Emerging roles for contrast-enhanced ultrasound

Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation

Volumn 40, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 51-71

  Weskott, H P ^a,b  

^a Klinikum Region Hannover   (Germany)

^b Krankenhaus Siloah   (Germany)

Author keywords

Contrast enhanced ultrasound; Radiology

Indexed keywords

ALBUNEX; CONTRAST MEDIUM; PERFLUBUTANE; PERFLUTREN; SHU 508; SONOVUE;

ANGIOGENESIS; ARTERY OCCLUSION; BREAST CANCER; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; DOPPLER ECHOGRAPHY; DOPPLER FLOWMETRY; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; KIDNEY DISEASE; KIDNEY TUMOR; LIVER INJURY; LUNG DISEASE; LYMPHOID TISSUE; MAMMOGRAPHY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PROSTATE CANCER; REVIEW; SENTINEL LYMPH NODE; TRANSRECTAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY; TUMOR RECURRENCE; ULTRASOUND; VASCULAR DISEASE;

CONTRAST MEDIA; HUMANS; MICROBUBBLES; NEOPLASMS; NEOVASCULARIZATION, PATHOLOGIC; ULTRASONOGRAPHY;

EID: 47849127486     PISSN: 13860291     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3233/CH-2008-1062     Document Type: Review

References (116)

1. T. Albrecht, M. Blomley, L. Bolondi, M. Claudon, J.M. Correas, D. Cosgrove, L. Greiner, K. Jager, N.D. Jong, E. Leen, R. Lencioni, D. Lindsell, A. Martegani, L. Solbiati, L. Thorelius, F. Tranquart, H.P. Weskott and T. Whittingham, EFSUMB Study Group guidelines for the use of contrast agents in ultrasound, Ultraschall. Med. 25 (2004), 249-256.
2. F. Piscaglia and L. Bolondi, for the Italian Society for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (SIUMB) Study Group on Ultrasound Contrast Agents, The safety of SonoVue in abdominal applications: retrospective analysis of 23188 investigations, Ultrasound Med. Biol. 32 (2006), 1369-1375.
3. A.S. Boyd, J.A. Zic and J.L. Abraham, Gadolinium deposition in nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy, J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 56 (2007), 27-30.
4. C. Briguori, A. Colombo, F. Airoldi, G. Melzi, I. Michev, M. Carlino, M. Montorfano, A. Chieffo, R. Bellanca and B. Ricciardelli, Gadolinium-based contrast agents and nephrotoxicity in patients undergoing coronary artery procedures, Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv. 67 (2006), 175-180.
5. B. Elmstahl, U. Nyman, P. Leander, C.M. Chai, K. Golman, J. Bjork and T. Almen, Gadolinium contrast media are more nephrotoxic than iodine media. The importance of osmolality in direct renal artery injections, Eur. Radiol. 16 (2006), 2712-2720.
6. E.M. Jung, R. Kubale, K.P. Jungius, W. Jung, M. Lenhart and D.A. Clevert, Vascularization of liver tumors - preliminary results with Coded Harmonic Angio (CHA), phase inversion imaging, 3D power Doppler and contrast medium enhanced B-flow with second generation contrast agent (Optison), Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc. 34 (2006), 483-497.
7. H. Iijima, S.R. Wilson, P.N. Burns and F. Moriyasu, Diagnosis of liver tumours using Levovist and Definity, in: The 8th International Symposium on Ultrasound Contrast Imaging, Tokyo, 2006.
8. M. McCulloch, C. Gresser, S. Moos, J. Odabashian, S. Jasper, J. Bednarz, P. Burgess, D. Carney, V. Moore, E. Sisk, A. Waggoner, S. Witt and D. Adams, Ultrasound contrast physics: a series on contrast echocardiography, article 3, J. Am. Soc. Echocard. 13 (2000), 959-967.
9. M.L. Main and P.A. Grayburn, Clinical applications of transpulmonary echocardiography, Am. Heart J. 137 (1999), 144-153.
