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Volumn 132, Issue 13, 2010, Pages 4894-4906

Total synthesis of (±)- and (-)-actinophyllic acid

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACTINOPHYLLIC ACID; DIRECT SEQUENCE; ENANTIOSELECTIVE REDUCTION; ENANTIOSELECTIVE TOTAL SYNTHESIS; HOMOALLYL AMINE; MALONATES; ONE STEP; OXIDATIVE CYCLIZATION; PARAFORMALDEHYDES; RING SYSTEMS; TOTAL SYNTHESIS; UNSATURATED KETONES;

EID: 77950806076     PISSN: 00027863     EISSN: 15205126     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/ja100178u     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (112)

References (124)
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    • Also known as carboxypeptidase U or plasma carboxypeptidase B
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    • This ring system is named differently in Chemical Abstracts: 2,3,3a,4,8,12c-hexahydro-4-hydroxy-1,4,7-[1]propanyl[3]ylidene-1 H -pyrrolo[2-,3-:6,7]oxocino[4,5- b ]indole-7(6 H)-carboxylic acid.
    • This ring system is named differently in Chemical Abstracts: 2,3,3a,4,8,12c-hexahydro-4-hydroxy-1,4,7-[1]propanyl[3]ylidene-1 H -pyrrolo[2-,3-:6,7]oxocino[4,5- b ]indole-7(6 H)-carboxylic acid.
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    • Our motivations for pursuing such potentially high-risk strategies are discussed briefly in ref 9b
    • Our motivations for pursuing such potentially high-risk strategies are discussed briefly in ref 9b.
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  • 36
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    • Indole-2-malonate 19 contains variable amounts (8-94%) of the indolin-2-ylidene tautomer i depending upon the method employed to purify this intermediate. Purification by recrystallization gives the indole tautomer predominantly, whereas purification by column chromatography gives i as the major tautomer. (18) For simplicity, these structures are depicted only in their indole form. In cases where we have examined the issue, we have not observed differences in reaction outcome depending upon tautomer composition.
    • Indole-2-malonate 19 contains variable amounts (8-94%) of the indolin-2-ylidene tautomer i depending upon the method employed to purify this intermediate. Purification by recrystallization gives the indole tautomer predominantly, whereas purification by column chromatography gives i as the major tautomer. (18) For simplicity, these structures are depicted only in their indole form. In cases where we have examined the issue, we have not observed differences in reaction outcome depending upon tautomer composition.
  • 42
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    • For a recent historical summary and leading references, see:, For a brief review, see
    • For a recent historical summary and leading references, see: Richter, J. M., Whitefield, B. W., Maimone, T. J., Lin, D. W., Castroviejo, M. P., and Baran, P. S J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 12857 - 12869 For a brief review, see: Csák, A. G. and Plumet, J. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2001, 30, 313 - 320
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    • The major byproduct under these conditions is 2-oxindole
    • The major byproduct under these conditions is 2-oxindole.
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    • This procedure is a modification of Hecks procedure for transfer hydrogenation with triethylammonium formate. For the original procedure, see
    • This procedure is a modification of Hecks procedure for transfer hydrogenation with triethylammonium formate. For the original procedure, see: Weir, J. R., Patel, B. A., and Heck, R. F. J. Org. Chem. 1980, 45, 4926 - 4931
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    • 3 in DMF for oxidative coupling of enolates, see, inter alia Frazier
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    • Crystallographic data for this compound were deposited at the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre: CCDC 701592; CCDC 759087
    • Crystallographic data for this compound were deposited at the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre: CCDC 701592; CCDC 759087.
  • 66
    • 77950831689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deuteration experiments showed that the malonate and α-methylene had been deprotonated. However, because of rapid exchange of the indole hydrogen under all the quenching conditions that we examined, no information about the fate of the indole hydrogen was obtained
    • Deuteration experiments showed that the malonate and α-methylene had been deprotonated. However, because of rapid exchange of the indole hydrogen under all the quenching conditions that we examined, no information about the fate of the indole hydrogen was obtained.
  • 67
    • 77950848477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This dimer is formed in 18% yield in cyclizations carried out at a substrate concentration of 0.08 M
    • This dimer is formed in 18% yield in cyclizations carried out at a substrate concentration of 0.08 M.
