Clinical pharmacology of brain tumor chemotherapy

Handbook of Brain Tumor Chemotherapy

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 21-43

  Newton, Herbert B ^a  

^a THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY WEXNER MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77952472037     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-012088410-0/50040-8     Document Type: Chapter

References (207)

1. Newton H.B. Primary brain tumors: Review of etiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Am Fam Phys 1994, 49:787-797.
2. Newton H.B. Neurological complications of systemic cancer. Am Fam Phys 1999, 59:878-886.
3. Newton H.B. Chemotherapy for the treatment of metastatic brain tumors. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2002, 2:495-506.
4. Newton H.B. Novel chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of brain cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2000, 12:2815-2829.
5. Fine H.A., Dear K.B.G., Loeffler J.S., Black P.M., Canellos G.P. Meta-analysis of radiation therapy with and without adjuvant chemotherapy for malignant gliomas in adults. Cancer 1993, 71:2585-2597.
6. Reni M., Cozzarini C., Ferreri A.J.M., et al. A retrospective analysis of postradiation chemotherapy in 133 patients with glioblastoma multiforme. Cancer Investig 2000, 18:510-515.
7. Stewart L.A., Burdett S., Parmar M.K.B., et al. Chemotherapy in adult high-grade glioma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data from 12 randomised trials. Lancet 2002, 359:1011-1018.
8. Gumerlock M.K., Neuwelt E.A. Principles of chemotherapy in brain neoplasia. Therapy of Malignant Brain Tumors 1987, 277-348. Springer Verlag, London. K. Jellinger (Ed.).
9. Parney I.F., Prados M.D. Chemotherapy principles. Textbook of Neuro-Oncology 2005, 75-79. Elsevier Saunders, New York. M.S. Berger, M.D. Prados (Eds.).
10. Rapoport S.I., Ohno K., Pettigrew K.D. Drug entry into the brain. Brain Res 1979, 172:354-359.
11. Levin V.A. Relationship of octanol/water partition coefficient and molecular weight to rat brain capillary permeability. J Med Chem 1980, 23:682-684.
12. Blasberg R.G., Groothuis D.R. Chemotherapy of brain tumors: physiological and pharmacokinetic considerations. Semin Oncol 1986, 13:70-82.
13. Stohrer M., Boucher Y., Stangassinger M., Jain R.K. Oncotic pressure in solid tumors is elevated. Cancer Res 2000, 60:4251-4255.
14. Gralla R.J., Osoba D., Kris M.G., et al. Recommendations for the use of antiemetics: Evidence-based, clinical practice guidelines. J Clin Oncol 1999, 17:2971-2994.
15. 3 receptor antagonists in the treatment of acute chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Cancer Investig 2000, 18:163-173.
16. Portenoy R.K. Constipation in the cancer patient: Causes and management. Med Clin North Am 1987, 71:303-311.
17. Weinstein S.M. New pharmacological strategies in the management of cancer pain. Cancer Investig 1998, 16:94-101.
18. Cherny N.I. The pharmacologic management of cancer pain. Oncology 2004, 18:1499-1515.
19. Breitbart W. Psycho-oncology: Depression, anxiety, delerium. Semin Oncol 1994, 21:754-769.
20. Winnell J., Roth A.J. Depression in cancer patients. Oncology 2004, 18:1554-1560.
21. Newton H.B., Turowski R.C., Stroup T.J., McCoy L.K. Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and pharmacotherapy of patients with primary brain tumors. Ann Pharmacother 1999, 33:816-832.
22. Ohnishi T., Sher P.B., Posner J.B., Shapiro W.B. Capillary permeability factor secreted by malignant brain tumor. Role in peritumoral edema and possible mechanism for anti-edema effect of glucocorticoids. J Neurosurg 1990, 72:245-251.
23. Del Maestro R.F., Megyesi J.F., Farrell C.L. Mechanisms of tumor-associated edema: A review. Can J Neurol Sci 1990, 17:177-183.
24. Samdani A.F., Tamargo R.J., Long D.M. Brain tumor edema and the role of the blood-brain barrier. Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Vol. 23 (67), Neuro-Oncology, Part I 1997, 71-102. Elsevier Science, Philadelphia. C.J. Vecht (Ed.).
25. Mukwaya G. Immunosuppressive effects and infections associated with corticosteroid therapy. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1988, 7:499-504.
26. Østergaard L., Hochberg F.H., Rabinov J.D., et al. Early changes measured by magnetic resonance imaging in cerebral blood flow, blood volume, and blood-brain barrier permeability following dexamethasone treatment in patients with brain tumors. J Neurosurg 1999, 90:300-305.
27. Lester R.S., Knowles S.R., Shear N.H. The risks of systemic corticosteroid use. Dermatol Clin 1998, 16:277-286.
28. Weissman D.E., Dufer D., Vogel V., AbeloffD.D. Corticosteroid toxicity in neuro-oncology patients. J Neuro-Oncol 1987, 5:125-128.