10. K. Yanagisawa, F. Moriyasu, T. Miyahara, M. Yuki and H. Lijima, Phagocytosis of ultrasound contrast agent microbubbles by Kupffer cells, Ultrasound Med. Biol. 33 (2006), 318-325.
11. European Medicines Agency, European Public Assessment Report, Luminity, http://www.emea.europa.eu/humandocs/Humans/EPAR/luminity/luminity.htm (last accessed 29 August, 2007).
12. European Medicines Agency, European Public Assessment Report, Optison, http://www.emea.europa.eu/humandocs/Humans/EPAR/optison/optison.htm (last accessed 29 August, 2007).
13. European Medicines Agency, European Public Assessment Report, SonoVue, http://www.emea.europa.eu/humandocs/Humans/EPAR/Sonovue/sonovue.htm (last accessed 29 August, 2007).
14. P. Jeetley, M. Hickman, O. Kamp, R.M. Lang, J.D. Thomas, M.A. Vannan, J.L. Vanoverschelde, P.A. van der Wouw and R. Senior, Myocardial contrast echocardiography for the detection of coronary artery stenosis: a prospective multicenter study in comparison with single-photon emission computed tomography, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 47 (2006), 141-145.
15. L. Prantl, K. Pfister, R. Kubale, S. Schmitt, V. Stockhammer, W. Jung, N. Zorger, T. Herold, M. Nerlich, A. Stehr and E.M. Jung, Value of high resolution ultrasound and contrast enhanced US pulse inversion imaging for the evaluation of the vascular integrity of free-flap grafts, Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc. 36 (2007), 203-216.
16. A. Vacca and D. Ribatti, Bone marrow angiogenesis in multiple myeloma, Leukemia 20 (2006), 193-199.
17. G. Des Guetz, B. Uzzan, P. Nicolas, M. Cucherat, J.F. Morere, R. Benamouzig, J.L. Breau and G.Y. Perret, Microvessel density and VEGF expression are prognostic factors in colorectal cancer: meta-analysis of the literature, Br. J. Cancer 94 (2006), 1823-1832.
18. S.K. Hobbs, W.L. Monsky, F. Yuan, W.G. Roberts, L. Griffith, V.P. Torchilin and R.K. Jain, Regulation of transport pathways in tumour vessels: role of tumour type and microenvironment, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95 (1998), 4607-4612.
19. I. Iordanescu, C. Becker, B. Zetter, P. Dunning and G.A. Taylor, Tumour vascularity: evaluation in a murine model with contrast-enhanced color Doppler US - effect of angiogenesis inhibitors, Radiology 222 (2002), 460-467.
20. Z. Wang, J. Tang, L. An, W. Wang, Y. Luo, J. Li and J. Xu, Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography for assessment of tumor vascularity in hepatocellular carcinoma, J. Ultrasound Med. 26 (2007), 757-762.
21. S.R. Wilson, T.K. Kim, H.J. Jang and P.N. Burns, Enhancement patterns of focal liver masses: discordance between contrast-enhanced sonography and contrast-enhanced CT and MRI, AJR Am. J. Roentgenol. 189 (2007), W7-W12.
22. K. Wei, E. Le, J.P. Bin, M. Coggins, J. Thorpe and S. Kaul, Quantification of renal blood flow with contrast-enhanced ultrasound, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 37 (2001), 1135-1140.
23. M. Krix, C. Plathow, F. Kiessling, F. Herth, A. Karcher, M. Essig, H. Schmitteckert, H.U. Kauczor and S. Delorme, Quantification of perfusion of liver tissue and metastases using a multivessel model for replenishment kinetics of ultrasound contrast agents, Ultrasound Med. Biol. 30 (2004), 1355-1363.
24. R. Metoki, F. Moriyasu, N. Kamiyama, K. Sugimoto, H. Iijima, H.X. Xu, Y. Miyata, K. Yamamoto, K. Kudo, M. Shimizu and M. Yamada, Quantification of hepatic parenchymal blood flow by contrast ultrasonography with flash-replenishment imaging, Ultrasound Med. Biol. 32 (2006), 1459-1466.
