New antiepileptic drugs

New England Journal of Medicine

Volumn 334, Issue 24, 1996, Pages 1583-1590

  Dichter, Marc A ^a,c   Brodie, Martin J ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^b WESTERN INFIRMARY   (United Kingdom)

^c HOSPITAL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLOBAZAM; FELBAMATE; GABAPENTIN; LAMOTRIGINE; OXCARBAZEPINE; PHENOBARBITAL; PHENYTOIN; TIAGABINE; TOPIRAMATE; VALPROIC ACID; VIGABATRIN; ZONISAMIDE;

ANTICONVULSANT THERAPY; ATAXIA; CONFUSION; DEPRESSION; DIPLOPIA; EPILEPSY; FATIGUE; HEADACHE; HUMAN; IRRITABILITY; KIDNEY CALCIFICATION; NAUSEA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RASH; REVIEW; SEDATION; SOMNOLENCE; TREMOR; VERTIGO;

ANTICONVULSANTS; CANADA; DRUG APPROVAL; DRUGS, INVESTIGATIONAL; EUROPE; HUMANS; JAPAN; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0029922748     PISSN: 00284793     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199606133342407     Document Type: Review

References (101)

1. Brodie MJ, Dichter MA. Antiepileptic drugs. N Engl J Med 1996;334:168-75.
2. Hill DR, Suman-Chauhan N, Woodruff GN. Localization of [3H]gabapentin to a novel site in rat brain: autoradiographic studies. Eur J Pharmacol 1993;244:303-9.
3. Wamil AW, McLean MJ. Limitation by gabapentin of high frequency action potential firing by mouse central neurons in cell culture. Epilepsy Res 1994;17:1-11.
4. Kocsis JD, Honmou O. Gabapentin increases GABA-induced depolarization in rat neonatal optic nerve. Neurosci Lett 1994;169:181-4.
5. Dichter MA. Integrated use of old and new antiepileptic drugs. Curr Opin Neurol 1995;8:95-102.
6. UK Gabapentin Study Group. Gabapentin in partial epilepsy. Lancet 1990; 335:1114-7.
7. US Gabapentin Study Group No. 5. Gabapentin as add-on therapy in refractory partial epilepsy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study: the US Gabapentin Study Group No. 5. Neurology 1993;43: 2292-8.
8. Anhut H, Ashman P, Feuerstein TJ, et al. Gabapentin (Neurontin) as addon therapy in patients with partial seizures: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Epilepsia 1994;35:795-801.
9. Miller AA, Wheatley P, Sawyer DA, Baxter MG, Roth B. Pharmacological studies on lamotrigine, a novel potential antiepileptic drug. I. Anticonvulsant profile in mice and rats. Epilepsia 1986;27:483-9.
10. Cheung H, Kamp D, Harris E. An in vitro investigation of the action of lamotrigine on neuronal voltage-activated sodium channels. Epilepsy Res 1992;13:107-12.
11. Jawad S, Richens A, Goodwin G. Yuen WC. Controlled trial of lamotrigine (Lamictal) for refractory partial seizures. Epilepsia 1989;30:356-63.
12. Sander JW, Patsalos PN, Oxley JR, Hamilton MJ, Yuen WC. A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled add-on trial of lamotrigine in patients with severe epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 1990;6:221-6.
13. Schapel GJ, Beran RG, Vajda FJ, et al. Double-blind, placebo controlled, crossover study of lamotrigine in treatment resistant partial seizures. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1993;56:448-53.
14. Smith D, Baker G, Davies G, Dewey M, Chadwick DW. Outcomes of addon treatment with lamotrigine in partial epilepsy. Epilepsia 1993;34:312-22.
15. Binnie CD, Debets RM, Engelsman M, et al. Double-blind crossover trial of lamotrigine (Lamictal) as add-on therapy in intractable epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 1989;4:222-9.
16. Loiseau P, Yuen A, Duche B, Menager T, Arne-Bes MC. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover add-on trial of lamotrigine in patients with treatment-resistant partial seizures. Epilepsy Res 1990;7: 136-45.
