Autism spectrum disorders and allergy: Observation from a pediatric allergy/immunology clinic

Expert Review of Clinical Immunology

Volumn 6, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 397-411

  Jyonouchi, Harumi ^a  

^a RUTGERS NEW JERSEY MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

Allergy; Asthma; Autism spectrum disorders; IgE mediated allergic reactions; Non IgE mediated 'Allergic reactions

Indexed keywords

ANTIHISTAMINIC AGENT; GAMMA INTERFERON; HLA DQ2 ANTIGEN; HLA DQ8 ANTIGEN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E ANTIBODY; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; INTERFERON; PENICILLIN G;

ABDOMINAL CRAMP; ALLERGIC ASTHMA; ALLERGIC CONJUNCTIVITIS; ALLERGIC RHINITIS; ALLERGY; ASTHMA; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; AUTISM; CELIAC DISEASE; CHILDHOOD DISEASE; CLINICAL PRACTICE; COGNITION; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DIARRHEA; DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY; ECZEMA; EFFECTOR CELL; EOSINOPHILIC COLITIS; EOSINOPHILIC ESOPHAGITIS; EOSINOPHILIC GASTRITIS; FLUSHING; FOOD ALLERGY; GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX; HEADACHE; HOSPITAL ADMISSION; HUMAN; HYPERACTIVITY; INTERFERON PRODUCTION; INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION; IRRITABILITY; LOOSE FECES; NOSE CONGESTION; OTITIS MEDIA; PATCH TEST; PEDIATRIC HOSPITAL; PHYSICIAN; REVIEW; RHINOSINUSITIS; SENSITIZATION;

ADOLESCENT; CHILD; CHILD DEVELOPMENT DISORDERS, PERVASIVE; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYPERSENSITIVITY; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; INFANT; MALE; PREVALENCE;

EID: 77952076387     PISSN: 1744666X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/eci.10.18     Document Type: Review

References (128)

