Vitamins e and D3 attenuate demyelination and potentiate remyelination processes of hippocampal formation of rats following local injection of ethidium bromide

Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology

Volumn 30, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 289-299

  Goudarzvand, Mahdi ^a   Javan, Mohammad ^a   Mirnajafi Zadeh, Javad ^a   Mozafari, Sabah ^a   Tiraihi, Taki ^a  

^a TARBIAT MODARES UNIVERSITY   (Iran)

Author keywords

Cell death; Demyelination; Endogenous progenitor cells; Ethidium bromide; Hippocampus; Myelin basic protein; Rat; Remyelination; Vitamin D3; Vitamin E

Indexed keywords

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; CASPASE 3; ETHIDIUM BROMIDE; MYELIN BASIC PROTEIN; VITAMIN D; ANTIOXIDANT; COLECALCIFEROL; ENZYME INHIBITOR; ETHIDIUM; VITAMIN;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ANIMAL TISSUE; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; APOPTOSIS; ARTICLE; CELL DEATH; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEMYELINATION; DRUG EFFECT; HIPPOCAMPUS; HISTOLOGY; IMMUNOBLOTTING; MALE; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; NEUROPROTECTION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; RAT; REMYELINIZATION; STAINING; ANIMAL; CHEMICALLY INDUCED; DEMYELINATING DISEASE; DRUG EFFECTS; HUMAN; METABOLISM; NERVE REGENERATION; PATHOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; SPRAGUE DAWLEY RAT;

ANIMALS; ANTIOXIDANTS; APOPTOSIS; CASPASE 3; CHOLECALCIFEROL; DEMYELINATING DISEASES; ENZYME INHIBITORS; ETHIDIUM; HIPPOCAMPUS; HUMANS; MALE; MYELIN BASIC PROTEINS; NERVE REGENERATION; RATS; RATS, SPRAGUE-DAWLEY; VITAMIN E; VITAMINS; MYELIN BASIC PROTEIN;

ANIMALIA; RATTUS;