29. Fadul C.E., Lemann W., Thaler H.T., Posner J.B. Perforation of the gastrointestinal tract in patients receiving steroids for neurologic disease. Neurol 1988, 38:348-352.
30. Stiefel F.C., Breitbart W.S., Holland J.C. Corticosteroids in cancer: Neuropsychiatric complications. Cancer Investig 1989, 7:479-491.
31. Dropcho E.J., Soong S.J. Steroid-induced weakness in patients with primary brain tumors. Neurol 1991, 41:1235-1239.
32. Joseph J.C. Corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis. Am J Hosp Pharm 1994, 51:188-197.
33. McIlwain H.H. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. Preventive Med 2003, 36:243-249.
34. Garnett W.R., Garabedian-Ruffalo S.M. Identification, diagnosis, and treatment of acid-related diseases in the elderly: Implications for long-term care. Pharmacother 1997, 17:938-958.
35. Sachs G. Proton pump inhibitors and acid-related diseases. Pharmacother 1997, 17:22-37.
36. Glantz M., Recht L.D. Epilepsy in the cancer patient. Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Vol. 25 (69), Neuro-Oncology, Part III 1997, 9-18. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam. C.J. Vecht (Ed.).
37. Moots P.L., Maciunas R.J., Eisert D.R., Parker R.A., Laporte K., Abou-Khalil B. The course of seizure disorders in patients with malignant gliomas. Arch Neurol 1995, 52:717-724.
38. Elisevich K. Epilepsy and low-grade gliomas. The Practical Management of Low-Grade Primary Brain Tumors 1999, 149-169. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Amsterdam. J.P. Rock, M.L. Rosenblum, E.G. Shaw, J.G. Cairncross (Eds.).
39. Schaller B., Rüegg S.J. Brain tumor and seizures: Pathophysiology and its implications for treatment revisited. Epilepsia 2003, 44:1223-1232.
40. Brodie M.J., Dichter M.A. Antiepileptic drugs. New Engl J Med 1996, 334:168-175.
41. Britton J.W., So E.L. Selection of antiepileptic drugs: A practical approach. Mayo Clin Proc 1996, 71:778-786.
42. Mattson R.H., Cramer B.S., Collins J.F. A comparison of valproate with carbamazepine for the treatment of complex partial seizures and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures in adults. New Engl J Med 1992, 327:765-771. the Department of Veterans Affairs Epilepsy Cooperative Study Group.
43. Dichter M.A., Brodie M.J. New antiepileptic drugs. New Eng J Med 1996, 334:1583-1590.
44. Rosenfeld W.E. Topiramate: A review of preclinical, pharmacokinetic, and clinical data. Clin Therap 1997, 19:1294-1308.
45. Wagner G.L., Wilms E.B., Van Donselaar C.A., Vecht C.J. Levetiracetam: preliminary experience in patients with primary brain tumours. Seizure 2003, 12:585-586.
46. North J.B., Penhall R.K., Hanieh A., Frewin D.B., Taylor W.B. Phenytoin and postoperative epilepsy. A double-blind study. J Neurosurg 1983, 58:672-677.
47. Boarini D.J., Beck D.W., VanGilder J.C. Postoperative prophylactic anticonvulsant therapy in cerebral gliomas. Neurosurg 1985, 16:290-292.
48. Cohen N., Strauss G., Lew R., Silver D., Recht L. Should prophylactic anticonvulsants be administered to patients with newly-diagnosed cerebral metastases? A retrospective analysis. J Clin Oncol 1988, 6:1621-1624.
49. Franceschetti S., Binelli S., Casazza M., et al. Influence of surgery and antiepileptic drugs on seizures symptomatic of cerebral tumours. Acta Neurochir 1990, 103:47-51.
50. Shaw M.D.M. Post-operative epilepsy and the efficacy of anticonvulsant therapy. Acta Neurochir Suppl 1990, 50:55-57.
51. Foy P.M., Chadwick D.W., Rajgopalan N., Johnson A.L., Shaw M.D.M. Do prophylactic anticonvulsant drugs alter the pattern of seizures after craniotomy?. J Neurol Neurosurg Psych 1992, 55:753-757.
52. Glantz M.J., Cole B.F., Friedberg M.H., et al. A randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled trial of divalproex sodium prophylaxis in adults with newly diagnosed brain tumors. Neurol 1996, 46:985-991.
53. Glantz M.J., Cole B.F., Forsyth P.A., et al. Practice parameter: Anticonvulsant prophylaxis in patients with newly diagnosed brain tumors. Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurol 2000, 54:1886-1893.
54. DeMario M.D., Ratain M.J. Oral chemotherapy: Rationale and future directions. J Clin Oncol 1998, 16:2557-2567.
55. Wilkinson G.R. Pharmacokinetics: The dynamics of drug absorption, distribution, and elimination. Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics 2001, 3-30. McGraw-Hill, Philadelphia. 10th ed. L.G. Hardman, L.E. Limbird, A.G. Gilman (Eds.).
