Alcohol and the older adult: A comprehensive review

Journal of Nutrition for the Elderly

Volumn 28, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 203-235

  Heuberger, Roschelle A ^a  

^a CENTRAL MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Alcohol drinking; Alcoholism; Comorbidity; Older adults

Indexed keywords

AGED; AGING; CAUSE OF DEATH; COMORBIDITY; DOSE RESPONSE; DRINKING BEHAVIOR; DRUG INTERACTION; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MORTALITY; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW;

AGED; AGING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; CAUSE OF DEATH; COMORBIDITY; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; DRUG INTERACTIONS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE;

EID: 77951661207     PISSN: 01639366     EISSN: 15408566     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01639360903140106     Document Type: Review

References (227)

1. O'Connell H, Chin AV, Hamilton F, Cunningham C, Walsh JB, Coakley D, Lawelor BA. A systematic review of the utility of self-report alcohol screening instruments in the elderly. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2004; 19:1074-86.
2. Wattis JP, Seymore J. Alcohol abuse in elderly people: overview and summary. In: Watson, R. (Ed.), Alcohol and Coffee Use in the Aging. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2001:1-16.
3. Federal Interagency Forum on Aging related Statistics. Older Americans 2008: Key Indicators of Well Being. FIFARS. Washington: DC; USGPO.
4. Breslow R, Faden VB, Smothers B. Alcohol consumption by elderly Americans. J Stud Alcohol Drug. 2003; 64:884-92.
5. Adams PF, Schoenborn CA. Health behaviors of adults: United States. 2002-2004. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat. 2006; 10(230):8-22.
6. Mirand AL, Welte JW. Alcohol consumption among the elderly in a general population, Erie County, New York. Am J Public Health. 1996; 86:978-84.
7. Dawson DA. Temporal drinking patterns and variation in social consequences. Addiction. 1996; 91:1623-35.
8. Homaki J, Korhonen MJ, Enlund H, Hartzema AG, Kauhanen J. Risk drinking behavior among psychotropic drug users in an aging Finnish population: the FinDrink study. Alcohol. 2008; 42:261-7.
9. Stevenson JS. Alcohol use, misuse, abuse and dependence in later adulthood. Ann Rev Nurs Res. 2005; 23:245-8.
10. Ganry O, Joly JP, Queval MP, Dubreuil A. Prevalence of alcohol problems among elderly patients in a university hospital. Addiction. 2000; 95:107-13.
11. Dent OF, Grayson DA, Waite LM, Cullen JS, Creasey H, Broe GA. Alcohol consumption in a community sample of older people. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2000; 24(3):323-6.
12. Shahpesandy H, Pristasova J, Janikova Z, Mojzisova R, Kasanicka V, Supalova O. Alcoholism in the elderly: a study of elderly alcoholics compared with healthy elderly and young alcoholics. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2006; 27:651-7.
13. Onen SH, Onen F, Mangeon JP, Abidi H, Coupron P, Schmidt J. Alcohol abuse and dependence in elderly emergency department patients. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2005; 41:191-200.
14. Kirchner JE, Zubritsky C, Cody M, Coakley E, Chen H, Ware JH, et al. Alcohol consumption among older adults in primary care. J Gen Intern Med. 2007; 22:92-7.
15. Merrick EL, Horgan CM, Hodgkin D, Garnick DW, Houghton SF, Panas L, et al. Unhealthy drinking patterns in older adults: prevalence and associated characteristics. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008; 56:214-33.
16. Loukissa D. Underdiagnosis of alcohol misuse in the older adult population. Br J Nurs. 2007; 16:1254-58.
17. Buellens J, Aertgeerts B. Screening for alcohol abuse and dependence in older people. Aging Mental Health. 2004; 8(1):76-82.
18. Sorocco KH, Ferrell SW. Alcohol use among older adults. J Gen Psychol. 2006; 133:453-67.
19. Preub J, Padosch SA, Dettmeyer R, Driever F, Lignitz E, Madea B. Injuries in fatal cases of falls downstairs. Forensic Sci Int. 2004; 141(2-3):121-6.
20. Cox DE, Sadler DW, Pounder DJ. Alcohol estimation at necropsy: epidemiology, economics, and the elderly. J Clin Pathol. 1997; 50:197-201.
21. Dolkas L, Stanley C, Smith AM, Vilke GM. Deaths associated with choking in San Diego County. J Forensic Sci. 2007; 52:176-9.
22. Mabunda MM, Swart LA, Seedat M. Magnitude and categories of pedestrian fatalities in South Africa. Accid Anal Prev. 2008; 40(2):586-93.
23. Wilson E, Waring WS. Severe hypotension and hypothermia caused by acute ethanol toxicity. Emerg Med J. 2007; 24(2):e7.
24. Kohnke MD. Approach to the genetics of alcoholism: a review based on pathophysiology. Biochem Pharmacol. 2008; 75:160-77.
25. Feinman, L., Lieber, CS. Nutrition: medical problems of alcoholism. In: Lieber CS, ed. Medical and Nutritional Complications of Alcoholism: Mechanisms in Management. New York: Plenum Publishing Corp.; 1992:515-30.
26. Meier P, Seitz HK. Age, alcohol metabolism and liver disease. Curr Opinion Clin Nutr. 2008; 11:21-6.
27. Dufour M, Fuller RK. Alcohol in the elderly. Ann Rev Med. 1995; 46:123-32.
28. Oneta CM, Pedrosa M, Ruttimann S, Russell RM, Seitz HK. Age and bioavailability of alcohol. Gastroenterol. 2001; 39:783-88.