EID: 77952096362     PISSN: 02724340     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10571-009-9451-x     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. G Almazan G Fragoso AK MartInez-Bermudez HN Liu A Khorchid S Chemtob WE Mushynski 2004 Developmental differences in H2O2-induced oligodendrocyte cell death: role of glutathione, mitogen-activated protein kinases and caspase 3 J Neurochem 90 392 404 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02488.x 15228596 (Pubitemid 38938225)
2. D Baas K Prufer ME Ittel S Kuchler-Bopp G Labourdette LL Sarlieve P Brachet 2000 Rat oligodendrocytes express the vitamin D(3) receptor and respond to 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) Glia 31 59 68 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1136(200007)31: 1<59::AID-GLIA60>3.0.CO;2-Y 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c3nvVSktw%3D%3D 10816607 (Pubitemid 30410874)
3. E Barbarese JH Carson PE Braun 1978 Accumulation of the four myelin basic proteins in mouse brain during development J Neurochem 31 779 782 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1978.tb00110.x 1:CAS:528:DyaE1MXktlKns7k%3D 81270
4. N Baumann D Pham-Dinh 2001 Biology of Oligodendrocyte and Myelin in the Mammalian Central Nervous System Physiol Rev 81 871 927 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD3MXislCrsbw%3D 11274346
5. H Becq I Jorquera Y Ben-Ari S Weiss A Represa 2005 Differential properties of dentate gyrus and CA1 neural precursors J Neurobiol 62 243 261 10.1002/neu.20089 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2cnitFCntg%3D%3D 15459894 (Pubitemid 40096400)
6. WF Blakemore 1982 Ethidium bromide induced demyelination in the spinal cord of the cat Neuropathol App Neurobiol 8 365 375 10.1111/j.1365-2990.1982. tb00305.x 1:CAS:528:DyaL3sXmvF2isw%3D%3D
7. WF Blakemore AJ Crang 1989 The relationship between type-1 astrocytes, Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes following transplantation of glial cell cultures into demyelinating lesions in the adult rat spinal cord J Neurocytol 18 519 528 10.1007/BF01474547 1:STN:280:DyaK3c%2FjvFersg%3D%3D 2809635
8. Blakemore WF, Crang AJ, Evans RJ (1983) The effect of chemical injury on oligodendrocytes. In: Mimms CC, Cuzneks MC, Kelly W (eds) Viruses and demyelinating diseases. Acad Press, London, pp 167-190
9. EF Bondan MA Lallo IL Sinhorini LA Pereira DL Graça 2000 The effect of cyclophosphamide on brainstem remyelination following local ethidium bromide injection in Wistar rats J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol 32 603 612 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MvjsFSgsg%3D%3D 11297379
10. EF Bondan MA Lallo AH Trigueiro CP Ribeiro IL Sinhorini DL Graça 2006 Delayed Schwann cell and oligodendrocyte remyelination after ethidium bromide injection in the brainstem of Wistar rats submitted to streptozotocin diabetogenic treatment Braz J Med Biol Res 39 637 646 10.1590/S0100- 879X2006000500011 1:STN:280:DC%2BD283jvFKlsg%3D%3D 16648902 (Pubitemid 43676614)
11. JE Brecknell JW Fawcett 1996 Axonal regeneration Biol Rev 71 227 255 10.1111/j.1469-185X.1996.tb00748.x 1:STN:280:DyaK283hvFGrsw%3D%3D 8616210
12. CI Cha CM Shin YH Chung MJ Kim EY Lee E-G Kim 2002 Age-related changes in the distribution of nitrotyrosine Brain Res 931 194 199 10.1016/S0006-8993(01) 03391-1 11897106 (Pubitemid 34230524)
13. M Cinthia CM Mazzanti R Spanevello M Ahmedb LB Pereira JF Goncalves M Corre R Schmatz N Stefanello DBR Leal A Mazzanti AT Ramos TB Martins CC Danesi DL Graca VM Morsch MRC Schetinger 2009 Pre-treatment with ebselen and vitamin E modulate acetylcholinesterase activity: interaction with demyelinating agents Int J Dev Neurosci 27 73 80 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2008.09.005
14. TL Clemens KP Garrett XY Zhou JW Pike MR Haussler DW Dempster 1988 Immunocytochemical localization of the 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor in target cells Endocrinol 122 1224 1230 10.1210/endo-122-4-1224 1:CAS:528:DyaL1cXhvVeitLw%3D
15. W Droge 2002 Free radicals in the physiological control of cell function Physiol Rev 82 47 95 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XovFSisw%3D%3D 11773609
16. F El-Demerdash 2004 Antioxidant effect of vitamin E and selenium on lipid peroxidation, enzyme activities and biochemical parameters in rats exposed to aluminium J Trace Elem Med Biol 18 113 121 10.1016/j.jtemb.2004.04.001 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhtVentr%2FN 15487771 (Pubitemid 39285971)
17. RJM Franklin JM Gilson WF Blakemore 1997 Local recruitment of remyelinating cells in the repair of demyelination in the central nervous system J Neurosci Res 50 337 344 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4547(19971015)50:2<337::AID- JNR21>3.0.CO;2-3 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXntVent70%3D 9373042 (Pubitemid 27473648)