  • 68
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    • See the Supporting Information for more details. Investigations into the mechanism of the oxidative cyclization of intermediate 35, which hopefully will clarify the origin of this unexpected trend, are currently underway
    • See the Supporting Information for more details. Investigations into the mechanism of the oxidative cyclization of intermediate 35, which hopefully will clarify the origin of this unexpected trend, are currently underway.
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    • The α-epimer, rac - 46a, provided single crystals from methanol, allowing its constitution and relative configuration to be confirmed by X-ray analysis; however, diffraction data from these crystals was of insufficient quality to refine to high precision
    • The α-epimer, rac-46a, provided single crystals from methanol, allowing its constitution and relative configuration to be confirmed by X-ray analysis; however, diffraction data from these crystals was of insufficient quality to refine to high precision.
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    • We prepared monomeric formaldehyde by an improved procedure, see
    • Schlosser, M. and Coffinet, D. Synthesis 1971, 380 - 381 We prepared monomeric formaldehyde by an improved procedure, see
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    • Schlosser, M.1    Coffinet, D.2
  • 73
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    • 1H NMR spectra corresponding to hydroxymethylene fragments and on the basis of LRMS data
    • 1H NMR spectra corresponding to hydroxymethylene fragments and on the basis of LRMS data.
  • 74
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    • Comparable yields for this transformation were obtained when the pure α-epimer, rac - 46a, was used or when a 1:1 mixture of α and β epimers of rac - 46 was employed
    • Comparable yields for this transformation were obtained when the pure α-epimer, rac-46a, was used or when a 1:1 mixture of α and β epimers of rac-46 was employed.
  • 75
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    • The prediction would be the same if lithium was not chelated to the indole nitrogen
    • The prediction would be the same if lithium was not chelated to the indole nitrogen.
  • 76
    • 77950828251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The natural sample of actinophyllic acid (1) degraded sometime after its isolation and bioassay. The concentration reported for the optical rotation of natural (-)-actinophyllic acid is incorrect in ref 4; it should be (0.05 M); the low reported rotation could be the result of the low solubility of this zwitterionic amino acid or that the natural sample started to degrade prior to analysis. Personal communications from Professor Tony Carroll, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Australia
    • The natural sample of actinophyllic acid (1) degraded sometime after its isolation and bioassay. The concentration reported for the optical rotation of natural (-)-actinophyllic acid is incorrect in ref 4; it should be (0.05 M); the low reported rotation could be the result of the low solubility of this zwitterionic amino acid or that the natural sample started to degrade prior to analysis. Personal communications from Professor Tony Carroll, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Australia.
  • 77
    • 77950848476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The β-epimer, rac - 45b, crystallized from an aqueous solution of this mixture of carboxylic acid epimers. The relative configuration of this sample was established by single-crystal X-ray analysis; crystallographic data for this compound were deposited at the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre: CCDC 752916
    • The β-epimer, rac-45b, crystallized from an aqueous solution of this mixture of carboxylic acid epimers. The relative configuration of this sample was established by single-crystal X-ray analysis; crystallographic data for this compound were deposited at the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre: CCDC 752916.
  • 78
    • 77950800253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Several other conditions that employed LiCl or TMEDA additives or potassium diisopropylamide as the base were also examined. In no case was actinophyllic acid the major product of this aldol reaction
    • Several other conditions that employed LiCl or TMEDA additives or potassium diisopropylamide as the base were also examined. In no case was actinophyllic acid the major product of this aldol reaction.
  • 79
    • 77950809409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A complex mixture of byproducts was formed; products arising from competitive addition of the organometallic reagent to the methyl ester of the lactone product rac - 41 were isolated, but they did not account for the entire mass balance of the reaction. In contrast to rac - 37, complete consumption of keto diester rac - 36 was not possible when 2.5 equiv of vinylmagnesium bromide were used
    • A complex mixture of byproducts was formed; products arising from competitive addition of the organometallic reagent to the methyl ester of the lactone product rac-41 were isolated, but they did not account for the entire mass balance of the reaction. In contrast to rac-37, complete consumption of keto diester rac-36 was not possible when 2.5 equiv of vinylmagnesium bromide were used.
  • 80
    • 77950820791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This partial quench resulted in slightly improved yields, but it is not crucial
    • This partial quench resulted in slightly improved yields, but it is not crucial.