29. Pozzato G, Moretti M, Franzin F, Croce LS, Lacchin T, Benedetti G, et al. Ethanol metabolism and aging: the role of "first pass metabolism" and gastric alcohol dehydrogenase activity. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1995; 50(3):135-41.
30. Seitz HK, Egerer G, Simanowski UA, Waldherr R, Eckey R, Agarwal DP, et al. Human gastric alcohol dehydrogenase activity: effect of age, sex, and alcoholism. Gut. 1993; 34:1433-37.
31. Saab YB, Hachem A, Sinno S, El-Moalem H. Inappropriate medication use in elderly Lebanese outpatients: prevalence and risk factors. Drugs Aging. 2006; 23(9):743-52.
32. Rehm J, Patra J, Popova S. Alcohol attributable mortality and potential years of life lost in Canada 2001: implications for prevention and policy. Addiction. 2006; 101:373-84.
33. Black BS, Rabins PV, McGuire MH. Alcohol use disorder is a risk factor for mortality among older public housing residents. Int Psychogeriatr. 1998; 10:309-27.
34. Lin Y, Kikuchi S, Tamakoshi A, Wakai K, Kawamura T, Iso H, et al. Alcohol consumption and mortality among middle-aged and elderly Japanese men and women. Ann Epidemiol. 2005; 15:590-7.
35. Sorock GS, Chen LH, Gonzalgo SR, Baker SP. Alcohol-drinking history and fatal injury in older adults. Alcohol. 2006; 40:193-99.
36. Lumenta DB, Hautier A, Desouches C, Gouvernet J, Giorgi R, Manelli JC, et al. Mortality and morbidity among elderly people with burns-evaluation of data on admission. Burns. 2008; 34:965-74.
37. Paganini-Hill A, Kawas CH, Corrada MM. Type of alcohol consumed, changes in intake over time and mortality: the Leisure World Cohort Study. Age Ageing. 2007; 36:203-9.
38. Schooling C, Sun W, Ho SY, Chan WM, Tham MK, Ho KS, et al. Moderate alcohol use and mortality from ischaemic heart disease: a prospective study in older Chinese people. Plosone. 2008; 3(6):e2370.
39. Thun MJ, Peto R, Lopez AD, Monaco JH, Henley SJ, Heath CW, Doll R. Alcohol consumption and mortality among middle-aged and elderly U.S. adults. N Engl J Med. 1997; 337(24):1705-14.
40. Gronbaek M, Deis A, Sorenson TA, Becker U, Schnohr P. Mortality associated with moderate intakes of wine beer or spirits. Br Med J. 1995; 310:1165-69.
41. de Jong HJ, de Goede J, Oude Griep LM, Geleijnse JM. Alcohol consumption and blood lipids in elderly coronary patients. Metabol. 2008; 57:1286-92.
42. Ruixing Y, Shangling P, Hong C, Hanjun Y, Hai W, Yuming C, et al. Diet, alcohol consumption, and serum lipid levels of the middle-aged and elderly in the Guangxi Bai Ku Yao and Han populations. Alcohol. 2008; 42:219-29.
43. Djousse L, Gaziano JM. Alcohol consumption and risk of heart failure in the Physicians' Health Study I. Circulation. 2007; 115:34-9.
44. Pahor M, Guralnik JM, Havlik RJ, Carbonin P, Salive ME, Ferrucci L, et al. Alcohol consumption and risk of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1996; 44:1030-7.
45. Tolstrup J, Gronback M. Alcohol and atherosclerosis: recent insights. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2007; 9:116-24.
46. Fiellin DA, O'Connor PG, Wang Y, Radford MJ, Krumholz HM. Quality of care for acute myocardial infarction in elderly patients with alcohol-related diagnoses. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2006; 30:70-5.
47. van Trijp MJ, Bos WJ, van der Schouw YT, Muller M, Grobbee DE, Bots ML. Alcohol and arterial wave reflections in middle aged and elderly men. Eur J Clin Invest. 2005; 35:615-21.
48. Nagai Y, Ishida K, Hirooka M, Nishimaru K. Effect of ethanol on hemorrheology in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease and elderly healthy men. Clin Hemorrheol Microcirc. 2001; 25(3-4):135-44.
49. Wakabayashi I, Kobaba-Wakabayashi R. Effects of age on the relationship between drinking and atherosclerotic risk factors. Gerontology. 2002; 48(3):151-6.
50. Wakabayashi I. Age-dependent association of alcohol drinking with pulse pressure. J Hypertens. 2007; 25:971-5.
51. Yin R, Li H, Wu J, Lin W, Yang D, Pan D, Huang J, Long X. Effects of alcohol consumption and other lifestyle behaviors on blood pressure for the middleaged and elderly in the Guangxi Hei Yi Zhuang and Han populations. Alcohol. 2007; 41:541-50.
52. Wakabayashi I. Associations of alcohol drinking and cigarette smoking with serum lipid levels in healthy middle-aged men. Alcohol. 2008; 43:274-80.
53. Bau PF, Bau CH, Naujorks AA, Rosito GA. Early and late effects of alcohol ingestion on blood pressure and endothelial function. Alcohol. 2005; 37:53-8.
54. Puddey IB, Beilin LJ. Alcohol is bad for blood pressure. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2006; 33:847-52.
55. Bourgkard E, Wild P, Massin N, Meyer JP, Otero-Sierra C, Fontana JM, et al. Association of physical job demands, smoking and alcohol abuse with subsequent premature mortality: a nine year follow up population based study. J Occup Health. 2008; 50:31-40.
56. Bulpitt CJ. How many alcoholic drinks might benefit the older person with hypertension? J Hypertens. 2005; 23(11):1947-51.