18. EM Frohman MK Racke CS Raine 2006 Multiple sclerosis-The Plaque and Its Pathogenesis N Engl J Med 354 9 10.1056/NEJMra052130
19. R Galli, et al. 2003 Neural stem cells an overview Circ Res 92 598 608 10.1161/01.RES.0000065580.02404.F4 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXitlKntrs%3D 12676811 (Pubitemid 36417693)
20. E Garcion L Sindji S Nataf P Brachet F Darcy CN Montero-Menei 2003 Treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in rat by 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 leads to early effects within the central nervous system Acta Neuropathol 105 438 448 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXis1eisbo%3D 12677443
21. JM Gensert JE Goldman 1997 Endogenous progenitors remyelinate demyelinated axons in the adult CNS Neuron 19 197 203 10.1016/S0896-6273(00) 80359-1 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXltFCjs7s%3D 9247275 (Pubitemid 27333005)
22. JJ Geurts L Bo SD Roosendaal T Hazes R Daniels F Barkhof, et al. 2007 Extensive hippocampal demyelination in multiple sclerosis J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 66 819 827 10.1097/nen.0b013e3181461f54 17805012 (Pubitemid 47360957)
23. P Goldberg 1974 Multiple sclerosis: vitamin D and calcium as environmental determinants of prevalence. 1. Sunlight, dietary factors and epidemiology Int J Environ Stud 6 19 27 10.1080/00207237408709630
24. P Goldberg 1974 Multiple sclerosis: vitamin D and calcium as environmental determinants of prevalence. 2. Biochemical and genetic factors Int J Environ Stud 6 121 200 10.1080/00207237408709641 1:CAS:528:DyaE2MXhtFSltbg%3D
25. P Grammas L Hamdheydari EJ Benaksas S Mou QN Pye WJ Wechter RA Floyd C Stewart K Hensley 2004 Anti-inflammatory effects of tocopherol Metabolites Biochem Biophys Res Commun 319 1047 1052 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.05.082 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXkslWmsbs%3D 15184087 (Pubitemid 38739425)
26. EP Guazzo 2005 A technique for producing demyelination of the rat optic nerves J Clin Neurosci 12 54 58 10.1016/j.jocn.2004.08.002 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD2MXitFantQ%3D%3D 15639414 (Pubitemid 40082623)
27. CE Hayes MT Cantorna HF Deluca 1997 Vitamin D and multiple sclerosis Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 216 21 27 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXmtlOnsbk%3D 9316607
28. CE Hayes KM Spach LB Pedersen FE Nashold T Kayo BS Yandell TA Prolla 2004 Gene expression analysis suggests that 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 reverses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by stimulating inflammatory cell apoptosis Physiol Genom 18 141 151 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00003.2004 (Pubitemid 39319496)
29. CJ Hung R Nazarian J Lee PM Zhao A Espinosa-Jeffery J De Vellis 2002 Tumor necrosis factor modulates transcription of myelin basic protein gene through nuclear factor kappa B in a human oligodendroglioma cell line Int J Dev Neuro 20 289 296 10.1016/S0736-5748(02)00022-9
30. K Ikeda H Negishi Y Yamori 2003 Antioxidant nutrients and hypoxia/ischemia brain injury in rodents Toxicology 189 55 61 10.1016/S0300-483X(03)00152-5 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXkvVCmt7w%3D 12821282 (Pubitemid 36725022)
31. H Imai H Masayasu D Dewar DI Graham IM Macrae 2001 Ebselen protects both gray and white matter in a rodent model of focal cerebral ischemia Stroke 32 2149 2154 10.1161/hs0901.095725 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXnt1Gjurg%3D 11546910
32. S Johnson 2000 The possible role of gradual accumulation of copper, cadmium, lead and iron and gradual depletion of zinc, magnesium, selenium, vitamins B2, B6 and E and essential fatty acids in multiple sclerosis Med Hypoth 55 239 241 10.1054/mehy.2000.1051 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXnsFegtrw%3D
33. SK Kang YW Jeong SW Park MS Hossein S Kim JH Kim SH Lee BC Lee WS Hwang 2006 Antiapoptotic and embryotrophic effects of a-tocopherol and L-ascorbic acid on porcine embryos derived from in vitro fertilization and somatic cell nuclear transfer Theriogenol 66 2104 2112 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.06.007 (Pubitemid 46048516)
34. HS Keirstead WF Blakemore 1997 Identification of post-mitotic oligodendrocytes incapable of remyelination within the demyelinated adult spinal cord J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 56 1191 1201 10.1097/00005072-199711000-00003 1:STN:280:DyaK1c%2FjsF2qtA%3D%3D 9370229
35. HS Keirstead JM Levine WF Blakemore 1998 Response of the oligodendrocyte progenitor cell population (defined by NG2 labeling) to demyelination of the adult spinal cord Glia 22 161 170 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1136(199802)22:2<161:: AID-GLIA7>3.0.CO;2-A 1:STN:280:DyaK1c7ktVyrsQ%3D%3D 9537836 (Pubitemid 28084388)
36. A Kochman Koska Cz D Metodiewa 2002 Submolecular adventures of brain tyrosine: what are we searching for now? Amino Acid 23 95 101 10.1007/s00726-001-0114-6 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xns1Gns7k%3D
