental neuritis of the rat sciatic nerve. Pain 1999;83:169–182
53. Bove G, Ransil B, Lin H, Leem J. Inflammation induces ectopic mechanical sensitivity in axons of nociceptors innervating deep tissues. J Neurophysiol 2003;90:1049–1955
54. Chacur M, Milligan E, Gazda L, et al. A new model of sciatic inflammatory neuritis (SIN): induction of unilateral and bilateral mechanical allodynia following acute unilateral peri-sciatic immune activation in rats. Pain 2001;94:231–244
55. Sorkin L, Xiao W, Wagner R, Myers R. Tumor necrosis factoralpha induces ectopic activity in nociceptive primary afferent fibers. Neuroscience 1997;81:255–262
56. Dilley A, Lynn B, Pang S. Pressure and stretch mechanosensitivity of peripheral nerve fibres following local inflammation of the nerve trunk. Pain 2005;117:462–472
57. Cummins T, Sheets P, Waxman S. The roles of sodium channels in nociception: implications for mechanisms of pain. Pain 2007;131:243–257
58. Sindrup S, Jensen T. Are sodium channel blockers useless in peripheral neuropathic pain? Pain 2007;128:6–7
59. Granot R, Day R, Cohen M, et al. Targeted pharmacotherapy of evoked phenomena in neuropathic pain: a review of the current evidence. Pain Med 2007;8:48–64
60. Markman J, Dworkin R. Ion channel targets and treatment efficacy in neuropathic pain. J Pain 2006;7:S38–S47
61. Lekan HA, Carlton SM, Coggeshall R. Sprouting of A beta fibers into lamina II of the rat dorsal horn in peripheral neuropathy. Neurosci Lett 1996;208:147–150
62. Woolf C, Shortland P, Coggeshall R. Peripheral nerve injury triggers central sprouting of myelinated afferents. Nature 1992;355:75–78
63. Woolf C, Doubell T. The pathophysiology of chronic pain: increased sensitivity to low threshold A beta-fibre inputs. Curr Opin Neurobiol 1994;4:525–534
64. Lee BH, Yoon YW, Chung KS, Chung JM. Comparison of sympathetic sprouting in sensory ganglia in three animal models of neuropathic pain. Exp Brain Res 1998;120:432–438
65. Ramer M, Thompson S, McMahon S. Causes and consequences of sympathetic basket formation in dorsal root ganglia. Pain 1999;Supp 6: S111–S120
66. Dworkin R, O’Connor A, Backonja M, et al. Pharmacologic management of neuropathic pain: evidence based recommendations. Pain 2007;132:237–251
67. Watkins L, Maier S. Immune regulation of central nervous system functions: from sickness responses to pathological pain. J Internal Med 2005;257:139–155
68. Ji R-R, Kohno T, Moore K, Woolf C. Central sensitisation and long-term potentiation: do pain and memory share similar mechanisms? Trends Neurosci 2003;26:696–705
69. Kohno T, Ji R, Ito N, et al. Peripheral axonal injury results in reduced mu opioid receptor pre-and post-synaptic action in the spinal cord. Pain 2005;117:77–87
70. Wiesenfeld-Hallin Z, Xu X. The role of cholecystokinin in nociception, neuropathic pain and opiate tolerance. Regul Pept 1996;65:23–28
71. Moore K, Kohno T, Karchewski L, et al. Partial peripheral nerve injury promotes a selective loss of GABAergic inhibition in the superficial dorsal horn of the spinal cord. J Neurosci 2003;15:6724–6731
72. Baba H, Ji R-R, Kohno T, et al. Removal of GABAergic inhibition facilitates polysynaptic A fiber-mediated excitatory transmission in the superficial dorsal horn. Mol Cell Neurosci 2003;24:818–830
73. Kawasaki Y, Kohno T, Zhuang Z-Y, et al. Ionotropic and metabotropic receptors, protein kinase A, protein kinase C, and src contribute to C-fiber-induced ERK activation and camp response element-binding protein phosphorylation in dorsal horn neurons, leading to central sensitisation. JNeurosci 2004;24:8310–8321
74. Sandkuhler J. Understanding LTP in pain pathways. Mol Pain 2007 http://www.molecularpain.com.content/3/1/9