17. Risner ME, LAMICTAL Study Group, Multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, add-on, cross-over study of lamotrigine (Lamictal) in epileptic outpatients with partial seizures. Epilepsia 1994;31:619-20. abstract.
18. Messenheimer J, Ramsay RE, Willmore LJ, et al. Lamotrigine therapy for partial seizures: a multicenter, placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over trial. Epilepsia 1994;35:113-21.
19. Malsuo F, Bergen D, Faught E, et al. Placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of lamotrigine in patients with partial seizures: U.S. Lamotrigine Protocol 0.5 Clinical Trial Group. Neurology 1993;43:2284-91.
20. Pisani F, Gallitto G, Di Perri R. Could lamotrigine be useful in status epilepticus? A case report. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1991;54:845-6.
21. Goa KL, Ross SR, Chrisp P. Lamotrigine: a review of its pharmacological properties and clinical efficacy in epilepsy. Drugs 1993;46:152-76.
22. Brodie M. Preliminary experience with lamotrigine as monotherapy in adolescents and adults. In: Reynolds EH, ed. Lamotrigine: a new advance in the treatment of epilepsy. London: Royal Society of Medicine, 1994;83-8.
23. Leach J, Brodie M. Lamotrigine: clinical use. In: Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS, eds. Antiepileptic drugs. 4th ed. New York: Raven Press, 1995;889-95.
24. Brodie MJ, Richens A, Yuen AW. Double-blind comparison of lamotrigine and carbamazepine in newly diagnosed epilepsy. Lancet 1995;345:476-9.
25. Kilpatrick E, Forrest G, Brodie M. Are lamotrigine concentrations clinically useful? A prospective study. Epilepsia (in press).
26. Brodie MJ. Lamotrigine. Lancet 1992;339:1397-400.
27. White HS, Wolf HH, Swinyard EA, Skeen GA, Sofia RD. A neuropharmacological evaluation of felbamate as a novel anticonvulsant. Epilepsia 1992;33:564-72.
28. Rho JM, Donevan SD, Rogawski MA. Mechanism of action of the anti-convulsant felbamate: opposing effects on N-methyl-D-aspartate and gamma-aminobutyric acidA receptors. Ann Neurol 1994;35:229-34.
29. Theodore WH, Raubertas RF, Porter RJ, et al. Felbamate: a clinical trial for complex partial seizures. Epilepsia 1991;32:392-7.
30. Leppik IE, Dreifuss FE, Pledger GW, et al. Felbamate for partial seizures: results of a controlled clinical trial. Neurology 1991;41:1785-9.
31. Sachdeo R, Kramer LD, Rosenberg A, Sachdeo S. Felbamate monotherapy: controlled trial in patients with partial onset seizures. Ann Neurol 1992;32:386-92.
32. Bourgeois B, Leppik IE, Sackellares JC, et al. Felbamate: a double-blind controlled trial in patients undergoing presurgical evaluation of partial seizures. Neurology 1993;43:693-6.
33. Faught E, Sachdeo RC, Remler MP, et al. Felbamate monotherapy for partial-onset seizures: an active-control trial. Neurology 1993;43:688-92.
34. The Felbamate Study Group in Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome. Efficacy of felbamate in childhood epileptic encephalopathy (Lennox-Gastaut syndrome). N Engl J Med 1993;328:29-33.
35. Liporace J, Roberts D, Sperling M, French J, Dichter M. Post-marketing felbamate experience. Epilepsia 1994;35:Suppl 8:55. abstract.
36. Wolff DL, Kerrick JM, Rarick J, Leppik IE, Graves NM. Post-market felbamate use in the refractory epilepsy population. Epilepsia 1994;35:Suppl 8:32. abstract.
37. Asconapé JJ, Brotherton TA, Lauve LM, et al. Felbamate: efficacy and tolerability in patients with refractory epilepsies. Epilepsia 1994;35:Suppl 8: 114. abstract.
38. Wildin JD, Pleuvry BJ, Mawer GE, Onon T, Millington L. Respiratory and sedative effects of clobazam and clonazepam in volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1990;29:169-77.