37. MC Langub JP Herman HH Malluche NJ Koszewski 2001 Evidence of functional vitamin D receptors in rat hippocampus Neurosci 104 49 56 10.1016/S0306-4522(01) 00049-5 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXislGgtL0%3D (Pubitemid 32322612)
38. JM Levine R Reynolds 1999 Activation and proliferation of endogenous oligodendrocyte precursor cells during ethidium bromide-induced demyelination Exp Neurol 160 333 347 10.1006/exnr.1999.7224 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXjtVSgtA%3D%3D 10619551
39. JM Levine R Reynolds JW Fawcett 2001 The oligodendrocyte precursor cell in health and disease Trends in Neurosci 24 39 47 10.1016/S0166-2236(00)01691-X 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXktl2ruw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 32332895)
40. G Martinovits E Melamed O Cohen J Rosenthal A Uzzan 1986 Systemic administration of antioxidants does not protect mice against the dopaminergic neurotoxicity of MPTP Neurosci Lett 29 192 197 10.1016/0304-3940(86)90602-6 (Pubitemid 16076951)
41. B Menn JM Garcia-Verdugo C Yaschine O Gonzalez-Perez D Rowitch A Alvarez-Buylla 2006 Origin of oligodendrocytes in the subventricular zone of the adult brain J Neurosci 26 7907 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1299-06.2006 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XnvF2itr0%3D 16870736 (Pubitemid 44315160)
42. N Miyoshi K Naniwa T Kumagai K Uchida T Osawa Y Nakamura 2005 Tocopherol-mediated caspase-3 up-regulation enhances susceptibility to apoptotic stimuli Biochem Biophys Res Commun 334 466 473 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.06.113 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXmsVOgt74%3D 16009347 (Pubitemid 40982390)
43. Monuki ES, Lemke G (1995) Molecular biology of myelination, in The Axon. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 144-163
44. G Mosayebi A Ghazavi MA Payani 2006 The effect of vitamin D3 on the inhibition of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57BL/6 mice J Iran Univ Med Sci 13 189 196
45. B Nait-Oumesmar, et al. 2008 The role of SVZ-derived neural precursors in demyelinating diseases: From animal models to multiple sclerosis J Neurol Sci 256 26 31 10.1016/j.jns.2007.09.032
46. M Nakafuku H Nakatomi T Kuriu Okabe Sh Yamamoto Sh-I O Hatano N Kawahara A Tamura T Kirino 2002 Regeneration of hippocampal pyramidal neurons after ischemic brain injury by recruitment of endogenous neural progenitors Cell 110 429 441 10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00862-0 12202033 (Pubitemid 35232287)
47. JH Noseworthy C Lucchinetti M Rodriguez 2000 Multiple sclerosis N Engl J Med 343 938 951 10.1056/NEJM200009283431307 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3cvlvF2quw%3D%3D 11006371
48. D Offen Y Gilgun-Sherki E Melamed 2001 Oxidative stress induced- neurodegenerative diseases: the need for antioxidants that penetrate the blood brain barrier Neuropharmacol 40 959 975 10.1016/S0028-3908(01)00019-3 (Pubitemid 32530602)
49. Paxinos G, Watson C (2006) The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates, 6th edn. Academic press, New York
50. M Pompeiano AJ Blaschke RA Flavell A Srinivasan J Chun 2000 Decreased apoptosis in proliferative and postmitotic regions of the Caspase 3-deficient embryonic central nervous system J Comp Neurol 423 1 12 10.1002/1096- 9861(20000717)423:1<1::AID-CNE1>3.0.CO;2-S 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXltVClsL8%3D 10861532 (Pubitemid 30407785)
51. LO Porciuncula JBT Rocha CR Boech D Vendite DO Souza 2001 Ebselen prevents excitotoxicity provoked by glutamate in rat cerebellar granule neurons Neurosci Lett 299 217 220 10.1016/S0304-3940(01)01519-1 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD3MXpsFOqug%3D%3D 11165774 (Pubitemid 32124850)
52. N Prayoonwiwat M Rodriguez 1993 The potential for oligodendrocyte proliferation during demyelinating disease J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 52 55 63 10.1097/00005072-199301000-00007 1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXhsVGrtL4%3D 8381162
53. SM Rao GL Leo L Bernardin F Unverzagt 1991 Cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. I. Frequency, patterns, and prediction Neurology 41 685 691 1:STN:280:DyaK3M3is1Kltw%3D%3D 2027484
54. E Reiter Q Jiang S Christen 2007 Anti-inflammatory properties of α- and γ-tocopherol Mol Aspect Med 28 668 691 10.1016/j.mam.2007.01.003 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXht1amsrnF (Pubitemid 47625529)
55. C Rice N Scolding 2007 Strategies for achieving and monitoring myelin repair J Neurol 254 275 283 10.1007/s00415-006-0455-x 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD2sXlsVyiurc%3D 17345032 (Pubitemid 46399210)
