Molecular imaging: current status and emerging strategies

Clinical Radiology

Volumn 65, Issue 7, 2010, Pages 500-516

  Pysz, M A ^a   Gambhir, S S ^a,b   Willmann, J K ^a  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

1 FLUORO 3 (2 NITRO 1 IMIDAZOLYL) 2 PROPANOL F 18; ACETIC ACID C 11; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; ARCITUMOMAB TC 99M; BEXXAR Y 90; BUTILFENIN; CAPROMAB PENDETIDE IN 111; CHOLINE C 11; CYSTEINE ETHYL ESTER TC 99M; DEPREOTIDE TC 99M; ECHO CONTRAST MEDIUM; FLUORESCEIN; FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE F 18; GLUCEPTATE TC 99M; HEXAMETHYLPROPYLENE AMINE OXIME TECHNETIUM TC 99M; IBRITUMOMAB TIUXETAN; IBRITUMOMAB TIUXETAN I 131; IODINE 131; MACROSALB TC 99M; METHIONINE C 11; METHOXY ISOBUTYL ISONITRILE TECHNETIUM TC 99M; ONCOSCINT; PALMITIC ACID C 11; PENTETREOTIDE; PENTETREOTIDE IN 111; PERFLUBUTANE; PERFLUTREN; RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL AGENT; SONOVUE; SONOZOID; SUCCIMER TC 99M; TEBOROXIME TC 99M; TECHNEPLEX; TECHNESCAN; TETROFOSMIN TC 99M; TOSITUMOMAB I 131; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

CANCER SCINTISCANNING; CLINICAL DECISION MAKING; CLINICAL RESEARCH; CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT; COURSE EVALUATION; ECHOGRAPHY; EX VIVO STUDY; FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS; HUMAN; IMAGE ENHANCEMENT; IN VIVO STUDY; IONIZING RADIATION; MICROBUBBLE; MOLECULAR IMAGING; MOLECULAR PROBE; NONHODGKIN LYMPHOMA; NONHUMAN; PHOTOACOUSTIC SPECTROSCOPY; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIATION EXPOSURE; RAMAN SPECTROMETRY; REVIEW; SCREENING TEST; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; THYROID CARCINOMA; TREATMENT PLANNING;

CONTRAST MEDIA; DISEASE; HUMANS; INDIVIDUALIZED MEDICINE; MOLECULAR IMAGING; NEOPLASMS; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS;

EID: 77953250940     PISSN: 00099260     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2010.03.011     Document Type: Review

References (168)

1. Mankoff D.A. A definition of molecular imaging. J Nucl Med 48 6 (2007) 18N-21N
2. Peterson T.E., and Manning H.C. Molecular imaging: 18F-FDG PET and a whole lot more. J Nucl Med Technol 37 3 (2009) 151-161
3. Hoffman J.M., and Gambhir S.S. Molecular imaging: the vision and opportunity for radiology in the future. Radiology 244 1 (2007) 39-47
4. Massoud T.F., and Gambhir S.S. Integrating noninvasive molecular imaging into molecular medicine: an evolving paradigm. Trends Mol Med 13 5 (2007) 183-191
5. Wong S.T. Emerging treatment combinations: integrating therapy into clinical practice. Am J Health Syst Pharm 66 23 Suppl 6 (2009) S9-S14
6. Blanco E., Kessinger C.W., Sumer B.D., et al. Multifunctional micellar nanomedicine for cancer therapy. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 234 2 (2009) 123-131
7. Desar I.M., van Herpen C.M., van Laarhoven H.W., et al. Beyond RECIST: molecular and functional imaging techniques for evaluation of response to targeted therapy. Cancer Treat Rev 35 4 (2009) 309-321
8. Lucignani G. Monitoring cancer therapy with PET: probably effective, but more research is needed. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 36 9 (2009) 1520-1525
9. Serkova N.J., Hasebroock K.M., and Kraft S.L. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy of living tissues. Methods Mol Biol 520 (2009) 315-327
10. Soares D.P., and Law M. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the brain: review of metabolites and clinical applications. Clin Radiol 64 185 Pt 2 (2009) 167-223
11. van der Graaf M. In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy: basic methodology and clinical applications. Eur Biophys J 39 4 (2009) 527-540