39. Hindmarch I, Haller J, Sherwood N, Kerr JS. Comparison of five anxiolytic benzodiazepines on measures of psychomotor performance and sleep. Neuropsychobiology 1990-91;24:84-9.
40. Haefely W, Kulcsar A, Mohler H, Pieri L, Pole P, Schaffner R. Possible involvement of GABA in the central actions of benzodiazepines. Adv Biochem Psychopharmacol 1975;14:131-51.
41. Critchley EMR, Vakil SD, Hayward HW, Owen MVH, Cocks A, Freemantie NP. Double-blind clinical trial of clobazam in refractory epilepsy. In: Hindmarch I, Stonier P, eds. Clobazam. Vol. 43 of International congress and symposium series. London: Royal Society of Medicine, 1981:159-63.
42. Feely M, Calvert R, Gibson J. Clobazam in catamenial epilepsy: a model for evaluating anticonvulsants. Lancet 1982;2:71-3.
43. Allen JW, Oxley J, Robertson MM, Trimble MR, Richens A, Jawad SS. Clobazam as adjunctive treatment in refractory epilepsy. BMJ 1983;286:1246-7.
44. Schmidt D, Rohde M, Wolf P, Roeder-Wanner U Clobazam for refractory focal epilepsy: a controlled trial. Arch Neurol 1986;43:824-6.
45. Koeppen D, Baruzzi A, Capozza M, et al. Clobazam in therapy-resistant patients with partial epilepsy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study. Epilepsia 1987;28:495-506.
46. Scott DF, Moffett A. The long-term effect of clobazam as adjunctive therapy in epilepsy. Acta Neurol Scand 1988;77:498-502.
47. Heller AJ, Ring HA, Reynolds EH, Factors relating to dramatic response to clobazam therapy in refractory epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 1988;2:276-80.
48. Callaghan N, Goggin T, Adjunctive therapy in resistant epilepsy. Epilepsia 1988;29:Suppl 1:S29-S35.
49. Canadian Clobazam Cooperative Group. Clobazam in treatment of refractory epilepsy: the Canadian experience: a retrospective study. Epilepsia 1991;32:407-16.
50. Bardy AH, Seppala T, Salokorpi T, Granstrom ML, Sanfavuori P Monitoring of concentrations of clobazam and norclobazam in serum and saliva of children with epilepsy. Brain Dev 1991;13:174-9.
51. Wang J, Hug D, Gautschi K, Weiser H. Clobazam for treatment in epilepsy. J Epilepsy 1993;6:180-4.
52. Buchanan N. Clobazam in the treatment of epilepsy: prospective follow-up to 8 years. J R Soc Med 1993;86:378-80.
53. Robertson MM. Current status of the 1,4- and 1.5-benzodiazepines in the treatment of epilepsy: the place of clobazam. Epilepsia 1986;27:Suppl 1: S27-S41.
54. Dulac O, Figueroa D, Rey E, Arthuis M. Monothérapie par le clobazam dans les épilepsies de l'enfant. Presse Med 1983;12:1067-9.
55. Munn R, Camfield P, Camfield C, Dooley J. Clobazam for refractory childhood seizure disorders - a valuable supplementary drug. Can J Neurol Sci 1988;15:406-8.
56. Haigh JR, Pullar T, Gent JP, Dailley C, Feely M. N-desmethylclobazam: a possible alternative to clobazam in the treatment of refractory epilepsy? Br J Clin Pharmacol 1987;23:213-8.
57. Pullar T, Haigh JR, Peaker S, Feely MP. Pharmacokinetics of N-desmethylclobazam in healthy volunteers and patients with epilepsy. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1987;24:793-7.
58. Greenblatt DJ, Divoll M, Puri SK, Ho I, Zinny MA, Shader RI. Clobazam kinetics in the elderly. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1981;12:631-6.
59. Feely M, Gibson J. Intermittent clobazam for catamenial epilepsy: tolerance avoided. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1984;47:1279-82.
60. Petroff OA, Rothman DL, Behar KL, Mattson RH. Initial observations on effect of vigabatrin on in vivo 1H spectroscopic measurements of gamma-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, and glutamine in human brain. Epilepsia 1995;36:457-64.