1. Abrahams BS, Geschwind DH. Advances in autism genetics: on the threshold of a new neurobiology. Nat. Rev. Genet. 9, 341-355 (2008). • Comprehensive review of recent advances from genetic studies in autism research.
2. Weiss LA. Autism genetics: emerging data from genome-wide copy-number and single nucleotide polymorphism scans. Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn. 9, 795-803 (2009).
3. Buie T, Campbell DB, Fuchs GJ et al. Evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of gastrointestinal disorders in individuals with ASDs: a consensus report. Pediatrics 125 (Suppl. 1), S1-S18 (2010). •• Comprehensive assessment of the published literature regarding gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and disorders observed in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), indicating the importance of GI comorbidities in these children.
4. Johnson KP, Giannotti F, Cortesi F. Sleep patterns in autism spectrum disorders. Child Adolesc. Psychiatr. Clin. N. Am. 18, 917-928 (2009).
5. Akdis CA, Akdis M. Mechanisms and treatment of allergic disease in the big picture of regulatory T cells. J. Allergy Clin Immunol. 123, 735-746;
6. quiz 47-48 (2009).
7. Proud D, Bailey GS, Naclerio RM et al. Tryptase and histamine as markers to evaluate mast cell activation during the responses to nasal challenge with allergen, cold, dry air, and hyperosmolar solutions. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 89, 1098-1110 (1992).
8. Bahadori K, Doyle-Waters MM, Marra C et al. Economic burden of asthma: a systematic review. BMC Pulm. Med. 9, 24 (2009).
9. Chang TW, Pan AY. Cumulative environmental changes, skewed antigen exposure, and the increase of allergy. Adv. Immunol. 98, 39-83 (2008).
10. Holt PG, Sly PD. Non-atopic intrinsic asthma and the 'family tree' of chronic respiratory disease syndromes. Clin. Exp. Allergy 39, 807-811 (2009).
11. Jyonouchi H. Food allergy and autism spectrum disorders: is there a link? Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep. 9, 194-201 (2009).
12. Jyonouchi H, Geng L, Cushing-Ruby A, Quraishi H. Impact of innate immunity in a subset of children with autism spectrum disorders: a case control study. J. Neuroinfammation 5, 52 (2008).
13. Tsai LY. Medical treatment in autism. In: Autism Spectrum Disorders: Identifcation, Education, and Treatment (3rd Edition). Zager D (Ed.). Erlbaum, NJ, USA, 395-492 (2005).
14. Romanos M, Gerlach M, Warnke A, Schmitt J. Association of attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder and atopic eczema modified by sleep disturbance in a large population-based sample. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 64, 269-273 (2010).
15. Rhee SH, Willcutt EG, Hartman CA, Pennington BF, DeFries JC. Test of alternative hypotheses explaining the comorbidity between attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder. J. Abnorm. Child Psychol. 36, 29-40 (2008).
16. Reif A, Jacob CP, Rujescu D et al. Influence of functional variant of neuronal nitric oxide synthase on impulsive behaviors in humans. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 66, 41-50 (2009). • This paper revealed that genetic polymorphisms associated with biological functions affect behavioral symptoms in humans.
17. Herrmann MJ, Wurflein H, Schreppel T et al. Catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158Met genotype affects neural correlates of aversive stimuli processing. Cogn. Affect Behav. Neurosci. 9, 168-172 (2009).
18. Conzelmann A, Mucha RF, Jacob CP et al. Abnormal affective responsiveness in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: subtype differences. Biol. Psychiatry 65, 578-585 (2009).
19. Kang SG, Lee HJ, Choi JE, An H, Rhee M, Kim L. Association study between glutathione S-transferase GST-M1, GST-T1, and GST-P1 polymorphisms and tardive dyskinesia. Hum. Psychopharmacol. 24, 55-60 (2009).
20. Jyonouchi H. Non-IgE-mediated food allergy. Inflamm. Allergy Drug Targets 7, 173-180 (2008).
21. Akdis M, Akdis CA. Mechanisms of allergen-specific immunotherapy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 119, 780-791 (2007).
22. Ozdemir C, Akdis M, Akdis CA. T regulatory cells and their counterparts: masters of immune regulation. Clin. Exp. Allergy 39, 626-639 (2009).
23. Pillemer BB, Qi Z, Melgert B, Oriss TB, Ray P, Ray A. STAT6 activation confers upon T helper cells resistance to suppression by regulatory T cells. J. Immunol. 183, 155-163 (2009).
24. Jackson JA, Friberg IM, Little S, Bradley JE. Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: immunity against helminths and immunological phenomena in modern human populations: coevolutionary legacies? Immunology 126, 18-27 (2009). • Comprehensive review addressing the difference between helminth infection and allergic diseases.