75. Treede R-D, Klein T, Magerl W. Pain memory and central sensitisation in humans. In: Flor H, Kalso E, Dostrovsky J, (Eds) Proceedings of the 11th World Congress on Pain, 2006, Seattle: IASP Press, 23, pp 251–267
76. Woolf C, Salter M. Neuronal plasticity: increasing the gain in pain. Science 2000;288:1765–1768
77. Sandkuhler J, Chen J, Cheng G, Randic M. Low-frequency stimulation of afferent Ad-fibers induces long-term depression at primary afferent synapses with substantia gelatinosa neurons in the rat. J Neurosci 1997;17:6483–6491
78. Zieglgansberger W. Chronic pain: neuroplasticity in limbic structures. Pain in Europe IV, Congress of EFIC, Prague, Czech Republic, September 2003:117
79. Millecamps M, Centeno M, Berra H, et al. D-Cycloserine reduces neuropathic pain behavior through limbic NMDA-mediated circuitry. Pain 2007;132:108–123
80. Klein T, Magerl W, Nickel U, et al. Effects of the NMDA-receptor antagonist ketamine on perceptual correlates of long-term potentiation within the nociceptive system. Neuropharmacol. 2007;52:655–661
81. Lang S, Klein T, Magerl W, Treede R-D. Modality specific sensory changes in humans after the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) in cutaneous nociceptive pathways. Pain 2007;128:254–263
82. Neugebauer V, Li W, Bird G, Han J. The amygdala and persistent pain. Neuroscientist 2004;3;221–234
83. Willis W. Long-term potentiation in spinothalamic neurons. Brain Res Rev 2002;40:202–214
84. Pertovaara A, Almeida A. Descending inhibitory systems. Handbook Clin Neurol, Pain 2006;81:179–192
85. Quirk G., Extinction : new excitement for an old phenomenon. Biol Psych 2006;60:317–318
86. Maren S. Building and burying fear memories in the brain. Neuroscientist 2005;11:89–99
87. Neugebauer V. Subcortical processing ofnociceptive information: basal ganglia and amygdala. Handbook Clin Neurol, Pain 2006;81:141–158
88. Moss P, Sluka K, Wright A. The initial effects of knee joint mobilization on osteoarthritic hyperalgesia. Man Ther 2007; 12:109–118
89. Fanselow M, Poulos A. The neuroscience of mammalian associative learning. Ann Rev Psychol 2005;56:207–234
90. Frankland P, Teixeira C. A pain in the ACC. Molecular Pain 2005 http://www.molecularpain.com.content/1/1/14
91. Crombez G, Van Damme S, Eccleston C. Hypervigilance to pain: an experimental and clinical analysis. Pain 2005;116:4–7
92. Eccleston C, Crombez G. Pain demands attention: a cognitive-affective model on the interruptive function of pain. Psychol Bull 1999;125:356–366
93. Povedano M, Gascon J, Galvez R, et al. Cognitive function impairments in patients with neuropathic pain under standard conditions of care. J Pain Symptom Manage 2007;33:78–89
94. Shin L, Rauch S, Pitman R., Amygdala, medial prefrontal cortex, and hippocampal function in PTSD. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006;1071:67–79
95. Kreitler S, Niv D. Cognitive impairment in chronic pain. Pain: Clin Updates 2007;XV(4)
96. Veldhuijzen D, Kenemans J, van, Wijck, et al. Processing capacity in chronic pain patients: a visual events-related potentials study. Pain 121: 60–68
97. Heinricher M. Central processing of pain: modulation of nociception. In Justins D, (Ed) Pain 2005–An Updated Review: Refresher Course Syllabus. Seattle:IASP Press, 6, pp 49–57
98. Calejesan A, Kim S, Zhuo M. Descending facilitatory modulation of a behavioral nociceptive response by stimulation in the adult rat anterior cingulate cortex. Eur J Pain 2000;4:83–96
99. Price DD. Psychological and neural mechanisms of the affective dimensions of pain. Science 2000;288:1769–1772
100. Ren K, Dubner R. Descending modulation in persistent pain: an update. Pain 2002;100:1–6