61. Mumford JP, Dam M. Meta-analysis of European placebo controlled studies of vigabatrin in drug resistant epilepsy. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1989;27: Suppl 1:101S-107S.
62. French JA, Mosier M, Walker S, Sommerville K, Sussman N, Vigabatrin Protocol 024 Investigative Cohort. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of vigabatrin three g/day in patients with uncontrolled complex partial seizures. Neurology 1996;46:54-61.
63. Chiron C, Dulac O, Beaumont D, Palacios L, Pajot N, Mumford J. Therapeutic trial of vigabatrin in refractory infantile spasms. J Child Neurol 1991;Suppl 2:S52-S59.
64. Dulac O, Chiron C, Luna D, et al. Vigabatrin in childhood epilepsy. J Child Neurol 1991;Suppl 2:S30-S37.
65. Kälviäinen R, Aikiä M, Partanen J, et al. Randomized controlled pilot study of vigabatrin versus carbamazepine monotherapy in newly diagnosed patients with epilepsy: an interim report. J Child Neurol 1991:Suppl 2:2S60-2S69.
66. McKee P, Blacklaw J, Friel E, Thompson R, Gillham R, Brodie M. Adjuvant vigabatrin in refractory epilepsy: a ceiling to effective dosage in individual patients. Epilepsia 1993;34:937-43.
67. Sander JW, Hart YM, Trimble MR, Shorvon SD. Vigabatrin and psychosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1991;54:435-9.
68. Butler WH. The neuropathology of vigabatrin. Epilepsia 1989;30:Suppl 3: S15-S17.
69. Graham D. Neuropathology of vigabatrin. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1989;27: Suppl 1:43S-45S.
70. Liegeois-Chauvel C, Marquis P, Gisselbrecht D, Pantieri R, Beaumont D, Chauvel P. Effects of long-term vigabatrin on somatosensory-evoked potentials in epileptic patients. Epilepsia 1989;30:Suppl 3:S23-S25.
71. Idem. Effects of long term vigabatrin on somatosensory evoked potentials in epileptic patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1989;27:Suppl 1:69S-72S.
72. Cosi V, Callieco R, Galimberti CA, et al. Effects of vigabatrin on evoked potentials in epileptic patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1989;27:Suppl 1:61S-68S.
73. Cosi V, Callieco R, Galimberti CA, et al. Effect of vigabatrin (gamma-vinyl-GABA) on visual, brainstem auditory and somatosensory evoked potentials in epileptic patients. Eur Neurol 1988;28:42-6.
74. Cocito L, Maffini M, Loeb C. MRI findings in epileptic patients on vigabatrin for more than 5 years. Seizure 1992;1:163-5.
75. Sivenius J, Paljarvi L, Vapalahti M, Nousiainen U, Riekkinen PJ. Vigabatrin (gamma-vinyl-GABA): neuropathologic evaluation in five patients. Epilepsia 1993;34:193-6.
76. Agosti R, Yasargil G, Egli M, Wieser HG, Wiestler OD. Neuropathology of a human hippocampus following long-term treatment with vigabatrin: lack of microvacuoles. Epilepsy Res 1990;6:166-70.
77. Pedersen B, Hojgaard K, Dam M. Vigabatrin: no microvacuoles in a human brain. Epilepsy Res 1987;1:74-6.
78. Hammond EJ, Ballinger WE Jr, Lu L, Wilder BJ, Uthman BM, Reid SA. Absence of cortical white matter changes in three patients undergoing long-term vigabatrin therapy. Epilepsy Res 1992;12:261-5.
79. Oxcarbazepine. Lancet 1989;2:196-8.
80. Grant SM, Faulds D. Oxcarbazepine: a review of its pharmacology and therapeutic potential in epilepsy, trigeminal neuralgia and affective disorders. Drugs 1992;43:873-88.
81. Dam M, Ekberg R, Loyning Y, Waltimo O, Jakobsen K. A double-blind study comparing oxcarbazepine and carbamazepine in patients with newly diagnosed, previously untreated epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 1989;3:70-6.