12. De Stefano N., Filippi M., Miller D., et al. Guidelines for using proton MR spectroscopy in multicenter clinical MS studies. Neurology 69 20 (2007) 1942-1952
13. Boesch C. Musculoskeletal spectroscopy. J Magn Reson Imaging 25 2 (2007) 321-338
14. Kim H.L. Optical imaging in oncology. Urol Oncol 27 3 (2009) 298-300
15. Konig K. Clinical multiphoton tomography. J Biophotonics 1 1 (2008) 13-23
16. Chen J., and Lee L. Clinical applications and new developments of optical coherence tomography: an evidence-based review. Clin Exp Optom 90 5 (2007) 317-335
17. Zysk A.M., Nguyen F.T., Oldenburg A.L., et al. Optical coherence tomography: a review of clinical development from bench to bedside. J Biomed Opt 12 5 (2007) 051403
18. Contag C.H. In vivo pathology: seeing with molecular specificity and cellular resolution in the living body. Annu Rev Pathol 2 (2007) 277-305
19. Wang T.D., Friedland S., Sahbaie P., et al. Functional imaging of colonic mucosa with a fibered confocal microscope for real-time in vivo pathology. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 5 11 (2007) 1300-1305
20. Konig K., Weinigel M., Hoppert D., et al. Multiphoton tissue imaging using high-NA microendoscopes and flexible scan heads for clinical studies and small animal research. J Biophotonics 1 6 (2008) 506-513
21. Robert B. Resonance Raman spectroscopy. Photosyn Res 101 2-3 (2009) 147-155
22. Wachsmann-Hogiu S., Weeks T., and Huser T. Chemical analysis in vivo and in vitro by Raman spectroscopy-from single cells to humans. Curr Opin Biotechnol 20 1 (2009) 63-73
23. Motz J.T., Fitzmaurice M., Miller A., et al. In vivo Raman spectral pathology of human atherosclerosis and vulnerable plaque. J Biomed Opt 11 2 (2006) 021003
24. Haka A.S., Volynskaya Z., Gardecki J.A., et al. In vivo margin assessment during partial mastectomy breast surgery using Raman spectroscopy. Cancer Res 66 6 (2006) 3317-3322
25. Huang Z., Teh S.K., Zheng W., et al. Integrated Raman spectroscopy and trimodal wide-field imaging techniques for real-time in vivo tissue Raman measurements at endoscopy. Opt Lett 34 6 (2009) 758-760
26. Kim D.E., Kim J.Y., Schellingerhout D., et al. Protease imaging of human atheromata captures molecular information of atherosclerosis, complementing anatomic imaging. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 30 3 (2010) 449-456
27. Deshpande N., Needles A., and Willmann J.K. Molecular ultrasound imaging: current status and future directions. Clinical Radiology (2010) 10.1016/j.crad.2010.02.013
28. George A., and Movahed A. Cardiac computed tomography: current practice and future applications. Rev Cardiovasc Med 10 2 (2009) 97-105
29. Weskott H.P. Emerging roles for contrast-enhanced ultrasound. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 40 1 (2008) 51-71
30. Celli N., Gaiani S., Piscaglia F., et al. Characterization of liver lesions by real-time contrast-enhanced ultrasonography. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 19 1 (2007) 3-14
31. Wilson S.R., Jang H.J., Kim T.K., et al. Real-time temporal maximum-intensity-projection imaging of hepatic lesions with contrast-enhanced sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 190 3 (2008) 691-695
32. Pochon S., Tardy I., Bussat P., et al. BR55: a lipopeptide-based VEGFR2-targeted ultrasound contrast agent for molecular imaging of angiogenesis. Invest Radiol 45 2 (2010) 89-95
33. Pysz MA, Foygel K, Rosenberg J, et al. Antiangiogenic cancer therapy: Monitoring with molecular US and a clinically translatable contrast agent (BR55). Radiology (2010), doi:10.1148/radiol.10091858.