56. Anderson N., Lokich J.J. Cancer chemotherapy and infusional scheduling. Oncology 1994, 8:99-111.
57. Shibuya M., Ito S., Miwa T., Davis R.L., Wilson C.B., Hoshino T. Proliferative potential of brain tumors. Analyses with Ki-67 and anti-DNA polymerase alpha monoclonal antibodies, bromodeoxyuridine labeling, and nucleolar organizer region counts. Cancer 1993, 71:199-206.
58. Stewart D.J. Pros and cons of intra-arterial chemotherapy. Oncology 1989, 3:20-26.
59. Tomita T. Interstitial chemotherapy for brain tumors: review. J Neurooncol 1991, 10:57-74.
60. Sipos E.P., Brem H. New delivery systems for brain tumor therapy. Neurol Clin 1995, 13:813-825.
61. Grossman S.A., Reinhard C., Colvin O.M., et al. The intracerebral distribution of BCNU delivered by surgically implanted biodegradable polymers. J Neurosurg 1992, 76:640-647.
62. Tamargo R.J., Myeseros J.S., Epstein J.I., Yang M.B., Chasin M., Brem H. Interstitial chemotherapy of the 9L gliosarcoma: Controlled release polymers for drug delivery in the brain. Cancer Res 1993, 53:329-333.
63. Brem H., Tamargo R.J., Olivi A., Pinn M., Wharam M., Epstein J. Biodegradable polymers for controlled delivery of chemotherapy with and without radiation therapy in the monkey brain. J Neurosurg 1994, 80:283-290.
64. Brem H., Piantadosi S., Burger P.C., et al. Placebo-controlled trial of safety and efficacy of intraoperative controlled delivery by biodegradable polymers of chemotherapy for recurrent gliomas. Lancet 1995, 354:1008-1012.
65. Valtonen S., Timonen U., Toivanen P., et al. Interstitial chemotherapy with carmustine-loaded polymers for high-grade gliomas: A randomized double-blind study. Neurosurg 1997, 41:44-49.
66. Neuwelt E.A., Hill S.A., Frenkel E.P., et al. Osmotic blood-brain barrier disruption: Pharmacodynamic studies in dogs and a clinical phase I trial in patients with malignant brain tumors. Cancer Treat Rep 1981, 65:39-43.
67. Neuwelt E.A., Kroll R.A. Osmotic blood-brain barrier modification: Increasing delivery of diagnostic and therapeutic agents to the brain. Meth Neurosci 1994, 21:52-67.
68. Neuwelt E.A., Howieson J., Frenkel E.P., et al. Therapeutic efficacy of multiagent chemotherapy with drug delivery enhancement by blood-brain barrier modification in glioblastoma. Neurosurg 1986, 19:573-582.
69. Gumerlock M.K., Belshe B.D., Madsen R., Watts C. Osmotic blood-brain barrier disruption and chemotherapy in the treatment of high grade malignant glioma: patient series and literature review. J Neurooncol 1992, 12:33-46.
70. Zünkeler B., Carson R.E., Olson J., et al. Quantification and pharmacokinetics of blood-brain barrier disruption in humans. J Neurosurg 1996, 85:1056-1065.
71. Kornblith P.L., Walker M. Chemotherapy for malignant gliomas. J Neurosurg 1988, 68:1-17.
72. Kyritsis A.P. Chemotherapy for malignant gliomas. Oncology 1993, 7:93-100.
73. Pech I.V., Peterson K., Cairncross J.G. Chemotherapy for brain tumors. Oncology 1998, 12:537-547.
74. Coyle T., Baptista J., Winfield J., et al. Mechlorethamine, vincristine, and procarbazine chemotherapy for recurrent high-grade glioma in adults: A phase II study. J Clin Oncol 1990, 8:2014-2018.
75. Allen J.C., Helson L. High-dose cyclophosphamide chemotherapy for recurrent CNS tumors in children. J Neurosurg 1981, 55:749-756.
76. Friedman H.S., Mahaley M.S., Schold S.C., et al. Efficacy of vincristine and cyclophosphamide in the therapy of recurrent medulloblastoma. Neurosurg 1986, 18:335-340.
77. Longee D.C., Friedman H.S., Albright R.E., et al. Treatment of patients with recurrent gliomas with cyclophosphamide and vincristine. J Neurosurg 1990, 72:583-588.
78. Carpenter P.A., White L., McCowage G.B., et al. A dose-intensive, cyclosphosphamide-based regimen for the treatment of recurrent/progressive or advanced solid tumors of childhood. A report from the Australia and New Zealand Children's Cancer Study Group. Cancer 1997, 80:489-496.
79. Newton H.B., Newton C.L. Attempted dose intensified cyclophosphamide, etoposide, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor for treatment of malignant astrocytoma. J Neurooncol 1995, 24:285-292.
80. Elliot T.E., Buckner J.C., Cascino T.L., Levitt R., O'Fallon J.R., Scheithauer B.W. Phase II study of ifosfamide with mesna in adult patients with recurrent diffuse astrocytoma. J Neurooncol 1991, 10:27-31.