25. S.M. Stieger, S.H. Bloch, O. Foreman, E.R. Wisner, K.W. Ferrara and P.A. Dayton, Ultrasound assessment of angiogenesis in a matrigel model in rats, Ultrasound Med. Biol. 32 (2006), 673-681.
26. M.B. McCarville, C.J. Streck, P.V. Dickson, C.S. Li, A.C. Nathwani and A.M. Davidoff, Angiogenesis inhibitors in a murine neuroblastoma model: quantitative assessment of intratumoural blood flow with contrast-enhanced gray-scale US, Radiology 240 (2006), 73-81.
27. N. Lassau, M. Lamuraglia, J. Leclère, S. Bonvalot, D. Vanel, C. Robert, A. Roche, T. Tursz, J.Y. Blay and A. Le Cesne, Doppler-ultrasonography with perfusion software and contrast medium injection as an early evaluation tool of gastro intestinal stromal tumour (GIST) treated by imatinib: results of a prospective study, J. Clin. Oncol. 22 (2004), 9048 (Meeting Abstracts).
28. R.K. Jain, Normalizing tumour vasculature with anti-angiogenic therapy: a new paradigm for combination therapy, Nat. Med. 7 (2001), 987-989.
29. R.K. Jain, Normalization of tumour vasculature: an emerging concept in antiangiogenic therapy, Science 307 (2005), 58-62.
30. R.K. Jain, Antiangiogenic therapy for cancer: current and emerging concepts, Oncology 19(Suppl. 3) (2005), 7-16.
31. G.E. Weller, M.K. Wong, R.A. Modzelewski, E. Lu, A.L. Klibanov, W.R. Wagner and F.S. Villanueva, Ultrasonic imaging of tumour angiogenesis using contrast microbubbles targeted via the tumour-binding peptide arginine-arginine-leucine, Cancer Res. 65 (2005), 533-539.
32. H. Leong-Poi, J. Christiansen, P. Heppner, C.W. Lewis, A.L. Klibanov, S. Kaul and J.R. Lindner, Assessment of endogenous and therapeutic arteriogenesis by contrast ultrasound molecular imaging of integrin expression, Circulation 111 (2005), 3248-3254.
33. T. Albrecht, J. Hohmann, A. Oldenburg, J. Skrok and K.J. Wolf, Detection and characterisation of liver metastases, Eur. Radiol. 14(Suppl. 8) (2004), 25-33.
34. L. Solbiati, L. Cova, V. Kirn and M. Tonolini, Contrast-enhanced sonography is highly reliable and potentially cost-effective for characterizing focal liver lesions initially detected by unenhanced sonography, in: The 90th Scientific Assembly and Annual Meeting of the Radiological Society of North America, Chicago, 2004.
35. F. Durand, J.M. Regimbeau, J. Belghiti, A. Sauvanet, V. Vilgrain, B. Terris, V. Moutardier, O. Farges and D. Valla, Assessment of the benefits and risks of percutaneous biopsy before surgical resection of hepatocellular carcinoma, J. Hepatol. 35 (2001), 254-258.
36. L. Herszenyi, F. Farinati, A. Cecchetto, C. Marafin, N. de Maria, R. Cardin and R. Naccarto, Fine-needle biopsy in focal liver lesions: the usefulness of a screening programme and the role of cytology and microhistology, Ital. J. Gastroenterol. 27 (1995), 473-478.
37. W. Wu, M.H. Chen, S.S. Yin, K. Yan, Z.H. Fan, W. Yang, Y. Dai, L. Huo and J.Y. Li, The role of contrast-enhanced sonography of focal liver lesions before percutaneous biopsy, AJR Am. J. Roentgenol. 187 (2006), 752-761.
38. R. Konopke, S. Kersting, H.D. Saeger and A. Bunk, Detection of liver lesions by contrast-enhanced ultrasound - comparison to intraoperative findings, Ultraschall. Med. 26 (2005), 107-113.
39. R. Konopke, S. Kersting, H. Bergert, A. Bloomenthal, J. Gastmeier, H.D. Saeger and A. Bunk, Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography to detect liver metastases: a prospective trial to compare transcutaneous unenhanced and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in patients undergoing laparotomy, Int. J. Colorectal Dis. 22 (2007), 201-207.