57. Steptoe A. Health behavior patterns in relation to hypertension. The English Longitudinal Study of Aging. J Hypertens. 2009; 27:224-30.
58. Djousse L, Biggs ML, Mukamai KJ, Siscovick D. Alcohol consumption and type 2 diabetes among older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Obesity. 2007; 15:1758-65.
59. Howard AA, Arnsten JH, Gourevitch MN. Effect of alcohol consumption on diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2004; 140:211-19.
60. Beulens JW, Stolk RP, van der Schouw YT, Grobbee DE, Hendricks HF, Bots ML. Alcohol consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes among older women. Diabetes Care. 2005; 28:2933-38.
61. Koppes IJ, Dekker JM, Hendricks HF, Bouter LM, Heine RJ. Moderate alcohol consumption lowers the risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta analysis of prospective observational studies. Diabetes Care. 2005; 28:719-25.
62. Tsumura K, Hayashi T, Suematsu C, Endo G, Fuji S, Okada K. Daily alcohol consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes in Japanese men. The Osaka Health Survey. Diabetes Care. 1999; 22:1683-87.
63. Carlsson S, Hammar N, Grill V. Alcohol consumption and type 2 diabetes: a meta analyses of epidemiological studies indicates a U shaped relationship. Diabetologia. 2005; 48:1051-54.
64. Waki K, Noda M, Sasaki S, Matsumura Y, Takahashi Y, Isogawa A, et al. Alcohol consumption and other risk factors for self reported diabetes among middle aged Japanese: a population based p[prospective study in the JPHC study cohort. Diabet Med. 2005; 22:323-31.
65. Carlsson S, Hammar N, Grill V, Kaprio J. Alcohol consumption and incidence of type 2 diabetes: a 20 yr follow up of the Finnish twin cohort study. Diabetes Care. 2003; 26:2785-90.
66. Riserus U, Ingelsson E. Alcohol intake, insulin resistance, abdominal obesity in elderly men. Obesity. 2007; 15:1766-73.
67. Buelens JW, Rimm EB, Hendricks HF, Hu FB, Manson JE, Hunter DJ, et al. Alcohol consumption and Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes. 2007; 56:2388-94.
68. Sato KK, Hayashi T, Nakamura Y, Harita N, Yoneda T, Endo G, et al. Liver enzymes compared with alcohol consumption in predicting the risk of type 2 diabetes: the Kansai Healthcare study. Diabetes Care. 2008; 31(6):1230-36.
69. Durazzo M, Premoli A, Bo S. Gastrointestinal problems in the elderly. Panmin Med. 2007; 49:151-8.
70. Taylor B, Rehm J, Gmel G. Moderate alcohol consumption and the gastrointestinal tract. Dig Dis. 2005; 23(3-4):170-76.
71. Taylor B, Rehm J. Moderate alcohol consumption and diseases of the gastrointestinal system: a review of the pathophysiological processes. Dig Dis. 2005; 23(3-4):177-80.
72. Rooban T, Rao A, Joshua E, Ranganathan K. The prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in alcohol misusers in Chennai, south India. Ind J Dent Res. 2009; 20(1):41-6.
73. Bode C, Bode JC. Effect of alcohol consumption on the gut. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2003; 17:575-592.
74. Sturgis EM, Dahlstrom KR, Guan Y, Eicher SA, Strom SS, Spitz MR, et al. Alcohol dehydrogenase 3 phenotype is not associated with risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and pharynx. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2001; 10:273-5.
75. Uzcudun AE, Retolaza IR, Fernandez PB, Hernandez JJ, Grande AG, Garcia AG, et al. Nutrition and pharyngeal cancer: results from a case control study in Spain. Head Neck. 2002; 24:830-40.
76. Asakage T, Yokoyama A, Haneda T, Yamakazi M, Manabu M, Yokoyama T, et al. Genetic polymorphisms of alcohol and acetaldehyde dehydrogenases and drinking, smoking and diet in Japanese men with oral and pharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Carcinogenesis. 2007; 28(4):865-74.
77. Lucey MR, Connor JT, Boyer TD, Henderson JM, Rikkers LF. Alcohol consumption by cirrhotic subjects: patterns of use and effects on liver function. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008; 103:1698-1706.
78. Tsokos M, Turk EE. Esophageal variceal hemorrhage presenting as sudden death in outpatients. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2002; 126:1197-1200.
79. Talamni G, Capelli P, Zamboni G, Mastromauro M, Passetto M, Castagnini A, et al. Alcohol, smoking and papilloma virus infection as risk factors for esophageal squamous cell papilloma and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Italy. Int J Cancer. 2000; 86:874-8.
80. Muto M, Hitomi Y, Ohtsu A, Ebihara S, Yoshida S, Esumi H. Association of aldehydes dehydrogenase 2 gene polymorphism with multiple oesophageal dysplasia in head and neck cancer patients. Gut. 2000; 47:256-261.
81. Matsuo K, Hamajima N, Shinoda M, Hatooka S, Inoue M, Takezaki T, et al. Gene-environment interaction between aldehydes dehydrogenase-2 polymorphism and alcohol consumption for the risk of esophageal cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2001; 22:913-16.
82. Hashibe M, Boffetta P, Zaridze D, Shaninga O, Szeszenia N, Mates D, et al. Evidence for an important role of alcohol and aldehydes metabolizing genes in cancers of the upper Aerodigestive tract. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006; 15:696-703.
83. Yang S, Wang H, Li X, Du H, Zheng C, Chen H, et al. Genetic polymorphisms of ASH2 and ALDH2 association with esophageal cancer in southwest China. World J Gastroenterol. 2007; 13(43):5760-64.
84. Guo Y, Liu Z, Chen H, Qi Z, Guo Q. Genetic polymorphisms in cP4502E1, alcohol and aldehydes dehydrogenases and the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Chinese males. World J Gastroenterol. 2008; 14(9):1444-9.
85. Hoek JB, Cahill A, Pastorino JG. Alcohol and mitochondria: a dysfunctional relationship. Gastroenterol. 2002; 122:2049-63.
86. Zullo A, Hassan C, Campo SM, Morini S. Bleeding peptic ulcer in the elderly. Drug Aging. 2007; 24:815-828.
87. Pederosa MC, Russel RM, Saltzman JR, Golner BB, Dallal GE, Sepe TE, et al. Gastric emptying and first pass metabolism of ethanol in elderly subjects. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1996; 31:671-677.
88. Mueller X, Rothernbuehler JM, Amery A, Harder E. Factors predisposing to further hemorrhage and mortality after peptic ulcer bleeding. J Am Coll Surg. 1994; 179:457-61.
89. Battaglia G, DiMario F, Dotto P, Leandro G, Pilotto A, Ferranan M, et al. Markers of slow healing peptic ulcer in the elderly. Dig Dis Sci. 1993; 38:1414-21.
90. Kocer B, Surmelli S, Solak C, Unal B, Bozkurt B, Yildirim O, et al. Factors affecting mortality and morbidity in patients with peptic ulcer perforation. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007; 22:565-70.
91. D'Avanzo B, LaVecchia C, Franceschi S. Alcohol consumption and the risk of gastric cancer. Nutr Cancer. 1994; 22:57-64.
92. Teyssen S, Singer MV. Alcohol related diseases of the oesophagus and stomach. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2003; 17:557-573.
93. Song H, Kim H, Choi N, Hahn S, Cho Y, Park B. Gender differences in gastric cancer incidence in elderly former drinkers. Alcohol. 2008; 42:363-68.
94. Terry MB, Gammon MD, Zhang FF, Vaughan TL, Chow WH, Risch HA, et al. Alcohol dehydrogenase 3 and risk of esophageal and gastric adenocarcinomas. Cancer Causes Control. 2007; 18:1039-46.
95. Kamisawa T, Yoshiike M, Egawa N, Nakajima H, Tsuruta K, Okamoto A, et al. Chronic pancreatitis in the elderly in Japan. Pancreatol. 2004; 4(3-4):223-7.
96. Yadav D, Eigenbrodt ML, Briggs MJ, Williams DK, Wiseman EJ. Pancreatitis: prevalence and risk factors among male veterans in a detoxification program. Pancreas. 2007; 34:390-98.
97. Welch T, Kleef J, Seitz HK, Buchler P, Friess H, BuchlerMW. Update on pancreatic cancer and alcohol associated risk. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006; 21(3):S69-75.
98. Hassan MM, Bondy ML, Wolff RA, Abbruzzese JL, Vauthey JN, Pisters PW, et al. Risk factors for pancreatic cancer: case control study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007; 102:2696-707.
99. Lankisch MR, Imoto M, Layer P. The effects of small amounts of alcohol on the clinical course of chronic pancreatitis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2001; 76:242-51.
100. Pelli H, Lappalainen LR, Piironen A, Sand J, Nordback I. Risk factors for recurrent acute alcohol associated pancreatitis: a prospective analysis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2008; 43(5):6174-21.
101. Kocher HM. Chronic pancreatitis. Am Fam Phys. 2008; 77:661-2.
102. Muddana V, Lamb J, Greer JB, Elinoff B, Hawes RH, Cotton PB, et al. Association between calcium sensing receptor gene polymorphisms and chronic pancreatitis in a US population: role of serine protease inhibitor Kazai1 type and alcohol. World J Gastroenterol. 2008; 4(28):4486-91.
103. Leiber CS. Alcohol and the liver: 1994 update. Gastroenterol. 1994; 106:1085-1105.
104. Russello M, Benigno R, Zammataro M. Hepatitis C in elderly patients in chronic liver diseases. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 1996; 5:317-20.
105. Seitz HK, Stickel F. Alcoholic liver disease in the elderly. Clin Geriatr Med. 2007; 23:905-21.
106. Meier P, Seitz HK. Age, alcohol metabolism and liver disease. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2008; 1:21-26.
107. Li TK. Quantifying the risk for alcohol use and alcohol attributable health disorders: present findings and future research needs. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008; 23(1):S2-S8.
108. Yu H, Harris RE, Kabat GC, Wynder EL. Cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and primary liver cancer: a case control study in the USA. Int J Cancer. 1998; 42:325-8.
109. Corrao G, Bagnardi V, Zambon A, Arico S. Exploring the dose response relationship between alcohol consumption and the risk of several alcohol related conditions: a meta analysis. Addiction. 1999; 94:1551-73.
110. Donato F, Tagger A, Gelatti U, Parrinello G, Boffetta P, Albertini A, et al. Alcohol and hepatocellular carcinoma: the effect of lifetime intake and hepatitis virus infections in men and women. Am J Epidemiol. 2002; 155:323-31.
111. Kaibori M, Matsui K, Ishizaki M, Saito T, Kitade H, Matsui Y, Kwon A. Hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma in the elderly. J Surg Oncol. 2009; 99:154-60.
112. Ferrari P, Jenab M, Norat T, EPIC Investigators. Lifetime and baseline alcohol intake and risk of colon and rectal cancers in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Int J Cancer. 2007; 121:2065-72.
113. Thygesen LC, Wu K, Gronbaek M, Fuchs CS, Willett WC, Giovanucci E. Alcohol intake and colorectal cancer: a comparison of approaches for including repeated measures of alcohol consumption. Epidemiol. 2008; 19:258-64.
114. Acott AA, Theus SA, Marchant-Miros KE, Mancino T. Association of tobacco and alcohol use with earlier development of colorectal cancer: should we modify screening guidelines? Am J Surg. 2008; 196:915-8.
115. Mosakai A, Norat T, Ferrari P, Riboli E. Alcohol intake and colorectal cancer risk: a dose response meta analysis of published data. Int J Cancer. 2006; 120:664-71.
116. Toriola AT, Kurl S, Laukanen JA, Mazengo C, Kauhanaen J. Alcohol consumption and risk of colorectal cancer: the FinDrink study. Eur J Epidemiol. 2008; 23(6):395-401.
117. Otani T, Iwasaka M, Yammomoto S, Sobue T, Hanaoka T, Inoue M, Tsugane S. Alcohol consumption, smoking, and subsequent risk of colorectal cancer in middle aged and elderly men and women: Japan Public Health Center Based Prospective Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2003; 12:1492-1500.
118. Mizoue T, Inoue M, Wakai K, Nagata C, Shimazu T, Tauji I, Otani T, Tanaka K, Matsuo K, Tamakoshi A, Sasazuki S, Taugane S. Alcohol drinking and colorectal cancer in Japanese: a pooled analyses of results from five cohort studies. Am J Epidemiol. 2008; 167:1397-1406.
119. Bongaerts B, vandenBrandt PA, Goldbohm A, deGoeij A, Weijenbrodt M. Alcohol consumption, type of alcoholic beverage and risk of colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer. 2008; 123:2411-17.
120. Gao C, Takezaki T, Wu J, Zhang X, Cao H, Ding J, et al. Polymorphisms of alcohol dehydrogenase 2 and aldehydes dehydrogenase 2 and colorectal cancer risk in Chinese males. World J Gastroenterol. 2008; 14(32):5078-83.
121. Dietrich T, Jiminez M, Krall E, Vokonas P, Garcia R. Age dependent associations between chronic periodontitis and edentulism and risk of coronary heart disease. Circulation. 2008; 117:1668-74.
122. Liedberg B, Stoltze K, Norlen P, Owall B. "Inadequate" dietary habits and mastication in elderly men. Gerodontology. 2007; 24(1):41-6.
123. Yu Y, Kuo H, Lai Y. The association between serum folate levels and periodontal disease in older adults. Data from NHANES 2001=02. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007; 55:108-13.
124. Carda C, Gomez M, Arriaga A, Carranza M, Peydro A. Alcoholic parotid sialosis: A structural and ultrastructural study. Med Oral. 2004; 9:24-32.
125. Longman LP, HighamSM, Rai K, Edgar V, Field EA. Salivary gland hypofunction in elderly patients attending a xerostomia clinic. Gerodontology. 1995; 12(12):67-72.
126. Reidel F, Goessler UR, Hormann K. Alcohol related diseases of the mouth and throat. Dig Dis. 2005; 23(3-4):195-203.
127. Slomaiany BL, Piotrowski J, Siomany A. Chronic alcohol ingestion enhances tumor necrosis alpha expression and salivary gland apoptosis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1997; 21:1530-3.
128. Vakevainen S, Tillonen J, Agarawal DP, Srivastava N, Salaspuro M. High salivary acetaldehyde after a moderate dose of alcohol in ALDH2 deficient subjects: Strong evidence for the local carcinogenic action of acetaldehyde. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2000; 24:873-7.
129. Hanioka T, Ojima M, Tanaka K, Aoyama H. Association of total tooth loss with smoking, drinking alcohol and nutrition in elderly Japanese: analysis of national database. Gerodontology. 2007; 24(2):87-92.
130. Pitiphat W, Merchant AT, Rimm EB, Joshipura KJ. Alcohol consumption increases periodontitis risk. J Dent Res. 2003; 82:509-13.
131. Tezal M, Grossi SG, Ho AW, Genco RJ. The effect of alcohol consumption on periodontal disease. J Periodontol. 2001; 72:183-9.
132. Nackearts O, Horner K, Jacobs R, Karayianni K, Musea A, Berkas L, et al. Is self reported alcohol consumption associated with osteoporotic mandibular bone loss in women? Eur J Oral Sci. 2009; 117:7-12.
133. Friedlander AH, Norman D. Geriatric Alcoholism: pathophysiology and dental implications. J Am Dent Assoc. 2006; 137(3):330-38.
134. Macdonald HM. Alcohol and recommendations for bone health: should we still exercise caution? Am J Clin Nutr. 2009; 89:999-1000.
135. Berg KM, Kunins HV, Jackson JF, Nahvi S, Chaudhry A, Harris KA, et al. Association between alcohol consumption and both osteoporotic fracture and bone density. Am J Med. 2008; 121:406-18.
136. Osawa M, Satoh F, Hasegawam I. Acute death due to hyperextension injury of the cervical spine caused by falling and slipping onto the face. J Forensic Leg Med. 2008; 15(7):457-61.
137. Sudo A, Miyamoto N, Horikawa K, Urawa M, Yamakawa T, Yamada T, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for knee osteoarthritis in elderly Japanese men and women. J Orthop Sci. 2008; 13(5):413-8.
138. Kim MJ, Shim MS, Kim MK, Lee Y, Shin YG, Chung CH, et al. Effect of chronic alcohol ingestion on bone mineral density in males without liver cirrhosis. Korean J Intern Med. 2003; 18(3):174-80.
139. Tucker KL, Jugdaohsingh R, Powell JJ, Qiao N, Hannan MT, Sripanyakorn S, et al. Effects of beer, wine and liquor intakes on bone mineral density in older men and women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009; 89:1188-96.
140. Hannan MT, Felson D, Dawson-Hughes B, Tucker KL, Cupples LA, Wilson PW, Kiel DP. Risk factors for longitudinal bone loss in elderly men and women: The Framingham osteoporosis study. J Bone Min Res. 2000; 15:710-20.
141. Czerwinski E, Badurski JE, Marcinowska E, Osieleniec J. Current understanding of osteoporosis according to the position of the World Health Organization and the International Osteoporosis Foundation. Ortop Traumatol Rehabil. 2007; 9:337-56.
142. Turner RT, Kidder LS, Kennedy A. Moderate alcohol consumption suppresses bone turnover in adult female rats. J Bone Miner Res. 2001; 16:589-94.
143. Sampson HW, Shipley D. Moderate alcohol consumption does not augment bone density in ovariectomized rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1997; 21:1165-68.
144. Sampson HW. The effects of alcohol consumption on adult and aged bone: a histopmorphometric study of the rat animal model. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1998; 22:2029-34.
145. Reed AH,McCarty HL, Evans GL. Effects of chronic alcohol consumption and exercise on the skeleton of adult male rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2002; 26:1269-74.
146. Hogan A, Argueta F, Moe L, Nguyen LP, Sampson HW. Adult onset alcohol consumption induces osteopenia in female rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2001; 25:746-54.
147. Dyer SA, Buckendahl P, Sampson HW. Alcohol consumption inhibits osteoblastic cell proliferation and activity in vivo. Alcohol. 1998; 16:337-41.
148. Sampson HW, Spears H. Osteopenia due to chronic alcohol consumption by young actively growing rats is not completely reversible. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1999; 23(2):324-7.
149. Rosa ML, Beloti NM, Prando N, Queiroz RH, de Oliveira PT, Rosa AL. Chronic ethanol intake inhibits in vitro osteogenesis induced by osteoblasts differentiated from stem cells. J Appl Toxicol. 2008; 28:205-11.
150. Lima I, Rocha MS, Lopes RT. Ethanol bone evaluation using 3D microtomography. Micron. 2008; 39:617-22.
151. Sampson HW. Alcohol and other factors affecting osteoporosis risk in women. Alcohol Res Health. 2002; 26(4):202-8.
152. Sampson W. Alcohol's harmful effects on bone. Alcohol Health Res World. 1998; 22(3):190-4.
153. Hogan HA, Groves JA, Sampson HW. Long term alcohol consumption in the rat affects femur cross sectional geometry and bone tissue material properties. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1999; 23:1825-33.
154. Sampson HW, Herbert VA, Boooe HL, Champney TH. Effect of alcohol consumption on adults and aged bone: Composition, morphology and hormone levels of a rat animal model. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1998; 22:1746-53.
155. Burger H, de Laet C, van Daele P, Weel A, Witteman J, Hofman A, et al. Risk factors of increased bone loss in an elderly population: the Rotterdam study. Am J Epidemiol. 1998; 147:871-79.
156. Rapuri PM, Gallagher JC, Balhorn KE, Ryschon KL. Alcohol intake and bone metabolism in elderly women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000; 72:1206-13.
157. Muraki S, Yamomoto S, Ishibashi H, Oka H, Yoshimura N, Kawaguchi H, Nakamura K. Diet and lifestyle associated with increased bone mineral density: cross sectional study of Japanese elderly women at an osteoporosis outpatient clinic. J Orthoped Sci. 2007; 12:317-20.
158. Grazio S, Korsic M, Janjic I. Effects of smoking and alcohol consumption on vertebral deformity in the elderly: an epidemiological study. Coll Anthropol. 2005; 29:567-72.
159. Ganry O, Baudoin C, Fardellone P. Effect of alcohol intake on bone mineral density in older women. The EPIDOS Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2000; 151:773-80.
160. Wosje KS, Kalkwarf HJ. Bone density in relation to alcohol intake among men and women in the United States. Osteoporos Int. 2007; 18:391-400.
161. Mukamal KJ, Robbins JA, Cauley JA, Kern LM, Siscovick DS. Alcohol consumption, bone density and hip fracture among older adults: the cardiovascular health study. Osteoporos Int. 2007; 18:593-602.
162. Resnick B, Junlapeeya P. Falls in a community of older adults: findings and implications for practice. Appl Nurs Res. 2004; 17(2):81-91.
163. Ostbye T, Walton RE, Steenhuis R, Hodsman AB. Predictors and sequelae of fractures in the elderly: the Canadian Study of Health and Aging (CSHA). Can J Aging. 2004; 23(3):247-53.
164. Jacqmin H, Fourrier A, Commenges D, Dartigues J. Risk factors for fractures in the elderly. Epidemiol. 1998; 9:417-423.
165. Cawthon PM, Harrison SL, Barrett-Connors E, Fink HA, Cauley JA, Lewis CE, et al. Alcohol intake and its relationship with bone mineral density, falls and fracture risk in older men. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006; 54:1649-57.
166. Ojo F, Edwards BJ. Frequency of low bone mass in elderly males attending an academic geriatric clinic: a pilot study. Aging Male. 2003; 6(3):145-50.
167. Siris ES, Faulkner KG, Wehren LE. Prediction of fracture risk in postmenopausal white women and peripheral bone densitometry: evidence from the National Osteoporosis Risk Assessment. J Bone Miner Res. 2002; 17:2222-30.