  • 82
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    • For a review of the complexation of lanthanides with various functional groups, see:, and references cited therein
    • For a review of the complexation of lanthanides with various functional groups, see: Cockerill, A. F., Davies, G. L. O., Harden, R. C., and Rackham, D. M. Chem. Rev. 1973, 73, 553 - 588 and references cited therein
    • (1973) Chem. Rev. , vol.73 , pp. 553-588
    • Cockerill, A.F.1    Davies, G.L.O.2    Harden, R.C.3    Rackham, D.M.4
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    • For Luche reduction of a lactone having a β ester substituent, see
    • Luche, J.-L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1978, 100, 2226 - 2227 For Luche reduction of a lactone having a β ester substituent, see
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  • 85
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    • Because of the limited solubility of hydrochloride salt rac - 54 in acetonitrile, the solvent was a mixture of acetonitrile and water
    • Because of the limited solubility of hydrochloride salt rac-54 in acetonitrile, the solvent was a mixture of acetonitrile and water.
  • 86
    • 77950803473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The absolute configurations of the structures depicted in eq 4 were established later in our studies
    • The absolute configurations of the structures depicted in eq 4 were established later in our studies.
  • 87
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    • For some representative examples, see
    • For some representative examples, see: Doyle, A. G. and Jacobsen, E. N. Chem. Rev. 2007, 107, 5713 - 5743
    • (2007) Chem. Rev. , vol.107 , pp. 5713-5743
    • Doyle, A.G.1    Jacobsen, E.N.2
  • 94
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    • Piperidine derivatives 57 were prepared from commercially available 1-(tert -butoxycarbonyl)-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridine using procedures similar to those employed by Kobayashi to prepare the related compounds in the benzyloxycarbonyl series; see the Supporting Information for details. (59) Neat samples of diol 57a decomposed shortly after being concentrated but could be stored for months in solution at-20 °C. In contrast to the report of Kobayashi and coworkers, (59) we found diacetate 57d to be sufficiently stable to be a viable synthetic intermediate
    • Piperidine derivatives 57 were prepared from commercially available 1-(tert -butoxycarbonyl)-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridine using procedures similar to those employed by Kobayashi to prepare the related compounds in the benzyloxycarbonyl series; see the Supporting Information for details. (59) Neat samples of diol 57a decomposed shortly after being concentrated but could be stored for months in solution at 20 °C. In contrast to the report of Kobayashi and coworkers, (59) we found diacetate 57d to be sufficiently stable to be a viable synthetic intermediate.
  • 95
    • 77950853255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The trans configuration of indole piperidine 59 was determined by X-ray analysis of N -sulfonyl derivative ii
    • The trans configuration of indole piperidine 59 was determined by X-ray analysis of N -sulfonyl derivative ii.
  • 96
    • 77950816341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (3 S)-1-(Benzyloxycarbonyl)-2,3-diacetoxypiperidine has been prepared enantioselectively by Kobayashi and co-workers in six steps from a commercially available precursor. (59a)
    • (3 S)-1-(Benzyloxycarbonyl)-2,3-diacetoxypiperidine has been prepared enantioselectively by Kobayashi and co-workers in six steps from a commercially available precursor. (59a)
  • 97
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    • Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation of this alkene is reported to give the cis -diol product in only 40% ee. See
    • Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation of this alkene is reported to give the cis -diol product in only 40% ee. See: Sukemoto, S., Oshige, M., Sato, M., Mimura, K., Nishioka, H., Abe, H., Harayama, T., and Takeuchi, Y. Synthesis 2008, 3081-3087
    • (2008) Synthesis , pp. 3081-3087
    • Sukemoto, S.1    Oshige, M.2    Sato, M.3    Mimura, K.4    Nishioka, H.5    Abe, H.6    Harayama, T.7    Takeuchi, Y.8
  • 99
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    • Enantiomeric excesses were determined by enantioselective HPLC analysis of the dibenzoate derivative
    • Enantiomeric excesses were determined by enantioselective HPLC analysis of the dibenzoate derivative.
  • 106
    • 77950796512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aldehyde 62 cyclizes upon silica gel chromatography or upon storage for a few days as a solution in benzene at 25 °C to give 2-hydroxy-1-(tert -butoxycarbonyl)piperidine (64)
    • Aldehyde 62 cyclizes upon silica gel chromatography or upon storage for a few days as a solution in benzene at 25 °C to give 2-hydroxy-1-(tert -butoxycarbonyl)piperidine (64).