40. C.F. Dietrich, W. Kratzer, D. Strobe, E. Danse, R. Fessl, A. Bunk, U. Vossas, K. Hauenstein, W. Koch, W. Blank, M. Oudkerk, D. Hahn and C. Greis, Assessment of metastatic liver disease in patients with primary extrahepatic tumours by contrast-enhanced sonography versus CT and MRI, World J. Gastroenterol. 12 (2006), 1699-1705.
41. E. Quaia, F. Calliada, M. Bertolotto, S. Rossi, L. Garioni, L. Rosa and R. Pozza-Mucelli, Characterization of focal liver lesions with contrast-specific US modes and a sulfur hexafluoride-filled microbubble contrast agent: diagnostic performance and confidence, Radiology 232 (2004), 420-430.
42. D. Cosgrove, Future prospects for SonoVue and CPS, Eur. Radiol. 14(Suppl. 8) (2004), 116-124.
43. L.P. Larsen, M. Rosenkilde, H. Christensen, N. Bang, L. Bolvig, T. Christiansen and S. Laurberg, The value of contrast enhanced ultrasonography in detection of liver metastases from colorectal cancer: a prospective double-blinded study, Eur. J. Radiol. 62 (2007), 302-307.
44. G.M. Kindberg, H. Tolleshaug, N. Roos and T. Skotland, Hepatic clearance of Sonazoid perfluorobutane microbubbles by Kupffer cells does not reduce the ability of liver to phagocytose or degrade albumin microspheres, Cell Tissue Res. 312 (2003), 49-54.
45. R. Watanabe, M. Matsumura, C.J. Chen, Y. Kaneda, M. Ishihara and M. Fujimaki, Gray-scale liver enhancement with Sonazoid (NC100100), a novel ultrasound contrast agent; detection of hepatic tumours in a rabbit model, Biol. Pharm. Bull. 26 (2003), 1272-1277.
46. The role of contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in identifying and characterizing focal liver lesions, in: Advances in Diagnostic Imaging: The Value of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound for Liver, L. Bolondi, ed., Springer, 2006.
47. L. Bolondi, J.M. Correas, R. Lencioni, H.P. Weskott and F. Piscaglia, New perspectives for the use of contrast enhanced liver ultrasound in clinical practice, Dig. Liver Dis. 39 (2007), 187-195.
48. C. Nicolau, R. Vilana, V. Catala, L. Bianchi, R. Gilabert, A. Garcia and C. Bru, Importance of evaluating all vascular phases on contrast-enhanced sonography in the differentiation of benign from malignant focal liver lesions, AJR Am. J. Roentgenol. 186 (2006), 158-167.
49. E. Leen, P. Ceccotti, S.J. Moug, P. Glen, J. MacQuarrie, W.J. Angerson, T. Albrecht, J. Hohmann, A. Oldenburg, J.P. Ritz and P.G. Horgan, Potential value of contrast-enhanced intraoperative ultrasonography during partial hepatectomy for metastases: an essential investigation before resection?, Ann. Surg. 243 (2006), 236-240.
50. J. Bruix and M. Sherman, for the Practice Guidelines Committee, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, Management of hepatocellular carcinoma, Hepatology 42 (2005), 1208-1236.
51. Q. Zhu, T. Shimizu, H. Endo, Y. Kodama, D. Abo and K. Miyasaka, Assessment of renal cell carcinoma after cryoablation using contrast-enhanced gray-scale ultrasound: a case series, Clin. Imaging 29 (2005), 102-108.
52. O. Reichelt, H. Wunderlich, T. Weirich, A. Schlichter and J. Schubert, Computerized contrast angiosonography: a new diagnostic tool for the urologist?, BJU Int. 88 (2001), 9-14.
53. G. Mickisch, J. Carballido, S. Hellsten, H. Schulze and H. Mensink, for the European Association of Urology, Guidelines on renal cell cancer, Eur. Urol. 40 (2001), 252-255.