81. Siu L.L., Moore M.J. Use of mesna to prevent ifosfamide-induced urotoxicity. Support Care Cancer 1998, 6:144-154.
82. Goren M.P. Oral administration of mesna with ifosfamide. Sem Oncol 1996, 23:91-96.
83. Pratt C.B., Green A.A., Horowitz M.E., et al. Central nervous system toxicity following the treatment of pediatric patients with ifosfamide/mesna. J Clin Oncol 1986, 4:1253-1261.
84. Walker M.D., Green S.B., Byar D.P., et al. Randomized comparisons of radiotherapy and nitrosoureas for the treatment of malignant glioma after surgery. N Engl J Med 1980, 303:1323-1329.
85. Green S.B., Byar D.P., Walker M.D., et al. Comparisons of carmustine, procarbazine, and high-dose methylprednisolone as additions to surgery and radiotherapy for the treatment of malignant glioma. Cancer Treat Rep 1983, 67:121-132.
86. Shapiro W.R., Green S.B., Burger P.C., et al. Randomized trial of three chemotherapy regimens and two radiotherapy regimens in postoperative treatment of malignant glioma. Brain tumor cooperative group trial 8001. J Neurosurg 1989, 71:1-9.
87. Evans A.E., Jenkin R.D.T., Sposto B.S.R., et al. The treatment of medulloblastoma. Results of a prospective randomized trial of radiation therapy with and without CCNU, vincristine, and prednisone. J Neurosurg 1990, 72:572-582.
88. Packer R.J. Chemotherapy for medulloblastoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumors of the posterior fossa. Ann Neurol 1990, 28:823-828.
89. Aronin P.A., Mahaley M.S., Rudnick S.A., et al. Prediction of BCNU pulmonary toxicity in patients with malignant gliomas. An assessment of risk factors. N Engl J Med 1980, 303:183-188.
90. 1 mice and the effects of pre-treatment with procarbazine, phenobarbital, diphenylhydantoin, and methylprednisolone upon in vivo procarbazine activity. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1983, 11:124-129.
91. Erickson J.M., Tweedie D.J., Ducore J.M., Prough R.A. Cytotoxicity and DNA damage caused by the azoxy metabolites of procarbazine in L1210 tumor cells. Cancer Res 1989, 49:127-133.
92. 6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase and sensitivity to procarbazine in human brain-tumor xenografts. J Neurosurg 1989, 70:573-577.
93. Maxwell M.B. Reexamining the dietary restrictions with procarbazine (an MAOI). Cancer Nurs 1980, 3:451-457.
94. Newton H.B., Junck L., Bromberg J., Page M.A., Greenberg H.S. Procarbazine chemotherapy in the treatment of recurrent malignant astrocytomas after radiation and nitrosourea failure. Neurol 1990, 40:1743-1746.
95. Newton H.B., Bromberg J., Junck L., Page M.A., Greenberg H.S. Comparison between BCNU and procarbazine chemotherapy for treatment of gliomas. J Neurooncol 1993, 15:257-263.
96. Rodriguez L.A., Prados M., Silver P., Levin V.A. Reevaluation of procarbazine for the treatment of recurrent malignant central nervous system tumors. Cancer 1989, 64:2420-2423.
97. Cairncross J.G., Macdonald D.R. Successful chemotherapy for recurrent malignant oligodendroglioma. Ann Neurol 1988, 23:360-364.
98. Cairncross J.G., Macdonald D.R., Ramsay D.A. Aggressive oligodendroglioma: A chemosensitive tumor. Neurosurg 1992, 31:78-82.
99. Cairncross J.G., Ueki K., Zlatescu M.C., et al. Specific genetic predictors of chemotherapeutic response and survival in patients with anaplastic oligodendrogliomas. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998, 90:1473-1479.
100. Peterson K., Paleologos N., Forsyth P., Macdonald D.R., Cairncross J.G. Salvage chemotherapy for oligodendroglioma. J Neurosurg 1996, 85:597-601.
101. Glass J., Hochberg F.H., Gruber M.L., Louis D.N., Smith D., Rattner B. The treatment of oligodendrogliomas and mixed oligodendroglioma-astrocytomas with PCV chemotherapy. J Neurosurg 1992, 76:741-745.
102. Kim L., Hochberg F.H., Thornton A.F., et al. Procarbazine, lomustine, and vincristine (PCV) chemotherapy for grade III and grade IV oligoastrocytomas. J Neurosurg 1996, 85:602-607.
103. Levin V.A., Silver P., Hannigan J., et al. Superiority of post-radiotherapy adjuvant chemotherapy with CCNU, procarbazine, and vincristine (PCV) over BCNU for anaplastic gliomas: NCOG 6G61 final report. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1990, 18:321-324.
104. Hellman R.M., Calogero J.A., Kaplan B.M. VP-16, vincristine and procarbazine with radiation therapy for treatment of malignant brain tumors. J Neurooncol 1990, 8:163-166.
105. Huang H., Zhu L., Reid B.R., Drobny G.P., Hopkins P.B. Solution structure of a cisplatin-induced DNA interstrand cross-link. Science 1995, 270:1842-1845.
106. Walker R.W., Allen J.C. Cisplatin in the treatment of recurrent childhood primary brain tumors. J Clin Oncol 1988, 6:62-66.