101. Suzuki R, Rygh L, Dickenson A. Bad news from the brain; descending 5HT pathways that control spinal pain processing. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2004a;25:613–617
102. Suzuki R, Rahman W, Hunt S, Dickenson A. Descending facilitatory control of mechanically evoked responses is enhanced in deep dorsal horn neurones following peripheral nerve injury. Brain Res 2004b;1019:68–76
103. Burgess S, Gardell L, Osipov, et al. Time-dependent descending facilitation from the rostral ventromedial medulla maintains, but does not initiate, neuropathic pain. J Neurosci 2002;22:5129–5136
104. Gardell L, Vanderah T, Gardell S, et al. (2003) Enhanced evoked excitatory transmitter release in experimental neuropathy requires descending facilitation. J Neurosci 2003;23:8370–8379
105. Mechaly I, Bourane S, Piquemal D, et al. Gene profiling during development and after a peripheral nerve traumatism reveals genes specifically induced by injury in dorsal root ganglia. Mol Cell Neurosci 2006;32:217–229
106. Costigan M, Befort K, Karchewski I, et al. Replicate high-density rat genome oligonucleotide microarrays reveal hundreds of regulated genes in the dorsal root ganglion after peripheral nerve injury. BMC Neurosci 2002;3:16–34
107. Rabert D, Xiao Y, Yiangou Y, et al. Plasticity of gene expression in injured human dorsal root ganglia revealed by GeneChip oligonucleotide microarrays. J Clin Neurosci 2004;11:289–299
108. Wang H, Sun H, Della Penna R, et al. Chronic neuropathic pain is accompanied by global changes in gene expression and shares pathobiology with neurodegenerative diseases. Neurosci 2002;114:529–546
109. Ueda H. Molecular mechanisms of neuropathic pain–phenotypic switch and initiation mechanisms. Pharmacol Therap 2006;109:57–77
110. Moalem G, Tracey D. Immune and inflammatory mechanisms in neuropathic pain. Brain Res Rev 2006;51:240–264
111. Inoue K. Neuropathic pain and purinergic receptors: involvement of microglia. Curr Anaesth Crit Care 2005;16:313–318
112. Apkarian A, Lavarello S, Randolf A, et al. Expression of IL-1b in supraspinal brain regions in rats with neuropathic pain. Neurosci Lett 2006;407:176–181
113. Apkarian A, Scholz J. Shared mechanisms between chronic pain and neurodegenerative disease. Drug Disc Today: Dis Mechan 2006;3:319–326
114. Yuan J, Yankner B. Apoptosis in the nervous system. Nature 2000;407:802–809
115. Maione S. Over-expression of pro-apoptotic genes and morphological changes in dorsal horn lamina II in a model ofneuropathic pain in rats. Eur J Pain 2006;10:S6 (19).
116. Siniscalco D, Fuccio C, Giordano C, et al. Role of reactive oxygen species and spinal cord apoptotic genes in the development of neuropathic pain. Pharmacol Res 2007;55:158–166
117. Scholz J, Broom D, Youn D-H, et al. Blocking caspase activity prevents transsynaptic neuronal apoptosis and the loss of inhibitions in lamina II of the dorsal horn after peripheral nerve injury. J Neurosci 2005;25:7317–7323
118. Haythornthwaite J, Benrud-Larson L. Psychological aspects of neuropathic pain. Clin J Pain 2000;16:S101-S105
119. Schmidt-Wilke T, Leinisch E, Ganssbauer B, et al. Affective components and intensity of pain correlate with structural differences in gray matter in chronic back patients. Pain 2006;125:89–97
120. Grachev I, Fredickson B, Apkarian A. Dissociating anxiety from pain: mapping the neuronal marker N-acetyl aspartate to perception distinguishes closely interrelated characteristics of chronic pain. Mol Psych 2001;6:256–258
121. Perkins F, Kehlet H. Chronic pain as an outcome of surgery: a review of predictive factors. Anesthesiol 2000;93:1123–1133
122. de Leon-Casasola O. Multimodal approaches to the management of neuropathic pain: the role of topical analgesia. J Pain Symptom Manage 2007;33:356–364