25. Ferrari S, Plebani A. Cross-talk between CD40 and CD40L: lessons from primary immune deficiencies. Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2, 489-494 (2002).
26. Stavnezer J, Guikema JE, Schrader CE. Mechanism and regulation of class switch recombination. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 26, 261-292 (2008).
27. Ochs HD, Oukka M, Torgerson TR. TH17 cells and regulatory T cells in primary immunodeficiency diseases. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 123, 977-983; quiz 84-85 (2009).
28. Tse K, Horner AA. Allergen tolerance versus the allergic march: the hygiene hypothesis revisited. Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep. 8, 475-483 (2008).
29. Ashwood P, Van de Water J. Is autism an autoimmune disease? Autoimmun. Rev. 3, 557-562 (2004).
30. Ashwood P, Wills S, Van de Water J. The immune response in autism: a new frontier for autism research. J. Leukoc. Biol. 80, 1-15 (2006). • Comprehensive review of the conflicting immunological data reported in ASD children and the problems with previous reports.
31. Singh VK. Plasma increase of interleukin-12 and interferon-y. Pathological significance in autism. J. Neuroimmunol. 66, 143-145 (1996).
32. Sweeten TL, Posey DJ, Shankar S, McDougle CJ. High nitric oxide production in autistic disorder: a possible role for interferon-y. Biol Psychiatry 55, 434-437 (2004).
33. Li X, Chauhan A, Sheikh AM et al. Elevated immune response in the brain of autistic patients. J. Neuroimmunol. 207, 111-116 (2009).
34. Molloy CA, Morrow AL, Meinzen-Derr J et al. Elevated cytokine levels in children with autism spectrum disorder. J. Neuroimmunol. 172, 198-205 (2006).
35. + T cells in autism. J. Neuroimmunol. 85, 106-109 (1998).
36. Enstrom A, Onore C, Hertz-Picciotto I et al. Detection of IL-17 and IL-23 in plasma samples of children with autism. Am. J. Biochem. Biotechnol. 4, 114-120 (2008).
37. Theoharides TC. Autism spectrum disorders and mastocytosis. Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol. 22, 859-865 (2009).
38. Singh VK. Phenotypic expression of autoimmune autistic disorder (AAD) : a major subset of autism. Ann. Clin. Psychiatry 21, 148-161 (2009).
39. Jyonouchi H, Sun S, Le H. Proinfammatory and regulatory cytokine production associated with innate and adaptive immune responses in children with autism spectrum disorders and developmental regression. J. Neuroimmunol. 120, 170-179 (2001).
40. Zimmerman AW, Jyonouchi H, Comi AM et al. Cerebrospinal fuid and serum markers of inflammation in autism. Pediatr. Neurol. 33, 195-201 (2005).
41. Jyonouchi H, Geng L, Ruby A, Reddy C, Zimmerman-Bier B. Evaluation of an association between gastrointestinal symptoms and cytokine production against common dietary proteins in children with autism spectrum disorders. J. Pediatr. 146, 605-610 (2005). • Addresses the possible association between GI symptoms and cellular immune activity to common dietary proteins in ASD children.
42. Metcalfe DD, Peavy RD, Gilfillan AM. Mechanisms of mast cell signaling in anaphylaxis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol 124, 639-646; quiz 47-48 (2009).
43. Bousquet J, Fokkens W, Burney P et al. Important research questions in allergy and related diseases: nonallergic rhinitis: a GA2LEN paper. Allergy 63, 842-853 (2008). •• Comprehensive summary of 'nonallergic rhinitis' addressing the clinical importance of nonallergic rhinitis.
44. Philip G, Jankowski R, Baroody FM, Naclerio RM, Togias AG. Reflex activation of nasal secretion by unilateral inhalation of cold dry air. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 148, 1616-1622 (1993).
45. Sarin S, Undem B, Sanico A, Togias A. The role of the nervous system in rhinitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 118, 999-1016 (2006).
46. Salib RJ, Harries PG, Nair SB, Howarth PH. Mechanisms and mediators of nasal symptoms in nonallergic rhinitis. Clin. Exp. Allergy 38, 393-404 (2008).
47. Sargi Z, Younis RT. Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea: current management. ORL J. Otorhinolaryngol. Relat. Spec. 69, 340-344 (2007).
48. Gozal D, Kheirandish-Gozal L, Capdevila OS, Dayyat E, Kheirandish E. Prevalence of recurrent otitis media in habitually snoring school-aged children. Sleep Med. 9, 549-554 (2008).
49. Bixler EO, Vgontzas AN, Lin HM et al. Sleep disordered breathing in children in a general population sample: prevalence and risk factors. Sleep 32, 731-736 (2009).
50. Quirce S. Asthma in Alergologica - 2005. J. Investig. Allergol. Clin. Immunol. 19 (Suppl. 2), 14-20 (2009).
51. Saglani S, Bush A. Asthma in preschool children: the next challenge. Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 9, 141-145 (2009).