54. R. Ghozlan and H. Vacher, Where is imaging going in rheumatology?, Baillieres Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol. 14 (2000), 617-633.
55. D.A. Clevert, S. Bensler, M. Stickel, A. Horng, T. Strautz, P. Flach, E.M. Jung, M. Reiser and M. Staehler, Contrast enhanced ultrasound eases interpretation of an unclear renal tumor in addition to CT, MRI and histological findings - a case report in a young patient, Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc. 36 (2007), 313-318.
56. J.M. Correas, M. Claudon, F. Tranquart and A.O. Helenon, The kidney: imaging with microbubble contrast agents, Ultrasound Q. 22 (2006), 53-66.
57. A. Veltri, G. De Fazio, V. Malfitana, G. Isolato, D. Fontana, A. Tizzani and G. Gandini, Percutaneous US-guided RF thermal ablation for malignant renal tumours: preliminary results in 13 patients, Eur. Radiol. 14 (2004), 2303-2310.
58. Y. Lacourciere, J. Levesque, J.M. Onrot, S.R. Wilson, E. Szaky, M. Thibodeau, M.L. Vasilevsky, S.M. Dashefsky, D.R. Allan, M. Lafortune, B. Vendeville, W.M. Zaleski, D.E. Page and F. D'Onofrio, Impact of Levovist ultrasonographic contrast agent on the diagnosis and management of hypertensive patients with suspected renal artery stenosis: a Canadian multicentre pilot study, Can. Assoc. Radiol. J. 53 (2002), 219-227.
59. A.Y. Kim, S.H. Kim, Y.J. Kim and I.H. Lee, Contrast-enhanced power Doppler sonography for the differentiation of cystic renal lesions: preliminary study, J. Ultrasound Med. 18 (1999), 581-588.
60. A. Nilsson, Contrast-enhanced ultrasound of the kidneys, Eur. Radiol. 14(Suppl. 8) (2004), 104-109.
61. T. Fischer, Renal transplant follow-up, in: Enhancing the Role of Ultrasound with Contrast Agents, R. Lencioni, ed., Springer, Milan, 2006.
62. V. Schwenger, G. Korosoglou, U.P. Hinkel, C. Morath, A. Hansen, C. Sommerer, R. Dikow, S. Hardt, J. Schmidt, H. Kucherer, H.A. Katus and M. Zeier, Real-time contrast-enhanced sonography of renal transplant recipients predicts chronic allograft nephropathy, Am. J. Transplant. 6 (2006), 609-615.
63. K. Darge, J. Troeger, T. Duetting, B. Zieger, W. Rohrschneider, K. Moehring, C. Weber and B. Toenshoff, Reflux in young patients: comparison of voiding us of the bladder and retrovesical space with echo enhancement versus voiding cystourethrography for diagnosis, Radiology 210 (1999), 201-207.
64. K. Darge, R.T. Moeller, A. Trusen, F. Butter, N. Gordjani and H. Riedmiller, Diagnosis of vesicoureteric reflux with low-dose contrast-enhanced harmonic ultrasound imaging, Pediatr. Radiol. 35 (2005), 73-78.
65. J.P.M. Sedelaar, J.J.M.C.H. de la Rosette, H.P. Beerlage, H. Wijkstra, F.M.J. Debruyne and R.G. Aarnink, Transrectal ultrasound imaging of the prostate: review and perspectives of recent developments, Prostate Cancer Prostat. Dis. 2 (1999), 241-252.
66. J.C. Applewhite, B.R. Matlaga, D.L. McCulluogh and M.C. Hall, Transrectal ultrasound and biopsy in the early diagnosis of prostate cancer, Cancer Control 8 (2001), 141-150.
67. L.G. Gomella, F. Labrie, E.J. Gamito and M.K. Brawer, Prostate cancer: risk assessment and diagnostic approaches, Rev. Urol. 3(Suppl. 2) (2001), S31-S38.
68. A. Yi, J.K. Kim, S.H. Park, K.W. Kim, H.S. Kim, J.H. Kim, H.W. Eun and K.S. Cho, Contrast-enhanced sonography for prostate cancer detection in patients with indeterminate clinical findings, AJR Am. J. Roentgenol. 186 (2006), 1431-1435.
69. E.J. Halpern, M. Rosenberg and L.G. Gomella, Prostate cancer: contrast-enhanced US for detection, Radiology 219 (2001), 219-225.
70. E.J. Halpern, J.R. Ramey, S.E. Strup, F. Frauscher, P. McCue and L.G. Gomella, Detection of prostate carcinoma with contrast-enhanced sonography using intermittent harmonic imaging, Cancer 104 (2005), 2373-2383.
71. J.P. Sedelaar, R.G. Aarnink, G.J. van Leenders, H.P. Beerlage, F.M. Debruyne, H. Wijkstra and J.J. de La Rosette, The application of three-dimensional contrast-enhanced ultrasound to measure volume of affected tissue after HIFU treatment for localized prostate cancer, Eur. Urol. 37 (2000), 559-568.
72. A.M. Martínez, C.J. Medina, C. Bustos and A.G. Hernández, Assessment of breast lesions using Doppler with contrast agents, Eur. J. Gynaecol. Oncol. 24 (2003), 527-530.
73. A. Zdemir, K. Kilic, H. Ozdemir, C. Yucel, S. Andac and M. Colak, Contrast-enhanced power Doppler sonography in breast lesions, J. Ultrasound Med. 23 (2004), 183-195.
74. J. Kettenbach, T.H. Helbich, S. Huber, I. Zuna and W. Dock, Computer-assisted quantitative assessment of power Doppler: effects of microbubble contrast agent in the differentiation of breast tumours, Eur. J. Radiol. 53 (2005), 238-244.
75. R.P. Kedar, D. Cosgrove, V.R. McCready, J.C. Bamber and E.R. Carter, Microbubble contrast agent for color Doppler US: effect on breast masses. Work in progress, Radiology 198 (1996), 679-686.
76. E.M. Jung, K.P. Jungius, N. Rupp, M. Gallegos, G. Ritter, M. Lenhart, D.A. Clevert and R. Kubale, Contrast enhanced harmonic ultrasound for differentiating breast tumours - first results, Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc. 33 (2005), 109-120.
77. J.U. Blohmer, M. Reinhardt, G. Schmalisch, W. Lichtenegger, M. Hausschild, S. Kummel, T. Fischer, R. Ohlinger and A. Thomas, Videodensitometry in the examination of focal breast lesions after injection of an ultrasound contrast agent, Anticancer Res. 26 (2006), 1691-1698.
78. J.H. Sakamoto, B.R. Smith, B. Xie, S.I. Rokhlin, S.C. Lee and M. Ferrari, The molecular analysis of breast cancer utilizing targeted nanoparticle based ultrasound contrast agents, Technol. Cancer Res. Treat. 4 (2005), 627-636.
79. K. Omoto, Y. Hozumi, Y. Omoto, N. Taniguchi, K. Itoh, Y. Fujii, H. Mizunuma and H. Nagai, Sentinel node detection in breast cancer using contrast-enhanced sonography with 25% albumin - initial clinical experience, J. Clin. Ultrasound 34 (2006), 317-326.
80. S.C. Shivers, X. Wang, W. Li, E. Joseph, J. Messina, L.F. Glass, R. DeConti, C.W. Cruse, C. Berman, N.A. Fenske, G.H. Lyman and D.S. Reintgen, Molecular staging of malignant melanoma: correlation with clinical outcome, JAMA 280 (1998), 1410-1415.
81. L. Liberman, Lymphoscintigraphy for lymphatic mapping in breast carcinoma, Radiology 228 (2003), 313-315.
82. B.B. Goldberg, D.A. Merton, J.B. Liu, M. Thakur, G.F. Murphy, L. Needleman, A. Tornes and F. Forsberg, Sentinel lymph nodes in a swine model with melanoma: contrast-enhanced lymphatic US, Radiology 230 (2004), 727-734.
83. M. Blomley, Can microbubbles be targeted to lymph nodes?, Radiology 231 (2004), 611-612.
84. R.O. Bude, Does contrast-enhanced US have potential for sentinel lymph node detection?, Radiology 230 (2004), 603-604.
85. O. Clément and A. Luciani, Imaging the lymphatic system: possibilities and clinical applications, Eur. Radiol. 14 (2004), 1498-1507.
86. P. Hauff, M. Reinhardt, A. Briel, N. Debus and M. Schirner, Molecular targeting of lymph nodes with L-selectin ligand-specific US contrast agent: a feasibility study in mice and dogs, Radiology 231 (2004), 667-673.
87. L. Rubaltelli, Y. Khadivi, A. Tregnaghi, R. Stramare, F. Ferro, S. Borsato, U. Fiocco, F. Adami and C.R. Rossi, Evaluation of lymph node perfusion using continuous mode harmonic ultrasonography with a second-generation contrast agent, J. Ultrasound Med. 23 (2004), 829-836.
88. P. Saiag, M. Bernard, A. Beauchet, M.L. Bafounta, I. Bourgault-Villada and S. Chagnon, Ultrasonography using simple diagnostic criteria vs. palpation for the detection of regional lymph node metastases of melanoma, Arch. Dermatol. 141 (2005), 183-189.
89. L. Machet, F. Nemeth-Normand, B. Giraudeau, A. Perrinaud, J. Tiguemounine, J. Ayoub, D. Alison, L. Vaillant and G. Lorette, Is ultrasound lymph node examination superior to clinical examination in melanoma follow-up? A monocentre cohort study of 373 patients, Br. J. Dermatol. 152 (2005), 66-70.
90. M.L. Bafounta, A. Beauchet, S. Chagnon and P. Saiag, Ultrasonography or palpation for detection of melanoma nodal invasion: a meta-analysis, Lancet Oncol. 5 (2004), 673-680.
91. H. van Overhagen, K. Brakel, M.W. Heijenbrok, J.H. van Kasteren, C.N. van de Moosdijk, A.C. Roldaan, A.P. van Gils and B.E. Hansen, Metastases in supraclavicular lymph nodes in lung cancer: assessment with palpation, US, and CT, Radiology 232 (2004), 75-80.
92. T. Sakaguchi, Y. Yamashita, K. Katahira, R. Nishimura, Y. Baba, A. Arakawa, M. Takahashi, E. Yumoto and M. Shinohara, Differential diagnosis of small round cervical lymph nodes: comparison of power Doppler US with contrast-enhanced CT and pathologic results, Radiat. Med. 19 (2001), 119-125.
93. W.W. Gibbon, Applications of ultrasound in arthritis, Semin. Musculoskelet. Radiol. 8 (2004), 313-328.
94. A. Klauser, J. Demharter, A. De Marchi, D. Sureda, A. Barile, C. Masciocchi, C. Faletti, M. Schirmer, T. Kleffel and K. Bohndorf for the IACUS Study Group, Contrast enhanced gray-scale sonography in assessment of joint vascularity in rheumatoid arthritis: results from the IACUS study group, Eur. Radiol. 15 (2005), 2404-2410.
95. T. Kleffel, J. Demharter, W. Wohlgemuth, J. Schalm, K. Bohndorf and F. Kirchhof, Comparison of contrast-enhanced low mechanical index (Low MI) sonography and unenhanced mode sonography for the differentiation between synovitis and joint effusion in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, Rofo 177 (2005), 835-841.
96. F. Salaffi, M. Carotti, P. Manganelli, E. Filippucci, G.M. Giuseppetti and W. Grassi, Contrast-enhanced power Doppler sonography of knee synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis: assessment of therapeutic response, Clin. Rheumatol. 23 (2004), 285-290.
97. A. Della Martina, K. Meyer-Wiethe, E. Allémann and G. Seidel, Ultrasound contrast agents for brain perfusion imaging and ischemic stroke therapy, J. Neuroimaging 15 (2005), 217-232.
98. T. Holscher, W.G. Wilkening, P.D. Lyden and R.F. Mattrey, Transcranial ultrasound angiography (T USA): a new approach for contrast specific imaging of intracranial arteries, Ultrasound Med. Biol. 31 (2005), 1001-1006.
99. R.W. Baumgartner, Transcranial color duplex sonography in cerebrovascular disease: a systematic review, Cerebrovasc. Dis. 16 (2003), 4-13.
100. D.W. Droste, T. Boehm, M.A. Ritter, R. Dittrich and E.B. Ringelstein, Benefit of echocontrast-enhanced transcranial arterial color-coded duplex ultrasound, Cerebrovasc. Dis. 20 (2005), 332-336.
101. G. Deklunder, Role of ultrasound and contrast-enhanced ultrasound in patients with cerebrovascular disease, Eur. Heart J. Suppl. 4 (2002), C51-C55.
102. M. Liebetrau, J. Herzog, C.U.A. Kloss, G.F. Hamann and M. Dichgans, Prolonged cerebral transit time in CADASIL. A transcranial ultrasound study, Stroke 33 (2002), 509-512.
103. I. Puls, K. Hauck, K. Demuth, A. Horowski, M. Schliesser, P. Dörfler, P. Scheel, K.V. Toyka, K. Reiners, M. Schöning and G. Becker, Diagnostic impact of cerebral transit time in the identification of microangiopathy in dementia: a transcranial ultrasound study, Stroke 30 (1999), 2291-2295.
104. H.P. Weskott, K. Kossow, A. Boenig and E.R. von Leitner, Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in ICA stenosis in patients with predominantly soft plaques: first results, in: 91st Annual Meeting of the Radiological Society of North America, 2005.
105. S.B. Feinstein, Contrast ultrasound imaging of the carotid artery vasa vasorum and atherosclerotic plaque neovascularization, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 48 (2006), 236-243.
106. R.A. Levine, Something old and something new: a brief history of thyroid ultrasound technology, Endocr. Pract. 10 (2004), 227-233.
107. M. D'Onofrio, G. Zamboni, N. Faccioli, P. Capelli and R. Pozzi Mucelli, Ultrasonography of the pancreas. 4. Contrast-enhanced imaging, Abdom. Imaging 32 (2007), 171-181.
108. S. Rickes, K. Mönkemüller and P. Malfertheiner, Contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the diagnosis of pancreatic tumours, JOP 7 (2006), 584-592.
109. A.C. Fleischer, Recent advances in the sonographic assessment of vascularity and blood flow in gynecologic conditions, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 193 (2005), 294-301.
110. N.M.M.L. Stikkelbroeck, H.M. Suliman, B.J. Otten, A.R. Hermus, J.G. Blickman and G.J. Jager, Testicular adrenal rest tumours in postpubertal males with congenital adrenal hyperplasia: sonographic and MR features, Eur. Radiol. 13 (2003), 1597-1603.
111. A. Yamaguchi, Y. Hayashi, Y. Kojima, H. Miyagawa, M. Ito and K. Kohri, Testicular torsion: usefulness of contrast-enhanced power Doppler sonography, Int. J. Urol. 12 (2005), 849-851.
112. C. Gorg, R. Kring and T. Bert, Transcutaneous contrast-enhanced sonography of peripheral lung lesions, AJR Am. J. Roentgenol. 187 (2006), W420-W429.
113. O. Catalano, R. Lobianco, F. Sandomenico, M. Mattace Raso and A. Siani, Real-time, contrast-enhanced sonographic imaging in emergency radiology, Radiol. Med. (Torino) 108 (2004), 454-469.
114. M. Valentino, C. Serra, G. Zironi, C. De Luca, P. Pavlica and L. Barozzi, Blunt abdominal trauma: emergency contrast-enhanced sonography for detection of solid organ injuries, AJR Am. J. Roentgenol. 186 (2006), 1361-1367.
115. B.A. Kaufmann and J.R. Lindner, Molecular imaging with targeted contrast ultrasound, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 18 (2007), 11-16.
116. N. Rapoport, Z. Gao and A. Kennedy, Multifunctional nanoparticles for combining ultrasonic tumor imaging and targeted chemotherapy, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 99 (2007), 1095-1106.