34. Willmann J.K., van Bruggen N., Dinkelborg L.M., et al. Molecular imaging in drug development. Nat Rev Drug Discov 7 7 (2008) 591-607
35. Agdeppa E.D., and Spilker M.E. A review of imaging agent development. AAPS J 11 2 (2009) 286-299
36. Alencar H., Funovics M.A., Figueiredo J., et al. Colonic adenocarcinomas: near-infrared microcatheter imaging of smart probes for early detection-study in mice. Radiology 244 1 (2007) 232-238
37. Gounaris E., Tung C.H., Restaino C., et al. Live imaging of cysteine-cathepsin activity reveals dynamics of focal inflammation, angiogenesis, and polyp growth. PLoS One 3 8 (2008) e2916
38. Figueiredo J.L., Alencar H., Weissleder R., et al. Near infrared thoracoscopy of tumoral protease activity for improved detection of peripheral lung cancer. Int J Cancer 118 11 (2006) 2672-2677
39. Jaffer F.A., Vinegoni C., John M.C., et al. Real-time catheter molecular sensing of inflammation in proteolytically active atherosclerosis. Circulation 118 18 (2008) 1802-1809
40. Weissleder R., Tung C.H., Mahmood U., et al. In vivo imaging of tumors with protease-activated near-infrared fluorescent probes. Nat Biotechnol 17 4 (1999) 375-378
41. Pierce M.C., Javier D.J., and Richards-Kortum R. Optical contrast agents and imaging systems for detection and diagnosis of cancer. Int J Cancer 123 9 (2008) 1979-1990
42. Hsiung P.L., Hardy J., Friedland S., et al. Detection of colonic dysplasia in vivo using a targeted heptapeptide and confocal microendoscopy. Nat Med 14 4 (2008) 454-458
43. Liu J.T., Helms M.W., Mandella M.J., et al. Quantifying cell-surface biomarker expression in thick tissues with ratiometric three-dimensional microscopy. Biophys J 96 6 (2009) 2405-2414
44. Zavaleta C., de la Zerda A., Liu Z., et al. Noninvasive Raman spectroscopy in living mice for evaluation of tumor targeting with carbon nanotubes. Nano Lett 8 9 (2008) 2800-2805
45. Kneipp J., Kneipp H., and Kneipp K. SERS-a single-molecule and nanoscale tool for bioanalytics. Chem Soc Rev 37 5 (2008) 1052-1060
46. Zavaleta C.L., Smith B.R., Walton I., et al. Multiplexed imaging of surface enhanced Raman scattering nanotags in living mice using noninvasive Raman spectroscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106 32 (2009) 13511-13516
47. Muller M., and Zumbusch A. Coherent anti-stokes Raman scattering microscopy. Chemphyschem 8 15 (2007) 2156-2170
48. De la Zerda A., Zavaleta C., Keren S., et al. Carbon nanotubes as photoacoustic molecular imaging agents in living mice. Nat Nanotechnol 3 9 (2008) 557-562
49. Dijkstra R.J., Scheenen W.J., Dam N., et al. Monitoring neurotransmitter release using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. J Neurosci Methods 159 (2007)
50. Wang Z., Bonoiu A., Samoc M., et al. Biological pH sensing based on surface enhanced Raman scattering through a 2-aminothiophenol-silver probe. Biosens Bioelectron 23 6 (2008) 886-891
51. Evans C.L., Potma E.O., Puoris'haag M., et al. Chemical imaging of tissue in vivo with video-rate coherent anti-stokes Raman scattering microscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102 46 (2005) 16807-16812
52. Huff T.B., and Cheng J.X. In vivo coherent anti-stokes Raman scattering imaging of sciatic nerve tissue. J Microsc 225 Pt 2 (2007) 175-182
53. Kaufmann B.A. Ultrasound molecular imaging of atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Res 83 4 (2009) 617-625
54. Lindner J.R. Molecular imaging of cardiovascular disease with contrast-enhanced ultrasonography. Nat Rev Cardiol 6 7 (2009) 475-481
55. Hwang M., Niermann K.J., Lyshchik A., et al. Sonographic assessment of tumor response: from in vivo models to clinical applications. Ultrasound Q 25 4 (2009) 175-183
56. Strobel D., Seitz K., Blank W., et al. Tumor-specific vascularization pattern of liver metastasis, hepatocellular carcinoma, hemangioma and focal nodular hyperplasia in the differential diagnosis of 1349 liver lesions in contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS). Ultraschall Med 30 4 (2009) 376-382