52. Turner SW, Palmer LJ, Rye PJ et al. Determinants of airway responsiveness to histamine in children. Eur. Respir. J. 25, 462-467 (2005).
53. Dougherty RH, Fahy JV. Acute exacerbations of asthma: epidemiology, biology and the exacerbation-prone phenotype. Clin. Exp. Allergy 39, 193-202 (2009).
54. Rubio-Padilla M, del Rio-Navarro BE, Segura NH, Sienra-Monge JJ. [Difficult-tocontrol asthma. A bibliographical review]. Rev. Alerg. Mex. 56, 115-123 (2009).
55. Boulet LP. Influence of comorbid conditions on asthma. Eur. Respir. J. 33, 897-906 (2009).
56. Biederman J, Milberger S, Faraone SV, Guite J, Warburton R. Associations between childhood asthma and ADHD: issues of psychiatric comorbidity and familiality. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 33, 842-848 (1994).
57. Cuvo AJ, Reagon AL, Ackerlund J, Huckfeldt R, Kelly C. Training children with autism spectrum disorders to be compliant with a physical exam. Res. Autism Spectr. Disord. 4, 168-185 (2010).
58. Chan Y, Kuhn FA. An update on the classifications, diagnosis, and treatment of rhinosinusitis. Curr. Opin. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 17, 204-208 (2009).
59. Kalish LH, Arendts G, Sacks R, Craig JC. Topical steroids in chronic rhinosinusitis without polyps: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 141, 674-683 (2009).
60. Pawankar R, Zernotti ME. Rhinosinusitis in children and asthma severity Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 9, 151-153 (2009).
61. Armstrong MJ, Robins GG, Howdle PD. Recent advances in coeliac disease. Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. 25, 100-109 (2009).
62. Barker JM, Liu E. Celiac disease: pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and associated autoimmune conditions. Adv. Pediatr. 55, 349-365 (2008).
63. Rashtak S, Ettore MW, Homburger HA, Murray JA. Comparative usefulness of deamidated gliadin antibodies in the diagnosis of celiac disease. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 6, 426-432; quiz 370 (2008).
64. Agardh D. Antibodies against synthetic deamidated gliadin peptides and tissue transglutaminase for the identification of childhood celiac disease. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 5, 1276-1281 (2007).
65. Tiberti C, Bonamico M, Dotta F et al. Evidence of a selective epitope loss of anti-transglutaminase immunoreactivity in gluten-free diet celiac sera: a new tool to distinguish disease-specific immunoreactivities. Clin. Immunol. 121, 40-46 (2006).
66. Ravikumara M, Nootigattu VK, Sandhu BK. Ninety percent of celiac disease is being missed. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 45, 497-499 (2007). • Addresses the under-diagnosis of CD patients in the pediatric population.
67. Hill ID, Dirks MH, Liptak GS et al. Guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of celiac disease in children: recommendations of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 40, 1-19 (2005).
68. Buie T, Fuchs GJ 3rd, Furuta GT et al. Recommendations for evaluation and treatment of common gastrointestinal problems in children with ASDs. Pediatrics 125 (Suppl. 1), S19-S29 (2010).
69. Genuis SJ, Bouchard TP. Celiac disease presenting as autism. J. Child Neurol. 25, 114-119 (2009).
70. Ruggieri M, Incorpora G, Polizzi A, Parano E, Spina M, Pavone P. Low prevalence of neurologic and psychiatric manifestations in children with gluten sensitivity J. Pediatr. 152, 244-249 (2008).
71. Atladottir HO, Pedersen MG, Thorsen P et al. Association of family history of autoimmune diseases and autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics 124, 687-694 (2009). • This study included a good number of study subjects and indicated a high prevalence of family history of autoimmune diseases, including celiac disease, in ASD children.
72. Rubin M. Allergic intestinal bleeding in the newborn. Am. J. Med. Sci. 200, 385-387 (1940).
73. Sicherer SH. Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome: case presentations and management lessons. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 115, 149-156 (2005).
74. Sicherer SH, Sampson HA. 9. Food allergy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 117, S470-S475 (2006).
75. Nowak-Wegrzyn A, Muraro A. Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome. Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 9, 371-377 (2009).
76. Powell GK. Milk-and soy-induced enterocolitis of infancy Clinical features and standardization of challenge. J. Pediatr. 93, 553-560 (1978).
77. + regulatory T cells in children who have outgrown cows milk allergy. J. Exp. Med. 199, 1679-1688 (2004).
78. Vuurman EF, van Veggel LM, Uiterwijk MM, Leutner D, O'Hanlon JF. Seasonal allergic rhinitis and antihistamine effects on children's learning. Ann. Allergy 71, 121-126 (1993).
