Deciphering formation processes of banded iron formations from the Transvaal and the Hamersley successions by combined Si and Fe isotope analysis using UV femtosecond laser ablation

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

Volumn 74, Issue 9, 2010, Pages 2677-2696

  Steinhoefel, Grit ^a   von Blanckenburg, Friedhelm ^a,b   Horn, Ingo ^a   Konhauser, Kurt O ^c   Beukes, Nicolas J ^d   Gutzmer, Jens ^d,e  

^a LEIBNIZ UNIVERSITY HANNOVER   (Germany)

^b GFZ GERMAN RESEARCH CENTRE FOR GEOSCIENCES   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

^d UNIVERSITY OF JOHANNESBURG   (South Africa)

^e TU BERGAKADEMIE FREIBERG   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADSORPTION; BANDED IRON FORMATION; DIAGENESIS; HETEROGENEITY; HYDROTHERMAL ACTIVITY; HYDROTHERMAL VENT; IRON; ISOTOPIC ANALYSIS; ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; ORGANIC MATTER; PRECAMBRIAN; SEAWATER; SILICON; SURFACE WATER; WATER COLUMN;

AUSTRALIA; DALES GORGE; SOUTH AFRICA; TRANSVAAL; WESTERN AUSTRALIA;

EID: 77950516651     PISSN: 00167037     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.gca.2010.01.028     Document Type: Article

References (110)

1. Abraham K., Cardinal D., Hofmann A., Foley S., Harris C., André L. The origin of Palaeoarchean silicification inferred from coupled Si-O isotopes. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta Goldschmidt Conf. Abstr. 2009, 73:A4.
2. Alibert C., McCulloch M.T. Rare earth element and neodymium isotopic compositions of the banded iron-formations and associated shales from Hamersley, Western Australia. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1993, 57:187-204.
3. 2+: implications for iron stable isotope geochemistry. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2005, 69:825-837.
4. André L., Cardinal D., Alleman L.Y., Moorbath S. Silicon isotopes in 3.8Ga West Greenland rocks as clues to the Eoarchaean supracrustal Si cycle. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2006, 245:162-173.
5. Basile-Doelsch I. Si stable isotopes in the Earth's surface: a review. J. Geochem. Explor. 2006, 88:252-256.
6. Bau M., Dulski P. Small-scale variations of the rare-earth element distribution in Precambrian iron-formations. Eur. J. Mineral. 1992, 4:1429-1433.
7. Bau M., Dulski P. Distribution of yttrium and rare-earth elements in the Penge and Kuruman iron-formations, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa. Precambrian Res. 1996, 79:37-55.
8. Bau M., Hohndorf A., Dulski P., Beukes N.J. Sources of Precambrian rare-earth elements and iron in Paleoproterozoic iron-formations from the Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa - evidence from neodymium isotopes. J. Geol. 1997, 105:121-129.
9. Bergquist B.A., Boyle E.A. Iron isotopes in the Amazon River system: weathering and transport signatures. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2006, 248:39-53.
10. Beukes N.J. Lithofacies and stratigraphy of the Kuruman and Griquatown Iron-formations, northern Cape Province, South Africa. Trans. Geol. Soc. S. Afr. 1980, 83:69-86.
11. Beukes N.J., Klein C. Geochemistry and sedimentology of a facies transition - from microbanded to granular iron-formation - in the Early Proterozoic Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa. Precambrian Res. 1990, 47:99-139.
12. Beukes N.J., Klein C., Kaufman A.J., Hayes J.M. Carbonate petrography, kerogen distribution, and carbon and oxygen isotope variations in an early Proterozoic transition from limestone to iron-formation deposition, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa. Econ. Geol. 1990, 85:663-690.
13. Beukes N. and Gutzmer J. (2008) Origin and paleoenvironmental significance of major iron formations at the Archean-Paleoproterozoic boundary. In Banded Iron Formation-Related High-Grade Iron Ore (eds. S. Hagemann, C. Rosière, J. Gutzmer and N. J. Beukes). Reviews in Economic Geology, Automated Graphic Systems. pp. 5-47.
14. Blake T.S., Barley M.E. Tectonic evolution of the late Archaean to early Proterozoic Mount Bruce Megasequence set, Western Australia. Tectonics 1992, 11:1415-1425.
15. Bullen T.D., White A.F., Childs C.W., Vivit D.V., Schulz M.S. Demonstration of significant abiotic iron isotope fractionation in nature. Geology 2001, 29:699-702.
16. Cairns-Smith A.G. Precambrian solution photochemistry, inverse segregation, and banded-iron formations. Nature 1978, 276:807-808.
17. Canfield D.E. A new model for Proterozoic ocean chemistry. Nature 1998, 396:450-453.
18. Canfield D.E. The early history of atmospheric oxygen: homage to Robert M. Garrels. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 2005, 33:1-36.
19. Cheney E.S. Sequence stratigraphy and plate tectonic significance of the Transvaal succession of southern Africa and its equivalent in Western Australia. Precambrian Res. 1996, 79:3-24.
20. Chmeleff J., Horn I., Steinhoefel G., von Blanckenburg F. In situ determination of precise stable Si isotope ratios by UV-femtosecond laser ablation high-resolution multi-collector ICP-MS. Chem. Geol. 2008, 249:155-166.
21. Chakrabarti R., Knoll A.H., Jacobsen S.B. Silicon isotopic variability in Proterozoic cherts. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta Goldschmidt Conf. Abstr. 2009, 73:A205.
22. Croal L.R., Johnson C.M., Beard B.L., Newman D.K. Iron isotope fractionation by Fe(II)-oxidizing photoautotrophic bacteria. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2004, 68:1227-1242.
23. Crosby H.A., Johnson C.M., Roden E.E., Beard B.L. Coupled Fe(II)-Fe(III) electron and atom exchange as a mechanism for Fe isotope fractionation during dissimilatory iron oxide reduction. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39:6698-6704.
24. Crosby H.A., Roden E.E., Johnson C.M., Beard B.L. The mechanisms of iron isotope fractionation produced during dissimilatory Fe(III) reduction by Shewanella putrefaciens and Geobacter sulfurreducens. Geobiology 2007, 5:169-189.
25. Delstanche S., Opfergelt S., Cardinal D., Elsass F., André L., Delvaux B. Silicon isotopic fractionation during adsorption of aqueous monosilicic acid onto iron oxide. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2009, 73:923-934.
26. Dauphas N., Cates N.L., Mojzsis S.J., Busigny V. Identification of chemical sedimentary protoliths using iron isotopes in the >3750Ma Nuvvuagittuq supracrustal belt, Canada. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2007, 254:358-376.
27. Dauphas N., van Zuilen M., Wadhwa M., Davis A.M., Marty B., Janney P.E. Clues from Fe isotope variations on the origin of early Archean BIFs from Greenland. Science 2004, 306:2077-2080.
28. De Kock M. O., Evans D. A. D., Gutzmer, J, Beukes, N. J. and Dorland H. C. (2008) Origin and timing of banded iron formation-hosted high-grade hard hematite deposits - a Paleomagnetic approach. In Banded Iron Formation-Related High-Grade Iron Ore (eds. S. Hagemann, C. Rosière, J. Gutzmer and N. J. Beukes). Reviews in Economic Geology, Automated Graphic Systems. pp. 48-71.
29. De La Rocha C.L., Brzezinski M.A., DeNiro M.J. Fractionation of silicon isotopes by marine diatoms during biogenic silica formation. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1997, 61:5051-5056.
30. De La Rocha C.L., Brzezinski M.A., Deniro M.J. A first look at the distribution of the stable isotopes of silicon in natural waters. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2000, 64:2467-2477.
31. Ding T., Jiange S., Wan D., Li Y., Li J., Song H., Liu Z., Yao X. Silicon Isotope Geochemistry 1996, Geological Publishing House, Beijing, China.
32. Drever J.I. Geochemical model for origin of Precambrian Iron Formations. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 1974, 85:1099-1106.
33. Ehrenreich A., Widdel F. Anaerobic oxidation of ferrous iron by purple bacteria, a new-type of phototrophic metabolism. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1994, 60:4517-4526.
34. Eriksson P.G., Catuneanu O., Sarkar S., Tirsgaard H. Patterns of sedimentation in the Precambrian. Sediment. Geol. 2005, 176:17-42.
35. Ewers W.E., Morris R.C. Studies of the Dales Gorge member of the Brockman iron formation, Western Australia. Econ. Geol. 1981, 76:1929-1953.
36. Fischer W.W., Knoll A.H. An iron shuttle for deepwater silica in Late Archean and early Paleoproterozoic iron formations. GSA Bull. 2009, 121:222-235.
37. Fischer W.W., Schroeder S., Lacassie J.P., Beukes N.J., Goldberg T., Strauss H., Horstmann U.E., Schrag D.P., Knoll A.H. Isotopic constraints on the Late Archean carbon cycle from the Transvaal Supergroup along the western margin of the Kaapvaal craton, South Africa. Precambrian Res. 2009, 169:15-27.
38. Frost C.D., von Blanckenburg F., Schoenberg R., Frost B.R., Swapp S.M. Preservation of Fe isotope heterogeneities during diagenesis and metamorphism of banded iron formation. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 2007, 153:211-235.
39. Georg R.B., Reynolds B.C., Frank M., Halliday A.N. Mechanisms controlling the silicon isotopic compositions of river waters. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2006, 249:290-306.
40. Georg R.B., West A.J., Basu A.R., Halliday A.N. Silicon fluxes and isotope composition of direct groundwater discharge into the Bay of Bengal and the effect on the global ocean silicon isotope budget. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2009, 283:67-74.
41. Gutzmer J., Beukes N. J., De Kock M. O. and Netshiozwi S. T. (2005) Origin of high-grade iron ores at the Thabazimbi deposit, South Africa. Iron Ore Conference, Freemantle, 19-21 September 2005, Proceedings, pp. 57-65.
42. Hamade T., Konhauser K., Raiswell R., Goldsmith S., Morris R. Using Ge/Si ratios to decouple iron and silica fluxes in Precambrian banded iron formations. Geology 2003, 31:35-38.
43. Han T. Microstructures of magnetite as guide to its origin in some Precambrian iron formations. Fortschr. Mineral. 1978, 56:105-142.
44. Handler R.M., Beard B.L., Johnson C.M., Scherer M.M. Atom exchange between aqueous Fe(II) and goethite: an Fe isotope tracer study. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43:1107-1109.
45. Holland H.D. Ocean - possible source of iron in iron-formations. Econ. Geol. 1973, 68:1169-1172.
46. Homoky W.B., Severmann S., Mills R.A., Statham P.J., Fones G.R. Pore-fluid Fe isotopes reflect the extent of benthic Fe redox recycling: evidence from continental shelf and deep-sea sediments. Geology 2009, 37:751-754.
47. Horn I., von Blanckenburg F. Investigation on elemental and isotopic fractionation during 196nm femtosecond laser ablation multiple collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Spectrochim. Acta B 2007, 62:410-422.
48. Horn I., von Blanckenburg F., Schoenberg R., Steinhoefel G., Markl G. In situ iron isotope ratio determination using UV-femtosecond laser ablation with application to hydrothermal ore formation processes. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2006, 70:3677-3688.
49. Isley A.E. Hydrothermal plumes and the delivery of iron to banded iron formation. J. Geol. 1995, 103:169-185.
50. Isley A.E., Abbott D.H. Plume-related mafic volcanism and the deposition of banded iron formation. J. Geophys. Res. 1999, 104:15461-15477.
51. Jacobsen S.B., Pimentel-Klose M.R. Nd isotopic variations in Precambrian banded iron formations. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1988, 15:393-396.
52. Jang J.H., Mathur R., Liermann L.J., Ruebush S., Brantley S.L. An iron isotope signature related to electron transfer between aqueous ferrous iron and goethite. Chem. Geol. 2008, 250:40-48.
53. Jiang S.Y., Ding T.P., Wan D.F., Li Y.H. Silicon isotopic compositions of Archean banded Si-Fe Formation (BIF) in the Gongchangling Ore Deposit, Liaoning-Province, China. Chin. Sci. Bull. B 1993, 36:482-489.
54. Johnson C.M., Beard B.L., Beukes N.J., Klein C., O'Leary J.M. Ancient geochemical cycling in the Earth as inferred from Fe isotope studies of banded iron formations from the Transvaal Craton. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 2003, 144:523-547.
55. Johnson C.M., Roden E.E., Welch S.A., Beard B.L. Experimental constraints on Fe isotope fractionation during magnetite and Fe carbonate formation coupled to dissimilatory hydrous ferric oxide reduction. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2005, 69:963-993.
56. Johnson C.M., Beard B.L., Klein C., Beukes N.J., Roden E.E. Iron isotopes constrain biologic and abiologic processes in banded iron formation genesis. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2008, 72:151-169.
57. Johnson C.M., Beard B.L., Roden E.E. The iron isotope fingerprints of redox and biogeochemical cycling in the modern and ancient Earth. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 2008, 36:457-493.
58. Kappler A., Pasquero C., Konhauser K.O., Newman D.K. Deposition of banded iron formations by anoxygenic phototrophic Fe(II)-oxidizing bacteria. Geology 2005, 33:865-868.
59. Kaufman A.J. Geochemical and mineralogic effects of contact metamorphism on banded iron-formation: an example from the Transvaal Basin, South Africa. Precambrian Res. 1996, 79:171-194.
60. Kaufman A.J., Hayes J.M., Klein C. Primary and diagenetic controls of isotopic compositions of iron-formation carbonates. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1990, 54:3461-3473.
61. Kaufman A.J., Johnston D.T., Farquhar J., Masterson A.L., Lyons T.W., Bates S., Anbar A.D., Arnold G.L., Garvin J., Buick R. Late Archean biospheric oxygenation and atmospheric evolution. Science 2007, 317:1900-1903.
62. Klein C. Some Precambrian banded iron-formations (BIFs) from around the world: their age, geologic setting, mineralogy, metamorphism, geochemistry, and origin. Am. Mineral. 2005, 90:1473-1499.
63. Klein C., Beukes N.J. Geochemistry and sedimentology of a facies transition from limestone to iron-formation deposition in the early Proterozoic Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa. Econ. Geol. 1989, 84:1733-1774.
64. Knauth, A. H. (1994) Petrogenesis of chert. In Silica: Physical Behaviour, Geochemistry, and Materials Applications, vol. 29 (eds. P. J. Heaney, C. T. Prewitt and G. V. Gibbs). Reviews in Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America. pp. 233-258.
65. Konhauser K.O., Lalonde S.V., Amskold L., Holland H.D. Was there really an Archean phosphate crisis?. Science 2007, 315:1234.
66. Konhauser K.O., Amskold L., Lalonde S.V., Posth N.R., Kappler A., Anbar A. Decoupling photochemical Fe(II) oxidation from shallow-water BIF deposition. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2007, 258:87-100.
67. Konhauser K.O., Hamade T., Raiswell R., Morris R.C., Ferris F.G., Southam G., Canfield D.E. Could bacteria have formed the Precambrian banded iron formations?. Geology 2002, 30:1079-1082.
68. Lovley D.R. Dissimilatory Fe(III) and Mn(IV) reduction. Microbiol. Rev. 1991, 55:259-287.
69. Maliva R.G., Knoll A.H., Simonson B.M. Secular change in the Precambrian silica cycle: insights from chert petrology. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 2005, 117:835-845.
70. Mikutta C., Wiederhold J.G., Cirpka O.A., Hofstetter T.B., Bourdon B., Von Gunten U. Iron isotope fractionation and atom exchange during sorption of ferrous iron to mineral surfaces. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2009, 73:1795-1812.
71. Mineev S.D., Polyakov V.B., Permyakov Y.V. Equilibrium iron isotope fractionation factors for magnetite from Mössbauer spectroscopy and inelastic nuclear resonant X-ray scattering data. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2007, 71:A669.
72. Miyano T., Beukes N.J. Phase relations of stilpnomelane, ferri-annite and riebeckite in very low-grade metamorphosed iron-formations. Trans. Geol. Soc. S. Afr. 1984, 87:111-124.
73. Morris R.C. Genetic modelling for banded iron-formation of the Hamersley Group, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia. Precambrian Res. 1993, 60:243-286.
74. Mücke A. General and comparative considerations of whole-rock and mineral compositions of Precambrian iron-formations and their implications. J. Miner. Abh. 2003, 179:175-219.
75. Nelson D.R., Trendall A.F., Altermann W. Chronological correlations between the Pilbara and Kaapvaal cratons. Precambrian Res. 1999, 97:165-189.
76. Ohmoto H. Nonredox transformation of magnetite-hematite in hydrothermal systems. Econ. Geol. 2003, 98:157-161.
77. Pecoits E., Gingras M.K., Barley M.E., Kappler A., Posth N.R., Konhauser K.O. Petrography and trace element geochemistry of Dales Gorge banded iron formation: paragenetic sequence, source and implications for palaeo-ocean chemistry. Precambrian Res. 2009, 172:163-197.
78. Pedersen H.D., Postma D., Jakobsen R., Larsen O. Fast transformation of iron oxyhydroxides by the catalytic action of aqueous Fe(II). Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2005, 69:3967-3977.
79. Perry E.C., Lefticariu L. Formation and geochemistry of Precambrian chert. Treatise on Geochemistry 2003, 99-113. Elsevier, Amsterdam. F.T. Mackenzie (Ed.).
80. Pickard A.L. SHRIMP U-Pb zircon ages of tuffaceous mudrocks in the Brockman Iron Formation of Hamersley Range, Western Australia. Aust. J. Earth Sci. 2002, 49:491-507.
81. Pickard A.L. SHRIMP U-Pb zircon ages for the Palaeoproterozoic Kuruman Iron Formation, Northern Cape Province, South Africa: evidence for simultaneous BIF deposition on Kaapvaal and Pilbara Cratons. Precambrian Res. 2003, 125:275-315.
82. Polyakov V.B., Mineev S.D. The use of Mössbauer spectroscopy in stable isotope geochemistry. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2000, 64:849-865.
83. Polyakov V.B., Clayton R.N., Horita J., Mineev S.D. Equilibrium iron isotope fractionation factors of minerals: reevaluation from the data of nuclear inelastic resonant X-ray scattering and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2007, 71:3833-3846.
84. Robert F., Chaussidon M. A palaeotemperature curve for the Precambrian oceans based on silicon isotopes in cherts. Nature 2006, 443:969-972.
85. Rouxel O.J., Bekker A., Edwards K.J. Iron isotope constraints on the Archean and Paleoproterozoic ocean redox state. Science 2005, 307:1088-1091.
86. Severmann S., Johnson C.M., Beard B.L., McManus J. The effect of early diagenesis on the Fe isotope compositions of porewaters and authigenic minerals in continental margin sediments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2006, 70:2006-2022.
87. Severmann S., Lyons T.W., Anbar A., McManus J., Gordon G. Modern iron isotope perspective on the benthic iron shuttle and the redox evolution of ancient oceans. Geology 2008, 36:487-490.
88. Sharpe M.R., Chadwick B. Structures in Transvaal Sequence rocks within and adjacent to the eastern Bushveld Complex. Trans. Geol. Soc. S. Afr. 1982, 85:29-41.
89. Siever R. The silica cycle in the Precambrian. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1992, 56:3265-3272.
90. Skulan J.L., Beard B.L., Johnson C.M. Kinetic and equilibrium Fe isotope fractionation between aqueous Fe(III) and hematite. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2002, 66:2995-3015.
91. Spotl C., Vennemann T.W. Continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometric analysis of carbonate minerals. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2003, 17:1004-1006.
92. Staubwasser M., von Blanckenburg F., Schoenberg R. Iron isotopes in the early marine diagenetic iron cycle. Geology 2006, 34:629-632.
93. Steinhoefel G., Horn I., Blanckenburg F. Micro-scale tracing of Fe and Si isotope signatures in banded iron formation using femtosecond laser ablation. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 2009, 18:5343-5360.
94. Steinhoefel G., Horn I., Blanckenburg F. Matrix-independent stable Fe isotope ratio determination using UV femtosecond laser ablation ICP-MS. Chem. Geol. 2009, 268:67-73.
95. Sumner D.Y. Carbonate precipitation and oxygen stratification in late Archean seawater as deduced from facies and stratigraphy of the Gamohaan and Frisco formations, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa. Am. J. Sci. 1997, 297:455-487.
96. Trendall A. (2002) The significance of iron-formation in the Precambrian stratigraphic record. In Precambrian Sedimentary Environments: A Modern Approach to Depositional Systems, vol. 33. Special Publication International Association of Sedimentologists. pp. 33-66.
97. Trendall A.F., Blockley J.G. The Iron-Formation of the Precambrian Hamersley Group, Western Australia, with special reference to the associated crocidolite. Bull. Geol. Surv. W. Aust. 1970, 119. 366 pp.
98. Trendall A.F., Compston W., Nelson D.R., De Laeter J.R., Bennett V.C. SHRIMP zircon ages constraining the depositional chronology of the Hamersley Group, Western Australia. Aust. J. Earth Sci. 2004, 51:621-644.
99. Valaas Hyslop E., Valley J.W., Johnson C.M., Beard B.L. The effects of metamorphism on O and Fe isotope compositions in the Biwabik iron-formation, northern Minnesota. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 2008, 155:313-328.
100. van den Boorn S.H.J.M., van Bergen M.J., Nijman W., Vroon P.Z. Dual role of seawater and hydrothermal fluids in Early Archean chert formation: evidence from silicon isotopes. Geology 2007, 35:939-942.
101. van den Boorn S.H.J.M., van Bergen M.J., Vroon P.Z., Vries S.T., Nijman W. Silicon isotope and trace element constraints on the origin of ∼3.5Ga cherts: implications for early Archean marine environments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 2010, 74:1077-1103.
102. von Blanckenburg F., Mamberti M., Schönberg R., Kamber B.S., Webb G.E. The iron isotope composition of microbial carbonate. Chem. Geol. 2008, 249:113-486.
103. