Salt intake, asthma, and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction: A review

Physician and Sportsmedicine

Volumn 38, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 118-131

  Mickleborough, Timothy D ^a  

^a INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Airway hyper responsiveness; Dietary sodium; Exercise induced asthma; Nutrition

Indexed keywords

ASTHMA; BRONCHOSPASM; BRONCHUS HYPERREACTIVITY; DISEASE SEVERITY; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; EXERCISE INDUCED BRONCHOCONSTRICTION; HUMAN; LIFESTYLE; LUNG FUNCTION; PREVALENCE; REVIEW; SALT INTAKE; SODIUM RESTRICTION;

ASTHMA, EXERCISE-INDUCED; DIET, SODIUM-RESTRICTED; FORCED EXPIRATORY VOLUME; HUMANS; SODIUM CHLORIDE, DIETARY;

EID: 77950826930     PISSN: 00913847     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3810/psm.2010.04.1769     Document Type: Review

References (76)

1. Tindle HA, Davis RB, Phillips RS, Eisenberg DM. Trends in use of complementary and alternative medicine by US adults: 1997-2002. Altern Ther Health Med. 2005;11(1):42-49.
2. Schmier JK, Leidy NK. The complexity of treatment adherence in adults with asthma: challenges and opportunities. J Asthma. 1998;35(6): 455-472.
3. McKeever TM, Britton J. Diet and asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;170(7):725-729.
4. Tattersfield AE, Knox AJ, Britton JR, Hall IP. Asthma. Lancet. 2002;360(9342):1313-1322.
5. Eder W, Ege MJ, von Mutius E. The asthma epidemic. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(21):2226-2235.
6. Burney P. The changing prevalence of asthma? Thorax. 2002;57(suppl 2):II36-II39. (Pubitemid 35178599)
7. Worldwide variation in prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and atopic eczema: ISAAC. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Steering Committee. Lancet. 1998;351(9111):1225-1232.
8. Halfon N, Newacheck PW. Trends in the hospitalization for acute childhood asthma, 1970-1984. Am J Public Health. 1986;76(11):1308-1311.
9. Klaukka T, Peura S, Martikainen J. Why has the utilization of antiasthmatics increased in Finland? J Clin Epidemiol. 1991;44(8):859-863.
10. Anderson HR. Is the prevalence of asthma changing? Arch Dis Child. 1989;64(1):172-175.
11. Crapo RO, Casaburi R, Coates AL, et al. Guidelines for methacholine and exercise challenge testing-1999. This official statement of the American Thoracic Society was adopted by the ATS Board of Directors, July 1999. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161(1):309-329.
12. Waite DA, Eyles EF, Tonkin SL, O'Donnell TV. Asthma prevalence in Tokelauan children in two environments. Clin Allergy. 1980;10(1):71-75. (Pubitemid 10207653)
13. Van Niekerk CH. Prevalence of asthma: a comparative study of urban and rural Xhosa children. Clin Allergy. 1979;9(4):319-324. (Pubitemid 9245427)
14. Sanchez-Castillo CP, Warrender S, Whitehead TP, James WP. An assessment of the sources of dietary salt in a British population. Clin Sci (Lond). 1987;72(1):95-102. (Pubitemid 17215474)
15. de Wardener HE, MacGregor GA. Harmful effects of dietary salt in addition to hypertension. J Hum Hypertens. 2002;16(4):213-223. (Pubitemid 34441156)
16. Bibbins-Domingo K, Chertow GM, Coxson PG, et al. Projected effect of dietary salt reductions on future cardiovascular disease [published online ahead of print January 20, 2010]. N Engl J Med.
17. Council NR. Water and electrolytes: recommended dietary allowances. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1989: 247-261.
18. Salt and health; in Health SACoNFSAaatDo (ed), Her Majesty's Staionary Office, 2003.
19. Stoesser A, Cook M. Possible relation between electrolyte balance and bronchial asthma. Am J Dis Child. 1938;56:943-944.
20. Burney PG. The causes of asthma - does salt potentiate bronchial activity? Discussion paper. J R Soc Med. 1987;80(6):364-367.
21. Burney P. A diet rich in sodium may potentiate asthma. Epidemiologic evidence for a new hypothesis. Chest. 1987;91(6 suppl):143S-148S. (Pubitemid 17082254)
22. Burney PG, Britton JR, Chinn S, et al. Response to inhaled histamine and 24 hour sodium excretion. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1986;292(6534): 1483-1486. (Pubitemid 16122608)
23. Schwartz J, Weiss ST. Dietary factors and their relation to respiratory symptoms. The Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Epidemiol. 1990;132(1):67-76. (Pubitemid 20203304)
24. Pistelli R, Forastiere F, Corbo GM, et al. Respiratory symptoms and bronchial responsiveness are related to dietary salt intake and urinary potassium excretion in male children. Eur Respir J. 1993;6(4):517-522. (Pubitemid 23135188)
25. Demissie K, Ernst P, Gray Donald K, Joseph L. Usual dietary salt intake and asthma in children: a case-control study. Thorax. 1996;51(1):59-63. (Pubitemid 26047103)
26. Wickens K, Barry D, Friezema A, et al. Fast foods - are they a risk factor for asthma? Allergy. 2005;60(12):1537-1541. (Pubitemid 41654326)
27. Mohamed N, Ng'ang'a L, Odhiambo J, Nyamwaya J, Menzies R. Home environment and asthma in Kenyan schoolchildren: a case-control study. Thorax. 1995;50(1):74-78.
28. Tribe RM, Barton JR, Poston L, Burney PG. Dietary sodium intake, airway responsiveness, and cellular sodium transport. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994;149(6):1426-1433. (Pubitemid 24175954)
29. Britton J, Pavord I, Richards K, et al. Dietary sodium intake and the risk of airway hyperreactivity in a random adult population. Thorax. 1994;49(9):875-880. (Pubitemid 24287482)
30. Devereux G, Beach JR, Bromly C, et al. Effect of dietary sodium on airways responsiveness and its importance in the epidemiology of asthma: an evaluation in three areas of northern England. Thorax. 1995;50(9): 941-947.
31. Sparrow D, O'Connor GT, Rosner B, Weiss ST. Methacholine airway responsiveness and 24-hour urine excretion of sodium and potassium. The normative aging study. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991;144(3 pt 1): 722-725.
32. Zoia MC, Fanfulla F, Bruschi C, et al. Chronic respiratory symptoms, bronchial responsiveness and dietary sodium and potassium: a population-based study. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 1995;50(2):104-108.
33. Javaid A, Cushley MJ, Bone MF. Effect of dietary salt on bronchial reactivity to histamine in asthma. BMJ. 1988;297(6646):454.
34. Burney PG, Neild JE, Twort CH, et al. Effect of changing dietary sodium on the airway response to histamine. Thorax. 1989;44(1):36-41.
35. Carey OJ, Locke C, Cookson JB. Effect of alterations of dietary sodium on the severity of asthma in men. Thorax. 1993;48(7):714-718. (Pubitemid 23214864)
36. Medici TC, Schmid AZ, Häcki M, Vetter W. Are asthmatics salt-sensitive? A preliminary controlled study. Chest. 1993;104(4):1138-1143. (Pubitemid 23306067)
37. Lieberman D, Heimer D. Effect of dietary sodium on the severity of bronchial asthma. Thorax. 1992;47(5):360-362.
38. Ram FS, Arden KD. Dietary salt restriction or exclusion for allergic asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;(3):CD000436.
39. Gotshall RW, Mickleborough TD, Cordain L. Dietary salt restriction improves pulmonary function in exercise-induced asthma. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32(11):1815-1819. (Pubitemid 38956811)
40. Mickleborough TD, Gotshall RW, Cordain L, Lindley M. Dietary salt alters pulmonary function during exercise in exercise-induced asthmatics. J Sports Sci. 2001;19(11):865-873. (Pubitemid 33039907)
41. Pogson ZE, Antoniak MD, Pacey SJ, Lewis SA, Britton JR, Fogarty AW. Does a low sodium diet improve asthma control? A randomized controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;178(2):132-138.
42. Mickleborough TD, Lindley MR, Ray S. Dietary salt, airway inflammation, and diffusion capacity in exercise-induced asthma. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37(6):904-914. (Pubitemid 40847450)
43. Mickleborough TD, Lindley MR. Sodium intake and exercise-induced asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;178(12):1282-1283.
44. Beck KC, Offord KP, Scanlon PD. Bronchoconstriction occurring during exercise in asthmatic subjects. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994;149(2 pt 1):352-357.
45. McFadden ER Jr, Gilbert IA. Exercise-induced asthma. N Engl J Med. 1994;330(19):1362-1367.
46. Anderson SD, Connolly NM, Godfrey S. Comparison of bronchoconstriction induced by cycling and running. Thorax. 1971;26(4):396-401.
47. Fitch KD, Morton AR. Specificity of exercise in exercise-induced asthma. Br Med J. 1971;4(5787):577-581.
48. Rundell KW, Im J, Mayers LB, Wilber RL, Szmedra L, Schmitz HR. Self-reported symptoms and exercise-induced asthma in the elite athlete. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33(2):208-213. (Pubitemid 32142984)
49. Rundell KW, Wilber RL, Szmedra L, Jenkinson DM, Mayers LB, Im J. Exercise-induced asthma screening of elite athletes: field versus laboratory exercise challenge. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32(2):309-316. (Pubitemid 30108109)
50. Wilber RL, Rundell KW, Szmedra L, Jenkinson DM, Im J, Drake SD. Incidence of exercise-induced bronchospasm in Olympic winter sport athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32(4):732-737. (Pubitemid 30226007)
51. O'Donnell AE, Fling J. Exercise-induced airflow obstruction in a healthy military population. Chest. 1993;103(3):742-744. (Pubitemid 23086166)
52. Sonna LA, Angel KC, Sharp MA, Knapik JJ, Patton JF, Lilly CM. The prevalence of exercise-induced bronchospasm among US Army recruits and its effects on physical performance. Chest. 2001;119(6): 1676-1684.
53. Anderson SD, Kippelen P. Airway injury as a mechanism for exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in elite athletes. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;122(2):225-235.
54. Anderson SD, Kippelen P. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction: pathogenesis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2005;5(2):116-122.
55. Henriksen AH, Tveit KH, Holmen TL, Sue-Chu M, Bjermer L. A study of the association between exercise-induced wheeze and exercise versus methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction in adolescents. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2002;13(3):203-208.
56. Karjalainen EM, Laitinen A, Sue-Chu M, Altraja A, Bjermer L, Laitinen LA. Evidence of airway inflammation and remodeling in ski athletes with and without bronchial hyperresponsiveness to methacholine. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161(6):2086-2091. (Pubitemid 30418154)
57. Pedersen L, Winther S, Backer V, Anderson SD, Larsen KR. Airway responses to eucapnic hyperpnea, exercise, and methacholine in elite swimmers. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;40(9):1567-1572.
58. Brannan JD, Koskela H, Anderson SD, Chew N. Responsiveness to mannitol in asthmatic subjects with exercise- and hyperventilation-induced asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;158(4):1120-1126. (Pubitemid 28489011)
59. Roquet A, Dahlén B, Kumlin M, et al. Combined antagonism of leukotrienes and histamine produces predominant inhibition of allergen-induced early and late phase airway obstruction in asthmatics. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997;155(6):1856-1863. (Pubitemid 27256109)
60. Mickleborough TD, Murray RL, Ionescu AA, Lindley MR. Fish oil supplementation reduces severity of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in elite athletes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;168(10):1181-1189.
61. Hallstrand TS, Moody MW, Wurfel MM, Schwartz LB, Henderson WR Jr, Aitken ML. Inflammatory basis of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;172(6):679-686.
62. Mickleborough T, Cordain L, Gotshall R, Tucker A. A low sodium diet improves indices of pulmonary function in exercise-induced asthma. J Exercise Physiol. 2000;3:46-54. (Pubitemid 38956811)
63. Gotshall RW, Rasmussen JJ, Fedorczak LJ. Effect of one week versus two weeks of dietary nacl restrcition on severity of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. J Exercise Physiol. 2004;7:1-7.
64. Kurtz TW, Morris RC. Dietary chloride and bicarbonate as determinants of desoxycortocosterone hypertension. J Hypertens Suppl. 1984;2(3): S371-S373.
65. Shore AC, Markandu ND, MacGregor GA. A randomized crossover study to compare the blood pressure response to sodium loading with and without chloride in patients with essential hypertension. J Hypertens. 1988;6(8):613-617.
66. Mickleborough TD, Gotshall RW, Kluka EM, Miller CW, Cordain L. Dietary chloride as a possible determinant of the severity of exercise-induced asthma. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2001;85(5):450-456. (Pubitemid 32894563)
67. Hirota SA, Janssen LJ. Sodium and asthma: something borrowed, something new? Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2007;293(6): L1369-L1373.
68. Krauss RM, Eckel RH, Howard B, et al. AHA Dietary Guidelines: revision 2000: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2000;102(18): 2284-2299.
69. Elliott P, Stamler J, Nichols R, et al. Intersalt revisited: further analyses of 24 hour sodium excretion and blood pressure within and across populations. Intersalt Cooperative Research Group. BMJ. 1996;312(7041): 1249-1253. (Pubitemid 26147660)
70. Elmer PJ, Grimm RH Jr, Flack J, Laing B. Dietary sodium reduction for hypertension prevention and treatment. Hypertension. 1991;17(suppl 1):I182-I189.
71. Mattes RD, Donnelly D. Relative contributions of dietary sodium sources. J Am Coll Nutr. 1991;10(4):383-393.
72. Havas S, Dickinson BD, Wilson M. The urgent need to reduce sodium consumption. JAMA. 2007;298(12):1439-1441. (Pubitemid 47481610)
73. Dickinson BD, Havas S; Council on Science and Public Health, American Medical Association. Reducing the population burden of cardiovascular disease by reducing sodium intake: a report of the Council on Science and Public Health. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(14):1460-1468.
74. National Heart LaBINPN. Your guide to lowering your blood pressure with dash. US Department of Health and Human Services; 2006.
75. Harsha DW, Lin PH, Obarzanek E, Karanja NM, Moore TJ, Caballero B. Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension: a summary of study results. DASH Collaborative Research Group. J Am Diet Assoc. 1999;99(8 suppl):S35-S39.
76. Moore TJ, Karanja N, Svetkey LP, Jenkins M. The Dash Diet for Hypertension: Lower Your Blood Pressure in 14 Days Without Drugs. New York, NY: The Free Press; 2001.