79. Marshall PS, O'Hara C, Steinberg P. Effects of seasonal allergic rhinitis on selected cognitive abilities. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 84, 403-410 (2000).
80. Walker S, Khan-Wasti S, Fletcher M, Cullinan P, Harris J, Sheikh A. Seasonal allergic rhinitis is associated with a detrimental effect on examination performance in United Kingdom teenagers: case-control study J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 120, 381-387 (2007). •• Large population study that convincingly demonstrated a detrimental effect of seasonal allergic rhinitis on examination performance (cognitive activity).
81. Borres MP. Allergic rhinitis: more than just a stuffy nose. Acta Paediatr. 98, 1088-1092 (2009).
82. Leger D, Annesi-Maesano I, Carat F et al. Allergic rhinitis and its consequences on quality of sleep: an unexplored area. Arch. Intern. Med. 166, 1744-1748 (2006).
83. Brawley A, Silverman B, Kearney S et al. Allergic rhinitis in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 92, 663-667 (2004).
84. Cuffel B, Wamboldt M, Borish L, Kennedy S, Crystal-Peters J. Economic consequences of comorbid depression, anxiety, and allergic rhinitis. Psychosomatics 40, 491-496 (1999).
85. Deshmukh VM, Toelle BG, Usherwood T, O'Grady B, Jenkins CR. Anxiety, panic and adult asthma: a cognitive-behavioral perspective. Respir. Med. 101, 194-202 (2007).
86. Goodwin RD, Jacobi F, Thefeld W. Mental disorders and asthma in the community. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 60, 1125-1130 (2003).
87. Goodwin RD, Olfson M, Shea S et al. Asthma and mental disorders in primary care. Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry 25, 479-483 (2003).
88. Goodwin RD, Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ. Asthma and depressive and anxiety disorders among young persons in the community. Psychol. Med. 34, 1465-1474 (2004).
89. Hasler G, Gergen PJ, Kleinbaum DG et al. Asthma and panic in young adults: a 20-year prospective community study. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 171, 1224-1230 (2005).
90. Feldman JM, Ortega AN, McQuaid EL, Canino G. Comorbidity between asthma attacks and internalizing disorders among Puerto Rican children at one-year follow-up. Psychosomatics 47, 333-339 (2006).
91. Alati R, O'Callaghan M, Najman JM, Williams GM, Bor W, Lawlor DA. Asthma and internalizing behavior problems in adolescence: a longitudinal study. Psychosom. Med. 67, 462-470 (2005).
92. Goodwin RD, Eaton WW. Asthma and the risk of panic attacks among adults in the community. Psychol. Med. 33, 879-885 (2003).
93. Craske MG, Poulton R, Tsao JC, Plotkin D. Paths to panic disorder/agoraphobia: an exploratory analysis from age 3 to 21 in an unselected birth cohort. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 40, 556-563 (2001).
94. Schmitt J, Romanos M, Pfennig A, Leopold K, Meurer M. Psychiatric comorbidity in adult eczema. Br. J. Dermatol. 161, 878-883 (2009).
95. Schmitt J, Romanos M. Lack of studies investigating the association of childhood eczema, sleeping problems, and attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 20, 299-300; author reply 301 (2009).
96. Schmitt J, Romanos M, Schmitt NM, Meurer M, Kirch W. Atopic eczema and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a population-based sample of children and adolescents. JAMA 301, 724-726 (2009).
97. Valicenti-McDermott MD, McVicar K, Cohen HJ, Wershil BK, Shinnar S. Gastrointestinal symptoms in children with an autism spectrum disorder and language regression. Pediatr. Neurol. 39, 392-398 (2008).
98. Briani C, Zara G, Alaedini A et al. Neurological complications of celiac disease and autoimmune mechanisms: a prospective study. J. Neuroimmunol. 195, 171-175 (2008).
99. Garud S, Leffler D, Dennis M et al. Interaction between psychiatric and autoimmune disorders in coeliac disease patients in the Northeastern United States. Aliment Pharmacol. Ther. 29, 898-905 (2009).
100. Schuppan D, Junker Y, Barisani D. Celiac disease: from pathogenesis to novel therapies. Gastroenterology 137, 1912-1933 (2009).
101. Aman MG, Singh NN, Stewart AW, Field CJ. The aberrant behavior checklist: a behavior rating scale for the assessment of treatment effects. Am. J. Ment. Defc. 89, 485-491 (1985).
102. Jyonouchi H, Lee Geng, Ruby A, Reddy C. Suboptimal responses to dietary intervention in children with autism spectrum disorders and non-IgE-mediated food allergy. In: Autism Research Advances. Zhao LB (Ed.). Nova Science Publishers, Inc., NY, USA, 169-184 (2007).
103. Asberg KH. The need for medical care among mentally retarded adults: a 5-year follow-up and comparison with a general population of the same age. Br. J. Ment. Subnormal. 68, 50-57 (1989).
104. Beange H, McElduff A, Baker W. Medical disorders of adults with mental retardation: a population study. Am. J. Ment. Retard. 99, 595-604 (1995).
105. Cooper SA. Clinical study of the effects of age on the physical health of adults with mental retardation. Am. J. Ment. Retard. 102, 582-589 (1998).
106. Carr EG, Smith CE. Biological setting events for self-injury. Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev. 1, 94-98 (1995).
107. Carr EG, Owen-Deschryver JS. Physical illness, pain, and problem behavior in minimally verbal people with developmental disabilities. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 37, 413-424 (2007). •• Revealed an association between underlying medical conditions and behavioral changes in subjects with minimal verbal skills and a developed pain score.
108. Kennedy CH, Meyer KA. Sleep deprivation, allergy symptoms, and negatively reinforced problem behavior. J. Appl. Behav. Anal. 29, 133-135 (1996).
109. Lekkas CN, Lentino W. Symptomproducing interposition of the colon. Clinical syndrome in mentally deficient adults. JAMA 240, 747-750 (1978).
110. Taylor DV, Rush D, Hetrick WP, Sandman CA. Self-injurious behavior within the menstrual cycle of women with mental retardation. Am. J. Ment. Retard. 97, 659-664 (1993).
111. Gunsett RP, Mulick JA, Fernald WB, Martin JL. Indications for medical screening prior to behavioral programming for severely and profoundly mentally retarded clients. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 19, 167-172 (1989).
112. Ker J, Hartert TV. The atopic march: what's the evidence? Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 103, 282-289 (2009).
113. Ciaccio CE, Portnoy JM. Strategies for primary prevention of atopy in children. Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep. 8, 493-499 (2008).
114. Sicherer SH, Bock SA. An expanding evidence base provides food for thought to avoid indigestion in managing difficult dilemmas in food allergy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 117, 1419-1422 (2006).
115. Sendid B, Jouault T, Vitse A, Fradin C, Colombel JF, Poulain D. [Anti-glycan antibodies establish an unexpected link between C. albicans and Crohn disease]. Med. Sci. (Paris) 25, 473-481 (2009).
116. Standaert-Vitse A, Sendid B, Joossens M et al. Candida albicans colonization and ASCA in familial Crohn's disease. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 104, 1745-1753 (2009).
117. Vandewalle-El Khoury P, Colombel JF, Joossens S et al. Detection of antisynthetic mannoside antibodies (ASigmaMA) reveals heterogeneity in the ASCA response of Crohn's disease patients and contributes to differential diagnosis, stratification, and prediction. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 103, 949-957 (2008).
118. Finegold SM, Molitoris D, Song Y et al. Gastrointestinal microflora studies in late-onset autism. Clin. Infect. Dis. 35, S6-S16 (2002).
119. Parracho HM, Bingham MO, Gibson GR, McCartney AL. Differences between the gut microflora of children with autistic spectrum disorders and that of healthy children. J. Med. Microbiol. 54, 987-991 (2005).
120. Shultz SR, MacFabe DF, Ossenkopp KP et al. Intracerebroventricular injection of propionic acid, an enteric bacterial metabolic end-product, impairs social behavior in the rat: implications for an animal model of autism. Neuropharmacology 54, 901-911 (2008).
121. MacFabe DF, Cain DP, Rodriguez-Capote K et al. Neurobiological effects of intraventricular propionic acid in rats: possible role of short chain fatty acids on the pathogenesis and characteristics of autism spectrum disorders. Behav. Brain Res. 176, 149-169 (2007).
122. Bieber T, Novak N. Pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis: new developments. Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep. 9, 291-294 (2009).
123. O'Regan GM, Sandilands A, McLean WH, Irvine AD. Filaggrin in atopic dermatitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 124, R2-R6 (2009).
124. Bath-Hextall F, Delamere FM, Williams HC. Dietary exclusions for improving established atopic eczema in adults and children: systematic review. Allergy 64, 258-264 (2009).
125. Nagao-Dias AT, Teixeira FM, Coelho HL. Diagnosing immune-mediated reactions to drugs. Allergol. Immunopathol. (Madr.) 37, 98-104 (2009).
126. Blanca M, Romano A, Torres MJ et al. Update on the evaluation of hypersensitivity reactions to β lactams. Allergy 64, 183-193 (2009).
127. Merk HF. Drug skin metabolites and allergic drug reactions. Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 9, 311-315 (2009).
128. Schiefner A, Wilson IA. Presentation of lipid antigens by CD1 glycoproteins. Curr. Pharm. Des. 15, 3311-3317 (2009).