168. Pluijm SM, Smit JH, Tromp EA, Stel VS, Deeg DJ, Bouter LM, Lips P. A risk profile for identifying community dwelling elderly with a high risk of recurrent falling: results of a 3 year prospective study. Osteoporos Int. 2006; 17:417-25.
169. Hemenway D, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Speizer FE. Fractures and lifestyle: effect of cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, and relative weight on the risk of hip and forearm fractures in middle-aged women. Am J Public Health. 1988; 78:1554-8.
170. Coutinho E, Fletcher A, Bloch K, Rodrigues L. Risk factors for falls with severe fracture in elderly people living in a middle income country: a case control study. BMC Geriatr. 2008; 8:21-7.
171. Wyatt JP, Beard D, Busuttil A. Fatal falls down stairs. Injury. 1999; 30:31-4.
172. Hartshorne NJ, Harruff RC, Alvord EC. Fatal head injuries in ground-level falls. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 1997; 18:258-64.
173. Dessypris N, Dikalioti SK, Skalkidis I, Sergentanis TN, Terzidis A, Petridou ET. Combating unintentional injury in the Unites States: lessons learned from the ICD-10 classification period. J Trauma. 2009; 66:519-25.
174. Incalzi RA, Corsonello A, Pedone C, Corica F, Carbonin P. Depression and drug utilization in an elderly population. Therap Clin Risk Manag. 2005; 1:55-60.
175. Kurzthaler I, Wambacher M, Golser K, Sperner G, Sperner-Unterweger B, Haidekker A, Pavlic M, Kemmler G, Fleischhacker W. Alcohol and benzodiazepines in falls. An epidemiological review. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2005; 79:225-30.
176. Aira M, Hartikainen S, Sulkava R. Community prevalence of alcohol use and concomitant use of medication: a source of possible risk in the elderly aged 75 and older. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2005; 20:680-85.
177. Du Y, Scheldt-Nave C, Knopf H. Use of psychotropic drugs and alcohol among non-institutionalized elderly adults in Germany. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2008; 41:242-51.
178. Saab Y, Hachem A, Sinno S, El-Moalem H. Inappropriate medication use in elderly Lebanese outpatients. Drugs Aging. 2006; 23:743-52.
179. Franson KL, Hay DP, Neppe V, Dahdal WY, Mirza WU, Grossberg GT, et al. Drug induced seizures in the elderly. Drugs Aging. 1995; 7:38-47.
180. Simoni L, Yang H. Psychoactive drug abuse in older adults. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2006; 4:380-94.
181. Turnheim K. Drug treatment in the elderly: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations. In: Mallarkey G, ed. Drug Treatment Considerations in the Elderly. Auckland, NZ: Adis International; 2000:35-59.
182. Seymour RM, Routeledge PA. Important drug-drug interactions in the elderly. In: Mallarkey G, ed. Drug Treatment Considerations in the Elderly. Auckland, NZ: Adis International; 2000:61-70.
183. Beyth RJ, Shorr RI. Epidemiology of adverse drug reactions in the elderly by drug class. In: Mallarkey G, ed. Drug Treatment Considerations in the Elderly. Auckland, NZ: Adis International; 2000:71-79.
184. Katzung B. Special aspects of geriatric pharmacology. In: Katzung B, ed. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. 10th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Publications; 2007:983-91.
185. Horn JR. Important drug interactions and their mechanisms. In: Katzung B, ed. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. 10th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Publications; 2007:1082-95.
186. Pringle KE, Ahern FM, Heller DA, Gold CH, Brown TV. Potential for alcohol and prescription medication interactions in older people. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005; 53:1930-36.
187. Onder G, Landi F, Della C, Atkinson H, Pedone C, Cesari M, et al. Moderate alcohol consumption and adverse drug reactions among older adults. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Safety. 2002; 11:385-92.
188. Gupta AN, Barona E, Leiber CS. Significant increase of blood alcohol by cimetidine after repetitive drinking of small alcohol doses. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1995; 19:1083-7.
189. Rossi S, Assisi DN, Awsare M, Brunner M, Skole K, Rai J, et al. The use of over the counter analgesics in patients with chronic liver disease: physician recommendations. Drug Saf. 2008; 31(3):261-70.
190. Mattilla M. Alcohol and drug interactions. Ann Med. 1999; 22:363-9.
191. Weathermon R, Crabb DW. Alcohol medication interactions. Alc Res Health. 1999; 23(1):40-54.
192. Moore AA, Morton SC, Beck JC, Hays RD, Oishi SM, Partridge JM, et al. A new paradigm for alcohol use in older persons. Med Care. 1999; 37:165-79.
193. Kintz P, Villain M, Cirimele V. Chemical abuse in the elderly. Ther Drug Monit. 2008; 30:207-11.
194. Adams WL. Interactions between alcohol and other drugs. Int J Addict. 1995; 30(13-14):1903-23.
195. Adams WL. Potential for adverse drug-alcohol interactions among retirement community residents. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1995; 43(9):1021-5.
196. Linjakumpu T, Hartikainen S, Klaukka T, Veijola J, Kivela SL, Isaoaho R. Use of medication and polypharmacy is increasing among the elderly. J Clin Epidemiol. 2002; 55:809-17.
197. Ozdemir V, Fourie J, Buslo U, Naranjo C. Pharmacokinetic changes in the elderly: do they contribute to drug abuse and dependence? Clin Pharmacother. 1998; 31(5):372-81.
198. Whelan G. Alcohol related health problems in the elderly. Med J Aust. 1995; 162(20):325-27.
199. Bartlett G, Abrahamowicz M, Grad R, Sylvestre MP, Tamblyn R. Association between risk factors for injurious falls and new benzodiazepine prescribing in elderly persons. BMC Fam Pract. 2009; 10(1):1471-80.