56. G Rimbach AM Minihane J Majewicz A Fischer J Pallauf F Virgli PD Weinberg 2002 Regulation of cell signalling by vitamin E Proc Nutr Soc 61 415 425 10.1079/PNS2002183 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXovVeqtQ%3D%3D 12691170 (Pubitemid 36069929)
57. SD Roosendaal B Moraal H Vrenken JA Castelijns PJ Pouwels F Barkhof JJ Geurts 2008 In vivo MR imaging of hippocampal lesions in multiple sclerosis J Magn Reson Imaging 27 726 731 10.1002/jmri.21294 18302199 (Pubitemid 351508085)
58. RC Rose AM Bode 1993 Biology of free radical scavengers: an evaluation of ascorbate FASEB J 7 1135 1142 1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXms12mu74%3D 8375611
59. H Rus C Cudrici T Niculescu F Niculescu ML Shin 2006 Oligodendrocyte cell death in pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis: Protection of oligodendrocytes from apoptosis by complement J Rehab Res Dev 43 123 132 10.1682/JRRD.2004.08. 0111 (Pubitemid 43938753)
60. M Sailer B Fischl D Salat C Tempelmann MA Schonfeld E Busa, et al. 2003 Focal thinning of the cerebral cortex in multiple sclerosis Brain 126 1734 1744 10.1093/brain/awg175 12805100 (Pubitemid 36917333)
61. MS Saporito HM Wilcox KC Harptence ME Lewis JL Vaugth S Carswell 1993 Pharmacological induction of nerve growth factor mRNA in adult brain Expl Neurol 123 295 302 10.1006/exnr.1993.1162 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXhtlKl (Pubitemid 23328921)
62. M Saporito E Brown K Hartpence H Wilcox J Vaught S Carswell 1994 Chronic 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-mediated induction of nerve growth factor mRNA and protein in L929 fibroblasts and in adult rat brain Brain Res 633 189 196 10.1016/0006-8993(94)91539-3 1:STN:280:DyaK2c7osVynug%3D%3D 8137156 (Pubitemid 24021261)
63. T Schewe 1995 Molecular actions of ebselen-an anti-inflammatory antioxidant Gen Pharmacol 26 1153 1169 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXnsVOlt7k%3D 7590103
64. N Scolding 2001 Regenerating myelin Brain 124 2129 10.1093/brain/124.11. 2129 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3Mrms12jtg%3D%3D 11673315
65. A Setzu C Ffrench-Constant RJM Franklin 2004 CNS axons retain their competence for myelination throughout life Glia 45 307 311 10.1002/glia.10321 14730704 (Pubitemid 38222259)
66. FJ Sim RJM Franklin GL Hinks 2000 The re-expression of the homeodomain transcription factor Gtx during remyelination of experimentally induced demyelinating lesions in young and old rat brain Neurosci 100 131 139 10.1016/S0306-4522(00)00252-9 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXmtlOgtLs%3D (Pubitemid 30670307)
67. KJ Smith WF Blakemore WI McDonald 1979 Central remyelination restores secure conduction Nat 280 395 396 10.1038/280395a0 1:STN:280: DyaE1M3itF2jsA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 9235207)
68. KJ Smith R Kapoor PA Felts 1999 Demyelination: the role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species Brain Pathol 9 69 92 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXht1CmsLc%3D 9989453
69. MG Traber J Atkinson 2007 Vitamin E, antioxidant and nothing more Free Radical Biol Med 43 4 15 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.03.024 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXmtlagtb0%3D (Pubitemid 46874839)
70. M Vercellino F Plano B Votta R Mutani MT Giordana P Cavalla 2005 Grey matter pathology in multiple sclerosis J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 64 1101 1107 10.1097/01.jnen.0000190067.20935.42 16319720
71. BB Wolf DR Green 1999 Suicidal tendencies: apoptotic cell death by caspase family proteinases J Biol Chem 274 20049 20052 10.1074/jbc.274.29.20049 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXks1Kqur0%3D 10400609 (Pubitemid 29340341)
72. RH Woodruff RJM Franklin 1998 The expression of myelin basic protein exon 1 and exon 2 containing transcripts during myelination of the neonatal rat spinal cord-an in situ hybridization study J Neurocytol 27 683 693 10.1023/A:1006972316697 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXktVKlurY%3D 10447242 (Pubitemid 29230042)
73. RH Woodruff RJM Franklin 1999 Demyelination and remyelination of the caudal cerebellar peduncle of adult rats following stereotaxic injections of lysolecithin, ethidium bromide, and complement/anti-galactocerebroside: A comparative study Glia 25 216 228 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1136(19990201)25:3<216:: AID-GLIA2>3.0.CO;2-L 1:STN:280:DyaK1M7ivFKnug%3D%3D 9932868 (Pubitemid 29060218)
74. SC Zhang B Ge ID Duncan 1999 Adult brain retains the potential to generate oligodendroglial progenitors with extensive myelination capacity Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96 4089 4094 10.1073/pnas.96.7.4089 1:CAS:528: DyaK1MXjslCht7k%3D 10097168 (Pubitemid 29169041)
75. C Zhao SPJ Fancy MR Kotter WW Li RJM Franklin 2005 Mechanisms of CNS remyelination-the key to therapeutic advances J Neurol Sci 233 87 91 10.1016/j.jns.2005.03.008 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXltVeju7c%3D 15949498 (Pubitemid 40804821)