107. Bertolone S.J., Baum E.S., Krivit W., Hammond G.D. A phase II study of cisplatin therapy in recurrent childhood brain tumors. A report from the Childrens Cancer Study Group. J Neurooncol 1989, 7:5-11.
108. Packer R.J., Sutton L.N., Goldwein J.W., et al. Improved survival with the use of adjuvant chemotherapy in the treatment of medulloblastoma. J Neurosurg 1991, 74:433-440.
109. Mosijczuk A.D., Nigro M.A., Thomas P.R.M., et al. Preradiation chemotherapy in advanced medulloblastoma. A Pediatric Oncology Group pilot study. Cancer 1993, 72:2755-2762.
110. Spence A.M., Berger M.S., Livinston R.B., Ali-Osman F., Griffin B. Phase II evaluation of high-dose cisplatin for treatment of adult malignant gliomas recurrent after chloroethylnitrosourea failure. J Neurooncol 1992, 12:187-191.
111. Feun L.G., Wallace S., Stewart D.J., et al. Intracarotid infusion of cis-diamminedichloro-platinum in the treatment of recurrent malignant brain tumors. Cancer 1984, 54:794-799.
112. Mahaley M.S., Hipp S.W., Dropcho E.J., et al. Intracarotid cisplatin chemotherapy for recurrent gliomas. J Neurosurg 1989, 70:371-378.
113. Dropcho E.J., Rosenfeld S.S., Morawetz R.B., et al. Preradiation intracarotid cisplatin treatment of newly diagnosed anaplastic gliomas. J Clin Oncol 1992, 10:452-458.
114. Newton H.B., Page M.A., Junck L., Greenberg H.S. Intra-arterial cisplatin for the treatment of malignant gliomas. J Neuro-Oncol 1989, 7:39-45.
115. Doz F., Berens M.E., Dougherty D.V., Rosenblum M.L. Comparison of the cytotoxic activities of cisplatin and carboplatin against glioma cell lines at pharmacologically relevant drug exposures. J Neurooncol 1991, 11:27-35.
116. Allen J.C., Walker R., Luks E., Jennings M., Barfoot S., Tan C. Carboplatin and recurrent childhood brain tumors. J Clin Oncol 1987, 5:459-463.
117. Friedman H.S., Krischer J.P., Burger P., et al. Treatment of children with progressive or recurrent brain tumors with carboplatin or iproplatin: A Pediatric Oncology Group randomized phase II study. J Clin Oncol 1992, 10:249-256.
118. Yung W.K.A., Mechtler L., Gleason M.J. Intravenous carboplatin for recurrent malignant glioma: A phase II study. J Clin Oncol 1991, 9:860-864.
119. Jeremic B., Grujicic D., Jevremovic S., et al. Carboplatin and etoposide chemotherapy regimen for recurrent malignant glioma: A phase II study. J Clin Oncol 1992, 10:1074-1077.
120. Brandes A.A., Rigon A., Zampieri P., et al. Carboplatin and teniposide concurrent with radiotherapy in patients with glioblastoma multiforme. A phase II study. Cancer 1998, 82:355-361.
121. Follézou J.Y., Fauchon J., Chiras J. Intraarterial infusion of carboplatin in the treatment of malignant gliomas: A phase II study. Neoplasm 1989, 36:349-352.
122. Williams P.C., Henner W.D., Roman-Goldstein S., et al. Toxicity and efficacy of carboplatin and etoposide in conjunction with disruption of the blood-brain tumor barrier in the treatment of intracranial neoplasms. Neurosurg 1995, 37:17-28.
123. Stevens M.F.G., Newlands E.S. From triazines and triazenes to temozolomide. Eur J Cancer 1993, 20A:1045-1047.
124. Newlands E.S., Stevens M.F.G., Wedge S.R., Wheelhouse R.T., Brock C. Temozolomide: a review of its discovery, chemical properties, pre-clinical development and clinical trials. Cancer Treat Rev 1997, 23:35-61.
125. Hvizdos K.M., Goa K.L. Temozolomide. CNS Drugs 1999, 12:237-243.
126. Liu L., Markowitz S., Gerson S.L. Mismatch repair mutations override alkyltransferase in conferring resistance to temozolomide but not to 1,3-Bis(2-chloroethyl) nitrosourea. Cancer Res 1996, 56:5375-5379.
127. Friedman H.S., Johnson S.P., Dong Q., et al. Methylator resistance mediated by mismatch repair deficiency in a glioblastoma multiforme xenograft. Cancer Res 1997, 57:2933-2936.
128. 6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase analysis and response to Temodal in newly diagnosed malignant glioma. J Clin Oncol 1998, 16:3851-3857.
129. 6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase correlates with potentiation of temozolomide and CCNU toxicity in human tumour cells. Br J Cancer 1993, 67:1299-1302.
130. Brock C.S., Matthews J.C., Brown G., et al. Response to temozolomide in recurrent high grade gliomas is related to tumour drug concentration (abstract 667). Ann Oncol 1998, 2:174.