200. Moore AA, Whiteman EJ, Ward KT. Risk of combined alcohol and medication use in older adults. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2007; 5:64-74.
201. Mallet L, Spinewine A, Huang A. The challenge of managing drug interactions in elderly people. Lancet. 2007; 370(9582):185-91.
202. Lieber, CS. Metabolism of ethanol. In: Lieber CS, ed. Medical and Nutritional Complications of Alcoholism: Mechanisms in Management. New York: Plenum Publishing Corp.; 1992:1-55.
203. Lutz UC, Batra A, Waitr G, Machicoa F, Kolb W, Maurer S, et al. Significant impact of MTHFR C677 T polymorphism on plasma homovanillic acid levels among alcohol dependent patients. Addict Biol. 2006; 12:100-105.
204. Villanueva JA, Halstead CH. Hepatic transmethylation reactions in micropigs with alcoholic liver disease. Hepatol. 2004; 39:1303-1310.
205. Kim SK, Seo JM, Jung YS, Kwak HE, Kim YC. Alterations in hepatic metabolism of sulfur containing amino acids induced by ethanol in rats. Amino Acids 2003; 24(1-2):103-10.
206. Kharbanda KK. Alcoholic liver disease and methionine metabolism. Semin Liver Dis. 2009; 29:155-65.
207. Brussaard JH, Lowik MRH, Van den Berg H, Brants HAM, Goldbohm RA. Folate intake and status among adults in the Netherlands. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1997; 51:S46-50.
208. Walmsley CM, Bates CJ, Prentice A, Cole TJ. Relationship between alcohol and nutrient intakes and blood status indices of older people living in the UK: further analysis of data from the national diet and nutrition survey of people 65 years and over. Pub Health Nutr. 1998; 1:157-67.
209. Mennen LI, Poteir de Courcy G, Guilland JC, Ducros V, Bertrais S, Nicolas JP, et al. Homocysteine, cardiovascular disease risk factors and habitual diet in the French supplementation with antioxidant vitamins and minerals study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002; 76:1279-89.
210. Koehler KM, Baumgartner RN, Garry PJ, Allen RH, Stabler SP, Rimm EB. Association of folate intake and serum homocysteine in elderly persons according to vitamin supplementation and alcohol use. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001; 73:628-37.
211. Ganji V, Kafai MR. Demographic, health, lifestyle and blood vitamin determinants of serum total homocysteine concentrations in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003; 77:826-33.
212. Fairfield KM, Fletcher RH. Vitamins for chronic disease prevention in adults. JAMA 2002; 287:3116-26.
213. Galan P, Viteri FE, Bertrais S, Czernichow S, Faure H, Arnaud J, et al. Serum concentrations of beta carotene, vitamins C and E, zinc and selenium are influenced by sex, age, diet smoking status, alcohol consumption and corpulence in a general French adult population. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005; 59:1181-90.
214. Lesgards JF, Durand P, Lassare M, Stocker P, Lesgards G, Lanteaume A, et al. Assessment of lifestyle effects on the overall antioxidant capacity of healthy subjects. Environ Health Perspect. 2002; 110(5):479-86.
215. Wolters M, Hermann S, Golf S, Katz N, Hahn A. Selenium and antioxidant vitamin status of elderly German women. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006; 60:85-91.
216. Arnaud J, Akbaraly NT, Hininger I, Roussel AM, Berr C. Factors associated with the longitudinal plasma selenium decline in the elderly: the EVA Study. J Nutr Biochem. 2007; 18:482-87.
217. Jung YS, Kwak HE, Choi KH, Kim YC. Effect of acute ethanol administration on S-amino acid metabolism: increased utilization of cysteine for synthesis of taurine rather than glutathione. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2003; 526:245-52.
218. Dey Sakar P, Ramprasad N, Dey Sarkar I, Shivaprakash TM. Study of oxidative stress and trace element levels in patients with alcoholic and non-alcoholic coronary artery disease. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2007; 51(2):141-6.
219. Skrzydlewska E, Augustyniak A, Michalak K, Farbiszewski R. Green tea supplementation in rats of different ages mitigates ethanol induced changes in brain antioxidant abilities. Alcohol. 2005; 37(2):89-98.
220. Scapagnini G, Ravanaga A, Bella R, Colombrita C, Pennisi G, Calvani M, et al. Long term ethanol administration enhances age dependent modulation of redox state in brain and peripheral organs of rat. Int J Tissue React. 2002; 24(3):89-96.
221. Luczaj W, Waszkiewski E, Skrzydlewska E, Roszkowska-Jamimiec W. Green tea protection against age dependent ethanol induced oxidative stress. J Toxicol Env Health. 2004; 67:595-606.
222. Kim O, Baik S. Alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking and subjective health in Korean elderly men. Addict Behav. 2004; 24:1595-1603.
223. Zeigler P. Addiction in older women: American health care's best kept secret. CDA J. 36(2):115-18.
224. Kerr WC, Greenfield TK, Bond J, Rehm J. Age-period-cohort modeling of alcohol volume and heavy drinking days in the US National Alcohol Surveys: divergence in younger and older trends. Addiction. 2009; 104:27-37.
225. Han B, Gfroere JC, Colliver JD, Penne MA. Substance use disorder among older adults in the United States in 2020. Addiction. 2009; 104:88-96.
226. Patterson TL, Jeste DV. The potential impact of the Baby Boom generation on substance abuse among elderly persons. Psychiatr Serv. 1999; 50:1184-88.
227. Chiu E. Alcohol for the older person-friend or foe? Age Aging. 2008; 37: 493-4.