  • 108
    • 77950793520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The use of a non-basic organometallic reagent was essential to suppress lactam formation
    • The use of a non-basic organometallic reagent was essential to suppress lactam formation.
  • 109
    • 0037067066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Careful control of reaction time was necessary to avoid over-hydrogenation
    • Ohkuma, T., Koizumi, M., Muiz, K., Hilt, G., Kabuto, C., and Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 6508-6509 Careful control of reaction time was necessary to avoid over-hydrogenation.
    • (2002) J. Am. Chem. Soc. , vol.124 , pp. 6508-6509
    • Ohkuma, T.1    Koizumi, M.2    Muiz, K.3    Hilt, G.4    Kabuto, C.5    Noyori, R.6
  • 110
    • 33947085552 scopus 로고
    • The R absolute configuration of allylic alcohol 67 was determined by Mosher ester analysis
    • The R absolute configuration of allylic alcohol 67 was determined by Mosher ester analysis: Dale, J. A. and Mosher, H. S J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1973, 95, 512 519
    • (1973) J. Am. Chem. Soc. , vol.95 , pp. 512-519
    • Dale, J.A.1    Mosher, H.S.2
  • 112
    • 77950833759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enantiomeric excess was determined by enantioselective HPLC analysis of the benzoate derivative
    • Enantiomeric excess was determined by enantioselective HPLC analysis of the benzoate derivative.
  • 113
    • 0001048617 scopus 로고
    • To isolate 58 in good yield, it was essential to use a NaF workup; see
    • To isolate 58 in good yield, it was essential to use a NaF workup; see: Yamamoto, H. and Maruoka, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 4186-4194
    • (1981) J. Am. Chem. Soc. , vol.103 , pp. 4186-4194
    • Yamamoto, H.1    Maruoka, K.2
  • 114
    • 12644312578 scopus 로고
    • It was essential to remove triethylamine prior to concentration of the crude reaction mixture to prevent deterioration of the enantiopurity of this product
    • Mancuso, A. J., Huang, S.-L., and Swern, D. J. Org. Chem. 1978, 43, 2480-2482 It was essential to remove triethylamine prior to concentration of the crude reaction mixture to prevent deterioration of the enantiopurity of this product.
    • (1978) J. Org. Chem. , vol.43 , pp. 2480-2482
    • Mancuso, A.J.1    Huang, S.-L.2    Swern, D.3
  • 115
    • 77950853254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The yield of enantiopure (-)- 1 undoubtedly can be increased, as no attempt was made to optimize the recrystallization of intermediate (+)- 54
    • The yield of enantiopure (-)- 1 undoubtedly can be increased, as no attempt was made to optimize the recrystallization of intermediate (+)- 54.
  • 118
    • 77950821511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • At the experimental level, little is known about the biosynthesis of monoterpene indole alkaloids that lack the normal tryptophan side chain and have only one-carbon linking the β-carbon of the indole and the basic nitrogen, (83) particularly for natural products having the uleine skeleton. (84)
    • At the experimental level, little is known about the biosynthesis of monoterpene indole alkaloids that lack the normal tryptophan side chain and have only one-carbon linking the β-carbon of the indole and the basic nitrogen, (83) particularly for natural products having the uleine skeleton. (84)
  • 121
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    • Structural and biosynthetic relationships
    • For reviews, see:,. In The Monoterpene Indole Alkaloids;, Ed.; The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds; Wiley: New York, 1983; Vol. 25,- Part 4, Chapter I, pp 13 - 14.
    • For reviews, see: Kutney, J. P. Heterocycles 1976, 4, 429 - 451 Herbert, R. B. Structural and Biosynthetic Relationships. In The Monoterpene Indole Alkaloids; Saxton, J. E., Ed.; The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds; Wiley: New York, 1983; Vol. 25,- Part 4, Chapter I, pp 13 - 14.
    • (1976) Heterocycles , vol.4 , pp. 429-451
    • Kutney, J.P.1    Herbert, R.B.2    Saxton, J.E.3
  • 122
    • 77950816709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The laboratory formation of the " nor " alkaloid vallesamine from stemmadenine by a Polonovski fragmentation (86) is the basis of most biosynthetic proposals for the synthesis of uleine-type alkaloids. (81, 84b)
    • The laboratory formation of the " nor " alkaloid vallesamine from stemmadenine by a Polonovski fragmentation (86) is the basis of most biosynthetic proposals for the synthesis of uleine-type alkaloids. (81, 84b)


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