57. Kaufmann B.A., Sanders J.M., Davis C., et al. Molecular imaging of inflammation in atherosclerosis with targeted ultrasound detection of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. Circulation 116 3 (2007) 276-284
58. Lindner J.R. Contrast ultrasound molecular imaging of inflammation in cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Res 84 2 (2009) 182-189
59. Klibanov A.L. Preparation of targeted microbubbles: ultrasound contrast agents for molecular imaging. Med Biol Eng Comput 47 8 (2009) 875-882
60. Marshall D., Pedley R.B., Boden J.A., et al. Polyethylene glycol modification of a galactosylated streptavidin clearing agent: effects on immunogenicity and clearance of a biotinylated anti-tumour antibody. Br J Cancer 73 5 (1996) 565-572
61. Willmann J.K., Lutz A.M., Paulmurugan R., et al. Dual-targeted contrast agent for US assessment of tumor angiogenesis in vivo. Radiology 248 3 (2008) 936-944
62. Willmann J.K., Paulmurugan R., Chen K., et al. US imaging of tumor angiogenesis with microbubbles targeted to vascular endothelial growth factor receptor type 2 in mice. Radiology 246 2 (2008) 508-518
63. Palmowski M., Huppert J., Ladewig G., et al. Molecular profiling of angiogenesis with targeted ultrasound imaging: early assessment of antiangiogenic therapy effects. Mol Cancer Ther 7 1 (2008) 101-109
64. Korpanty G., Carbon J.G., Grayburn P.A., et al. Monitoring response to anticancer therapy by targeting microbubbles to tumor vasculature. Clin Cancer Res 13 1 (2007) 323-330
65. Lee D.J., Lyshchik A., Huamani J., et al. Relationship between retention of a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2)-targeted ultrasonographic contrast agent and the level of VEGFR2 expression in an in vivo breast cancer model. J Ultrasound Med 27 6 (2008) 855-866
66. Rychak J.J., Graba J., Cheung A.M., et al. Microultrasound molecular imaging of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 in a mouse model of tumor angiogenesis. Mol Imaging 6 5 (2007) 289-296
67. Lyshchik A., Fleischer A.C., Huamani J., et al. Molecular imaging of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 expression using targeted contrast-enhanced high-frequency ultrasonography. J Ultrasound Med 26 11 (2007) 1575-1586
68. Willmann J.K., Kimura R.H., Deshpande N., et al. Targeted contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging of tumor angiogenesis with contrast microbubbles conjugated to integrin-binding knottin peptides. J Nucl Med 51 3 (2010) 433-440
69. Bachmann C., Klibanov A.L., Olson T.S., et al. Targeting mucosal addressin cellular adhesion molecule (MAdCAM)-1 to noninvasively image experimental Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 130 1 (2006) 8-16
70. Kaufmann B.A., Carr C.L., Belcik J.T., et al. Molecular imaging of the initial inflammatory response in atherosclerosis: implications for early detection of disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 30 1 (2010) 54-59
71. Barreiro O., Aguilar R.J., Tejera E., et al. Specific targeting of human inflamed endothelium and in situ vascular tissue transfection by the use of ultrasound contrast agents. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2 8 (2009) 997-1005
72. Reinhardt M., Hauff P., Linker R.A., et al. Ultrasound derived imaging and quantification of cell adhesion molecules in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) by sensitive particle acoustic quantification (SPAQ). Neuroimage 27 2 (2005) 267-268
73. Weller G.E., Lu E., Csikari M.M., et al. Ultrasound imaging of acute cardiac transplant rejection with microbubbles targeted to intercellular adhesion molecule-1. Circulation 108 2 (2003) 218-224
74. Kaufmann B.A., Lewis C., Xie A., et al. Detection of recent myocardial ischaemia by molecular imaging of P-selectin with targeted contrast echocardiography. Eur Heart J 28 16 (2007) 2011-2017
75. Lindner J.R., Song J., Christiansen J., et al. Ultrasound assessment of inflammation and renal tissue injury with microbubbles targeted to P-selectin. Circulation 104 17 (2001) 2107-2112
76. Villanueva F.S., Lu E., Bowry S., et al. Myocardial ischemic memory imaging with molecular echocardiography. Circulation 115 3 (2007) 345-352
77. Bell A.G. The production of sound by radiant energy. Science 2 49 (1881) 242-253
78. Li C., and Wang L.V. Photoacoustic tomography and sensing in biomedicine. Phys Med Biol 54 19 (2009) R58-R97
79. Wang L.V. Prospects of photoacoustic tomography. Med Phys 35 (2008)
80. Razansky D., Baeten J., and Ntziachristos V. Sensitivity of molecular target detection by multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT). Med Phys 36 3 (2009) 939-945
81. Yang X., Stein E.W., Ashkenazi S., et al. Nanoparticles for photoacoustic imaging. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 1 4 (2009) 360-368
82. Jin X., Li C., and Wang L.V. Effects of acoustic heterogeneities on transcranial brain imaging with microwave-induced thermoacoustic tomography. Med Phys 35 7 (2008) 3205-3214
83. Mehrmohammadi M., Oh J., Aglyamov S.R., et al. Pulsed magneto-acoustic imaging. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 1 (2009) 4771-4774
84. Qu M., Mallidi S., Mehrmohammadi M., et al. Combined photoacoustic and magneto-acoustic imaging. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 1 (2009) 4763-4766
85. Zharov V.P., Galanzha E.I., and Tuchin V.V. In vivo photothermal flow cytometry: imaging and detection of individual cells in blood and lymph flow. J Cell Biochem 97 5 (2006) 916-932
86. Fang H., Maslov K., and Wang L.V. Photoacoustic Doppler effect from flowing small light-absorbing particles. Phys Rev Lett 99 18 (2007) 184501
87. Fang H., and Wang L.V. M-mode photoacoustic particle flow imaging. Opt Lett 34 5 (2009) 671-673
88. Zhang E., Laufer J., and Beard P. Backward-mode multiwavelength photoacoustic scanner using a planar Fabry-Perot polymer film ultrasound sensor for high-resolution three-dimensional imaging of biological tissues. Appl Opt 47 4 (2008) 561-577
89. Shah J., Aglyamov S.R., Sokolov K., et al. Ultrasound imaging to monitor photothermal therapy - feasibility study. Opt Express 16 6 (2008) 3776-3785
90. Shah J., Park S., Aglyamov S., et al. Photoacoustic imaging and temperature measurement for photothermal cancer therapy. J Biomed Opt 13 (2008)
91. Ashkenazi S., Huang S.W., Horvath T., et al. Photoacoustic probing of fluorophore excited state lifetime with application to oxygen sensing. J Biomed Opt 13 3 (2008) 034023
92. Horvath T.D., Kim G., Kopelman R., et al. Ratiometric photoacoustic sensing of pH using a "sonophore". Analyst 133 6 (2008) 747-749
93. Bouchard L.S., Anwar M.S., Liu G.L., et al. Picomolar sensitivity MRI and photoacoustic imaging of cobalt nanoparticles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106 11 (2009) 4085-4089
94. Buck S.M., Koo Y.E., Park E., et al. Optochemical nanosensor PEBBLEs: photonic explorers for bioanalysis with biologically localized embedding. Curr Opin Chem Biol 8 5 (2004) 540-546
95. Buck S.M., Xu H., Brasuel M., et al. Nanoscale probes encapsulated by biologically localized embedding (PEBBLEs) for ion sensing and imaging in live cells. Talanta 63 1 (2004) 41-59
96. Yang J.M., Maslov K., Yang H.C., et al. Photoacoustic endoscopy. Opt Lett 34 10 (2009) 1591-1593
97. Fadeel B., and Garcia-Bennett A.E. Better safe than sorry: understanding the toxicological properties of inorganic nanoparticles manufactured for biomedical applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 62 3 (2009) 362-374
98. Willmann J.K., Cheng Z., Davis C., et al. Targeted microbubbles for imaging tumor angiogenesis: assessment of whole-body biodistribution with dynamic micro-PET in mice. Radiology 249 1 (2008) 212-219
99. Cavaliere F., Volpe C., Gargaruti R., et al. Effects of acute hypoventilation and hyperventilation on exhaled carbon monoxide measurement in healthy volunteers. BMC Pulm Med 9 (2009) 51
100. Weight R.M., Dale P.S., and Viator J.A. Detection of circulating melanoma cells in human blood using photoacoustic flowmetry. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 1 (2009) 106-109
101. Ermilov S.A., Khamapirad T., Conjusteau A., et al. Laser optoacoustic imaging system for detection of breast cancer. J Biomed Opt 14 2 (2009) 024007
102. Manohar S., Vaartjes S.E., van Hespen J.C., et al. Initial results of in vivo non-invasive cancer imaging in the human breast using near-infrared photoacoustics. Opt Express 15 19 (2007) 12277-12285
103. Keren S., Zavaleta C., Cheng Z., et al. Noninvasive molecular imaging of small living subjects using Raman spectroscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105 15 (2008) 5844-5849
104. Song K.H., Kim C., Maslov K., et al. Noninvasive in vivo spectroscopic nanorod-contrast photoacoustic mapping of sentinel lymph nodes. Eur J Radiol 70 2 (2009) 227-231
105. Sinusas A.J., Bengel F., Nahrendorf M., et al. Multimodality cardiovascular molecular imaging, part I. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 1 3 (2008) 244-256
106. Ng C.S., Wang X., Faria S.C., et al. Perfusion CT in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with interferon. AJR Am J Roentgenol 194 1 (2010) 166-171
107. Margolis D.J., Hoffman J.M., Herfkens R.J., et al. Molecular imaging techniques in body imaging. Radiology 245 2 (2007) 333-356
108. Goldsmith S.J. Radioimmunotherapy of lymphoma: bexxar and zevalin. Semin Nucl Med 40 2 (2010) 122-135
109. Mariani G., Bruselli L., Kuwert T., et al. A review on the clinical uses of SPECT/CT. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging (2010) 10.1007/s00259-010-1390-8
110. Harisinghani M.G., Barentsz J., Hahn P.F., et al. Noninvasive detection of clinically occult lymph-node metastases in prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 348 25 (2003) 2491-2499
111. Harisinghani M.G., Jhaveri K.S., Weissleder R., et al. MRI contrast agents for evaluating focal hepatic lesions. Clin Radiol 56 9 (2001) 714-725
112. Al-Mallah M., and Kwong R.Y. Clinical application of cardiac CMR. Rev Cardiovasc Med 10 3 (2009) 134-141
113. Blamek S., Larysz D., Ficek K., et al. MR spectroscopic evaluation of brain tissue damage after treatment for pediatric brain tumors. Acta Neurochir Suppl 106 (2010) 183-186
114. Modrego P.J., Pina M.A., Fayed N., et al. Changes in metabolite ratios after treatment with rivastigmine in Alzheimer's disease: a nonrandomised controlled trial with magnetic resonance spectroscopy. CNS Drugs 20 10 (2006) 867-877
115. Schnell G.B., Kryski A.J., Mann L., et al. Contrast echocardiography accurately predicts myocardial perfusion before angiography during acute myocardial infarction. Can J Cardiol 23 13 (2007) 1043-1048
116. Jang I.K., Tearney G.J., MacNeill B., et al. In vivo characterization of coronary atherosclerotic plaque by use of optical coherence tomography. Circulation 111 12 (2005) 1551-1555
117. Lieber C.A., Majumder S.K., Ellis D.L., et al. In vivo nonmelanoma skin cancer diagnosis using Raman microspectroscopy. Lasers Surg Med 40 7 (2008) 461-467
118. Massoud T.F., and Gambhir S.S. Molecular imaging in living subjects: seeing fundamental biological processes in a new light. Genes Dev 17 5 (2003) 545-580
119. Mercer J.R. Molecular imaging agents for clinical positron emission tomography in oncology other than fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG): applications, limitations and potential. J Pharm Pharm Sci 10 2 (2007) 180-202
120. Dunphy M.P., and Lewis J.S. Radiopharmaceuticals in preclinical and clinical development for monitoring of therapy with PET. J Nucl Med 50 Suppl. 1 (2009) 106S-121S
121. Mittra E., and Quon A. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography: the current technology and applications. Radiol Clin North Am 47 1 (2009) 147-160
122. Lalonde L., Ziadi M.C., and Beanlands R. Cardiac positron emission tomography: current clinical practice. Cardiol Clin 27 2 (2009) 237-255
123. Wang J., and Maurer L. Positron emission tomography: applications in drug discovery and drug development. Curr Top Med Chem 5 11 (2005) 1053-1075
124. Parsey R.V., and Mann J.J. Applications of positron emission tomography in psychiatry. Semin Nucl Med 33 2 (2003) 129-135
125. Pantaleo M.A., Nannini M., Maleddu A., et al. Conventional and novel PET tracers for imaging in oncology in the era of molecular therapy. Cancer Treat Rev 34 2 (2008) 103-121
126. Josephs D., Spicer J., and O'Doherty M. Molecular imaging in clinical trials. Target Oncol 4 3 (2009) 151-168
127. Liu S. The role of coordination chemistry in the development of target-specific radiopharmaceuticals. Chem Soc Rev 33 7 (2004) 445-461
128. Lampl Y., Lorberboym M., Blankenberg F.G., et al. Annexin V SPECT imaging of phosphatidylserine expression in patients with dementia. Neurology 66 8 (2006) 1253-1254
129. Burtscher I.M., and Holtas S. Proton MR spectroscopy in clinical routine. J Magn Reson Imaging 13 4 (2001) 560-567
130. Beloueche-Babari M., Chung Y.L., Al-Saffar N.M., et al. Metabolic assessment of the action of targeted cancer therapeutics using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Br J Cancer 102 1 (2010) 1-7
131. Kurhanewicz J., Bok R., Nelson S.J., et al. Current and potential applications of clinical 13C MR spectroscopy. J Nucl Med 49 3 (2008) 341-344
132. Molckovsky A., Song L.M., Shim M.G., et al. Diagnostic potential of near-infrared Raman spectroscopy in the colon: differentiating adenomatous from hyperplastic polyps. Gastrointest Endosc 57 3 (2003) 396-402
133. Blankenberg F.G. In vivo imaging of apoptosis. Cancer Biol Ther 7 10 (2008) 1525-1532
134. Gangloff A., Hsueh W.A., Kesner A.L., et al. Estimation of paclitaxel biodistribution and uptake in human-derived xenografts in vivo with (18)F-fluoropaclitaxel. J Nucl Med 46 11 (2005) 1866-1871
135. van Tilborg G.A., Mulder W.J., Chin P.T., et al. Annexin A5-conjugated quantum dots with a paramagnetic lipidic coating for the multimodal detection of apoptotic cells. Bioconjug Chem 17 4 (2006) 865-868
136. Yu K.N., Lee S.M., Han J.Y., et al. Multiplex targeting, tracking, and imaging of apoptosis by fluorescent surface enhanced Raman spectroscopic dots. Bioconjug Chem 18 4 (2007) 1155-1162
137. Mishani E., and Hagooly A. Strategies for molecular imaging of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase in cancer. J Nucl Med 50 8 (2009) 1199-1202
138. Mankoff D.A., Link J.M., Linden H.M., et al. Tumor receptor imaging. J Nucl Med 49 Suppl. 2 (2008) 149S-163S
139. Xu N., Cai G., Ye W., et al. Molecular imaging application of radioiodinated anti-EGFR human Fab to EGFR-overexpressing tumor xenografts. Anticancer Res 29 10 (2009) 4005-4011
140. Li P.C., Wang C.R., Shieh D.B., et al. In vivo photoacoustic molecular imaging with simultaneous multiple selective targeting using antibody-conjugated gold nanorods. Opt Express 16 23 (2008) 18605-18615
141. Kah J.C., Kho K.W., Lee C.G., et al. Early diagnosis of oral cancer based on the surface plasmon resonance of gold nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2 4 (2007) 785-798
142. Niu G., Cai W., and Chen X. Molecular imaging of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) expression. Front Biosci 13 (2008) 790-805
143. Bhattacharyya S., Wang S., Reinecke D., et al. Synthesis and evaluation of near-infrared (NIR) dye-herceptin conjugates as photoacoustic computed tomography (PCT) probes for HER2 expression in breast cancer. Bioconjug Chem 19 6 (2008) 1186-1193
144. Sha M.Y., Xu H., Natan M.J., et al. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering tags for rapid and homogeneous detection of circulating tumor cells in the presence of human whole blood. J Am Chem Soc 130 51 (2008) 17214-17215
145. Kang B., Yu D., Dai Y., et al. Cancer-cell targeting and photoacoustic therapy using carbon nanotubes as "bomb" agents. Small 5 11 (2009) 1292-1301
146. Ljungkvist A.S., Bussink J., Kaanders J.H., et al. Dynamics of tumor hypoxia measured with bioreductive hypoxic cell markers. Radiat Res 167 2 (2007) 127-145
147. Reischl G., Dorow D.S., Cullinane C., et al. Imaging of tumor hypoxia with [124I]IAZA in comparison with [18F]FMISO and [18F]FAZA-first small animal PET results. J Pharm Pharm Sci 10 2 (2007) 203-211
148. Krohn K.A., Link J.M., and Mason R.P. Molecular imaging of hypoxia. J Nucl Med 49 Suppl. 2 (2008) 129S-48S
149. Lungu G.F., Li M.L., Xie X., et al. In vivo imaging and characterization of hypoxia-induced neovascularization and tumor invasion. Int J Oncol 30 1 (2007) 45-54
150. Shah N.C., Lyandres O., Walsh Jr. J.T., et al. Lactate and sequential lactate-glucose sensing using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Anal Chem 79 18 (2007) 6927-6932
151. Cai W., and Chen X. Multimodality molecular imaging of tumor angiogenesis. J Nucl Med 49 Suppl. 2 (2008) 113S-128S
152. Cai W., Gambhir S.S., and Chen X. Molecular imaging of tumor vasculature. Methods Enzymol 445 (2008) [Chapter 7]:141-176
153. Miao Z., Ren G., Liu H., et al. An engineered knottin peptide labeled with 18F for PET imaging of integrin expression. Bioconjug Chem 20 12 (2009) 2342-2347
154. Wang L., Xie X., Oh J.T., et al. Combined photoacoustic and molecular fluorescence imaging in vivo. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 1 (2005) 190-192
155. von Forstner C., Egberts J.H., Ammerpohl O., et al. Gene expression patterns and tumor uptake of 18F-FDG, 18F-FLT, and 18F-FEC in PET/MRI of an orthotopic mouse xenotransplantation model of pancreatic cancer. J Nucl Med 49 8 (2008) 1362-1370
156. Cheng Z., Levi J., Xiong Z., et al. Near-infrared fluorescent deoxyglucose analogue for tumor optical imaging in cell culture and living mice. Bioconjug Chem 17 3 (2006) 662-669
157. Scherer R.L., McIntyre J.O., and Matrisian L.M. Imaging matrix metalloproteinases in cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 27 4 (2008) 679-690
158. Wagner S., Breyholz H.J., Faust A., et al. Molecular imaging of matrix metalloproteinases in vivo using small molecule inhibitors for SPECT and PET. Curr Med Chem 13 23 (2006) 2819-2838
159. Jastrzebska B., Lebel R., Therriault H., et al. New enzyme-activated solubility-switchable contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging: from synthesis to in vivo imaging. J Med Chem 52 6 (2009) 1576-1581
160. Elsasser-Beile U., Reischl G., Wiehr S., et al. PET imaging of prostate cancer xenografts with a highly specific antibody against the prostate-specific membrane antigen. J Nucl Med 50 4 (2009) 606-611
161. Hillier S.M., Maresca K.P., Femia F.J., et al. Preclinical evaluation of novel glutamate-urea-lysine analogues that target prostate-specific membrane antigen as molecular imaging pharmaceuticals for prostate cancer. Cancer Res 69 17 (2009) 6932-6940
162. Kularatne S.A., Zhou Z., Yang J., et al. Design, synthesis, and preclinical evaluation of prostate-specific membrane antigen targeted (99 m)Tc-radioimaging agents. Mol Pharm 6 3 (2009) 790-800
163. Serda R.E., Adolphi N.L., Bisoffi M., et al. Targeting and cellular trafficking of magnetic nanoparticles for prostate cancer imaging. Mol Imaging 6 4 (2007) 277-288
164. Chen Y., Dhara S., Banerjee S.R., et al. A low molecular weight PSMA-based fluorescent imaging agent for cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 390 3 (2009) 624-629
165. Gao X., Cui Y., Levenson R.M., et al. In vivo cancer targeting and imaging with semiconductor quantum dots. Nat Biotechnol 22 8 (2004) 969-976
166. Gilad A.A., Ziv K., McMahon M.T., et al. MRI reporter genes. J Nucl Med 49 12 (2008) 1905-1908
167. Serganova I., Mayer-Kukuck P., Huang R., et al. Molecular imaging: reporter gene imaging. Handb Exp Pharmacol 185 Pt 2 (2008) 167-223
168. Li L., Zhang H.F., Zemp R.J., et al. Simultaneous imaging of a lacZ-marked tumor and microvasculature morphology in vivo by dual-wavelength photoacoustic microscopy. J Innov Opt Health Sci 1 2 (2008) 207-215