82. Friis ML, Kristensen O, Boas J, et al. Therapeutic experiences with 947 epileptic out-patients in oxcarbazepine treatment. Acta Neurol Scand 1993;87:224-7.
83. Larkin JG, McKee PJ, Forrest G, et al. Lack of enzyme induction with oxcarbazepine (600 mg daily) in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1991; 31:65-71.
84. Van Amelsvoort T, Bakshi R, Devaux CB, Schwabe S. Hyponatremia associated with carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine therapy: a review. Epilepsia 1994;35:181-8.
85. Steinhoff BJ, Stoll KD, Stodieck SR, Paulus W. Hyponatremic coma under oxcarbazepine therapy. Epilepsy Res 1992;11:67-70.
86. Schauf CL. Zonisamide enhances slow sodium inactivation in Myxicola. Brain Res 1987;413:185-8.
87. Suzuki S, Kawakami K, Nishimura S, et al. Zonisamide blocks T-type calcium channel in cultured neurons of rat cerebral cortex. Epilepsy Res 1992;12:21-7.
88. Rock DM, Macdonald RL, Taylor CP. Blockade of sustained repetitive action potentials in cultured spinal cord neurons by zonisamide (AD 810, CI 912), a novel anticonvulsant. Epilepsy Res 1989;3:138-43.
89. Seino M, Miyazaki H, Ito T. Zonisamide. Epilepsy Res Suppl 1991;3:169-74.
90. Schmidt D, Jacob R, Loiseau P, et al. Zonisamide for add-on treatment of refractory partial epilepsy: a European double-blind trial. Epilepsy Res 1993;15:67-73.
91. Leppik IE, Willmore LJ, Homan RW, et al. Efficacy and safety of zonisamide: results of a multicenter study. Epilepsy Res 1993;14:165-73.
92. Yagi K, Seino M, Mihara T, et al. Open clinical trial of new antiepileptic drug, zonisamide (ZNA) on 49 patients with refractory epileptic seizures. Clin Psychiatry 1987;29:111-9.
93. Wagner JG, Sackellares JC, Donofrio PD, Berent S, Sakmar E. Nonlinear pharmacokinetics of Cl-912 in adult epileptic patients. Ther Drug Monit 1984;6:277-83.
94. Nielsen EB, Suzdak PD, Andersen KE, Knutsen LJ, Sonnewald U, Braestrup C. Characterization of tiagabine (NO-328), a new potent and selective GABA uptake inhibitor. Eur J Pharmacol 1991;196:257-66.
95. Andersen KE, Braestrup C, Gronwald FC, et al. The synthesis of novel GABA uptake inhibitors. 1. Elucidation of the structure-activity studies leading to the choice of (R)-1-[4,4-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)-3-butenyl]-3-piperidinecarboxylic acid (tiagabine) as an anticonvulsant drug candidate. J Med Chem 1993;36:1716-25.
96. Thompson SM, Gahwiler BH. Effects of the GABA uptake inhibitor tiagabine on inhibitory synaptic potentials in rat hippocampal slice cultures. J Neurophysiol 1992;67:1698-701.
97. Oh DJ, Dichter MA. Effect of a gamma-aminobutyric acid uptake inhibitor, NNC-711, on spontaneous postsynaptic currents in cultured rat hippocampal neurons: implications for antiepileptic drug development. Epilepsia 1994;35:426-30.
98. Richens A, Chadwick DW, Duncan JS, et al. Adjunctive treatment of partial seizures with tiagabine: a placebo-controlled trial. Epilepsy Res 1995; 21:37-42.
99. Shank RP, Gardocki JF, Vaught JL, et al. Topiramate: preclinical evaluation of structurally novel anticonvulsant. Epilepsia 1994;35:450-60.
100. White HS, Brown SD, Wolf HH, Twyman RE. The anticonvulsant topiramate potentiates GABA-evoked chloride current in mouse cortical neurons. Epilepsia 1994;35:Suppl 8:67. abstract.
101. Faught E, Wilder BJ, Ramsay RE, et al. Topiramate placebo-controlled dose-ranging trial in refractory partial epilepsy using 200, 400, and 600 mg daily dosages, Neurology (in press).