131. Plowman J., Waud W.R., Koutsoukos A.D., Rubinstein L.V., Moore T.D., Grever M.R. Preclinical antitumor activity of temozolomide in mice: Efficacy against human brain tumor xenografts and synergism with 1,3-Bis (2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosurea. Cancer Res 1994, 54:3793-3799.
132. Friedman H.S., Dolan M.E., Pegg A.E., et al. Activity of temozolomide in the treatment of central nervous system tumor xenografts. Cancer Res 1995, 55:2853-2857.
133. Newlands E.S., O'Reilly S.M., Glaser M.G., et al. The Charing Cross Hospital experience with temozolomide in patients with gliomas. Eur J Cancer 1996, 32A:2236-2241.
134. Bower M., Newlands E.S., Bleehen N.M., et al. Multicentre CRC phase II trial of temozolomide in recurrent or progressive high-grade glioma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1997, 40:484-488.
135. Estlin E.J., Lashford L., Ablett S., et al. Phase I study of temozolomide in paediatric patients with advanced cancer. Br J Cancer 1998, 78:652-661.
136. Nicholson H.S., Krailo M., Ames M.M., et al. Phase I study of temozolomide in children and adolescents with recurrent solid tumors: A report from the Children's Cancer Group. J Clin Oncol 1998, 16:3037-3043.
137. Yung W.K.A., Prados M.D., Yaya-Tur R., et al. Multicenter phase II trial of temozolomide in patients with anaplastic astrocytoma or anaplastic oligoastrocytoma at first relapse. J Clin Oncol 1999, 17:2762-2771.
138. Yung W.K.A., Levin V.A., Albright R., et al. Randomized trial of temodal (TEM) vs. procarbazine (PCB) in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) at first relapse (abstract 532). Proc ASCO 1997, 18:139a.
139. Yung W.K.A. Temozolomide in malignant glioma. Semin Oncol 2000, 27(Suppl 6):27-34.
140. Osoba D., Brada M., Yung W.K.A., Prados M. Health-related quality of life in patients treated with temozolomide versus procarbazine for recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. J Clin Oncol 2000, 18:1481-1491.
141. Prados M.D. Future directions in the treatment of malignant gliomas with temozolomide. Semin Oncol 2000, 27(Suppl 6):41-46.
142. Shapiro W.R., Green S.B., Burger P.C., et al. A randomized comparison of intra-arterial versus intravenous BCNU, with or without intravenous 5-fluorouracil, for newly diagnosed patients with malignant glioma. J Neurosurg 1992, 76:772-781.
143. Cascino T.L., Veeder M.H., Buckner J.C., et al. Phase II study of 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin in recurrent primary brain tumor. J Neurooncol 1996, 30:243-246.
144. Baker W.J., Royer G.L., Weiss R.B. Cytarabine and neurologic toxicity. J Clin Oncol 1991, 9:679-693.
145. DeAngelis L.M., Yahalom J., Thaler H.T., Kher U. Combined modality therapy for primary CNS lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 1992, 10:635-643.
146. Freilich R.J., Delattre J.Y., Monjour A., DeAngelis L.M. Chemotherapy without radiation therapy as initial treatment for primary CNS lymphoma in older patients. Neurol 1996, 46:435-439.
147. Levin V.A., Prados M.D. Treatment of recurrent gliomas and metastatic brain tumors with a polydrug protocol designed to combat nitrosourea resistance. J Clin Oncol 1992, 10:766-771.
148. Chu E., Allegra C.J. Antifolates. Cancer Chemotherapy and Biotherapy. Principles and Practice 1996, 109-148. Lippincott-Raven, New York. 2nd ed. B.A. Chabner, D.L. Longo (Eds.).
149. Gabbai A.A., Hochberg F.H., Linggood R.M., Bashir R., Hotleman K. High-dose methotrexate for non-AIDS primary central nervous system lymphoma. Report of 13 cases. J Neurosurg 1989, 70:190-194.
150. Neuwelt E.A., Goldman D.L., Dahlborg S.A., et al. Primary CNS lymphoma treated with osmotic blood-brain barrier disruption: Prolonged survival and preservation of cognitive function. J Clin Oncol 1991, 9:1580-1590.
151. Cheng A.L., Yeh K.H., Uen W.C., et al. Systemic chemotherapy alone for patients with non-acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome-related central nervous system lymphoma. A pilot study of the BOMES protocol. Cancer 1998, 82:1946-1951.
152. Grant R., Naylor B., Junck L., Greenberg H.S. Clinical outcome in aggressively treated meningeal gliomatosis. Neurol 1992, 42:252-254.
153. Macdonald D.R. Neurologic complications of chemotherapy. Neurol Clin 1991, 9:955-967.
154. van Maanen J.M.S., Retèl J., de Vries J., Pinedo H.M. Mechanism of action of antitumor drug etoposide: A review. J Natl Cancer Inst 1988, 80:1526-1533.
155. Goldberg S.L., Ahlgren J.D. Recent clinical experience with infusional etoposide. J Infusion Chemo 1991, 1:37-43.
156. Tirelli U., D'Incalci M., Canetta R., et al. Etoposide (VP-16-213) in malignant brain tumors: A phase II study. J Clin Oncol 1984, 2:432-437.
157. Buckner J.C., Brown L.D., Cascino T.L., et al. Phase II evaluation of infusional etoposide and cisplatin in patients with recurrent astrocytoma. J Neurooncol 1990, 9:249-254.
158. Corden B.J., Strauss L.C., Killmond T., et al. Cisplatin, ara-C and etoposide (PAE) in the treatment of recurrent childhood brain tumors. J Neurooncol 1991, 11:57-63.
159. Fulton D., Urtasun R., Forsyth P. Phase II study of prolonged oral therapy with etoposide (VP16) for patients with recurrent malignant gliomas. J Neurooncol 1996, 27:149-155.
160. Chamberlain M.C. Recurrent supratentorial malignant gliomas in children. Long-term salvage therapy with oral etoposide. Arch Neurol 1997, 54:554-558.
161. Slichenmyer W.J., Rowinsky E.K., Donehower R.C., Kaufmann S.H. The current status of camptothecin analogues as antitumor agents. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993, 85:271-291.
162. Kuhn J.G. Pharmacology of irinotecan. Oncology 1998, 12:39-42.
163. Friedman H.S., Houghton P.J., Schold S.C., Keir S., Bigner D.D. Activity of 9-dimethylaminomethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin against pediatric and adult central nervous system tumor xenografts. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1994, 34:171-174.
164. Blaney S.M., Phillips P.C., Packer R., et al. Phase II evaluation of topotecan for pediatric central nervous system tumors. Cancer 1996, 78:527-531.
165. Wong E.T., Berkenblit A. The role of topotecan in the treatment of brain metastases. Oncologist 2004, 9:68-79.
166. Hecht J.R. Gastrointestinal toxicity of irinotecan. Oncology 1998, 12:72-78.
167. Horváth I.P., Csetényi J., Hindy I., et al. Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of dibromodulcitol (DBD, NSC-104800) in man - II. Pharmacokinetics of DBD. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 1982, 18:1211-1219.
168. Áfra D., Kocsis B., Dobay J., et al. Combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy with dibromodulcitol and CCNU in the postoperative treatment of malignant gliomas. J Neurosurg 1983, 59:106-110.
169. Levin V.A., Edwards M.S.B., Gutin P.H., et al. Phase II evaluation of dibromodulcitol in the treatment of recurrent medulloblastoma, ependymoma, and malignant astrocytoma. J Neurosurg 1984, 61:1063-1068.
170. Elliot T.E., Dinapoli R.P., O'Fallon J.R., et al. Randomized trial of radiation therapy (RT) plus dibromodulcitol (DBD) versus RT plus BCNU in high grade astrocytoma. J Neurooncol 1997, 33:239-250.
171. Hildebrand J., Sahmoud T., Mignolet F., Brucher J.M., Afra D. Adjuvant therapy with dibromodulcitol and BCNU increases survival of adults with malignant gliomas. Neurol 1994, 44:1479-1483.
172. Hildebrand J., de Witte O., Sahmoud T. Response of recurrent glioblastoma and anaplastic astrocytoma to dibromodulcitol, BCNU, and procarbazine. J Neurooncol 1998, 37:155-160.
173. Schrell U.M.H., Rittig M.G., Anders M., et al. Hydroxyurea for treatment of unresectable and recurrent meningiomas. I. Inhibition of primary human meningioma cells in culture and in meningioma transplants by induction of the apoptotic pathway. J Neurosurg 1997, 86:845-852.
174. Schrell U.M.H., Rittig M.G., Anders M., et al. Hydroxyurea for treatment of unresectable and recurrent meningiomas. II. Decrease in the size of meningiomas in patients treated with hydroxyurea. J Neurosurg 1997, 86:840-844.
175. Newton H.B., Slivka M.A., Stevens C. Hydroxyrea chemotherapy for unresectable or residual meningioma. J Neurooncol 2000, 49:165-170.
176. Mason W.P., Gentill F., Macdonald D.R., Hariharan S., Cruz C.R., Abrey L.E. Stabilization of disease progression by hydroxyurea in patients with recurrent or unresectable meningioma. J Neurosurg 2002, 97:341-346.
177. Newton H.B., Scott S.R., Volpi C. Hydroxyurea chemotherapy for meningiomas: enlarged cohort with extended follow-up. Br J Neurosurg 2004, 18:495-499.
178. Spitz I.M., Bardin C.W. Mefepristone (RU 486) - A modulator of progestin and glucocorticoid action. New Engl J Med 1993, 329:404-412.
179. Carroll R.S., Glowacka D., Dashner K., Black P.M. Progesterone receptor expression in meningiomas. Cancer Res 1993, 53:1312-1316.
180. Olson J.J., Beck D.W., Schlechte J., Loh P.M. Hormonal manipulation of meningiomas in vitro. J Neurosurg 1986, 65:99-107.
181. Grunberg S.M., Weiss M.H., Spitz I.M., et al. Treatment of unresectable meningiomas with the antiprogesterone agent mifepristone. J Neurosurg 1991, 74:861-866.
182. Grunberg S.M., Rankin C., Townsend J., et al. Phase III double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study of mifepristone (RU) for the treatment of unresectable meningioma. Proc ASCO 2001, 20:56a.
183. Friedman Z.Y. Recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms of tamoxifen action. Cancer Investig 1998, 16:391-396.
184. Pollack I.F., Randall M.S., Kristofik M.P., Kelly R.H., Selker R.G., Vertosick F.T. Effect of tamoxifen on DNA synthesis and proliferation of human malignant glioma lines in vitro. Cancer Res 1990, 50:7134-7138.
185. Couldwell W.T., Weiss M.H., DeGiorgio C.M., et al. Clinical and radiographic response in a minority of patients with recurrent malignant gliomas treated with high-dose tamoxifen. Neurosurg 1993, 32:485-490.
186. Chang S.M., Barker F.G., Huhn S.L., et al. High dose oral tamoxifen and subcutaneous interferon alpha-2a for recurrent glioma. J Neurooncol 1998, 37:169-176.
187. Mastronardi L., Puzzilli F., Couldwell W.T., Farah J.O., Lunardi P. Tamoxifen and carboplatin combinational treatment of high-grade gliomas. Results of a clinical trial on newly diagnosed patients. J Neurooncol 1998, 38:59-68.
188. Rowinsky E.K., Donehower R.C. Paclitaxel (taxol). New Engl J Med 1995, 332:1004-1014.
189. Glantz M.J., Choy H., Kearns C.M., et al. Paclitaxel distribution in plasma and central nervous systems of humans and rats with brain tumors. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995, 87:1077-1081.
190. Chang S.M., Kuhn J.G., Rizzo J., et al. Phase I study of paclitaxel in patients with recurrent malignant glioma: A North American Brain Tumor Consortium report. J Clin Oncol 1998, 16:2188-2194.
191. Prados M.D., Schold S.C., Spence A.M., et al. Phase II study of paclitaxel in patients with recurrent malignant glioma. J Clin Oncol 1996, 14:2316-2321.
192. Chamberlain M.C., Kormanik P.A. Salvage chemotherapy with paclitaxel for recurrent oligodendrogliomas. J Clin Oncol 1997, 15:3427-3432.
193. Newton H.B. Molecular neuro-oncology and the development of
194. Newton H.B. Molecular neuro-oncology and the development of "targeted" therapeutic strategies for brain tumors. Part 2-PI3K/Akt/PTEN, mTOR, SHH/PTCH, and angiogenesis. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2004, 4:105-128.
195. Newton H.B. Molecular neuro-oncology and the development of "targeted" therapeutic strategies for brain tumors. Part 3-brain tumor invasiveness. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2004, 4:803-821.
196. Newton H.B. Molecular neuro-oncology and the development of "targeted" therapeutic strategies for brain tumors. Part 4-p53 signaling pathways. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2005, 5:177-191.
197. Newton H.B. Molecular neuro-oncology and the development of "targeted" therapeutic strategies for brain tumors. Part 5-apoptosis and cell cycle. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2005, (In Press).
198. von Deimling A., Louis D.N., Wiestler O.D. Molecular pathways in the formation of gliomas. Glia 1995, 15:328-338.
199. Shapiro J.R., Coons S.W. Genetics of adult malignant gliomas. BNI Q 1998, 14:27-42.
200. Maher E.A., Furnari F.B., Bachoo R.M., et al. Malignant glioma: genetics and biology of a grave matter. Genes & Dev 2001, 15:1311-1333.
201. Folkman J. Clinical applications of research on angiogenesis. New Engl J Med 1995, 333:1757-1763.
202. Wesseling P., Ruiter D.J., Burger P.C. Angiogenesis in brain tumors; pathobiological and clinical aspects. J Neurooncol 1997, 32:253-265.
203. Leon S.P., Folkerth R.D., Black P.M. Microvessel density is a prognostic indicator for patients with astroglial brain tumors. Cancer 1996, 77:362-372.
204. Plate K.H., Breier G., Weich H.A., Risau W. Vascular endothelial growth factor and glioma angiogenesis: Coordinate induction of VEGF receptors, distribution of VEGF protein and possible in vivo regulatory mechanisms. Int J Cancer 1994, 59:520-529.
205. Pietsch T., Valter M.M., Wolf H.K., et al. Expression and distribution of vascular endothelial growth factor protein in human brain tumors. Acta Neuropathol 1997, 93:109-117.
206. Bernsen H.J.J.A., Rijken P.F.J.W., Peters H., Bakker H., van der Kogel A.J. The effect of the anti-angiogenic agent TNP-470 on tumor growth and vascularity in low passaged xenografts of human gliomas in nude mice. J Neurooncol 1998, 38:51-57.
207. Fine H.A., Figg W.D., Jaeckle K., et al. A phase II trial of the antiangiogenic agent thalidomide in patients with recurrent high-grade gliomas. J Clin Oncol 2000, 18:708-715.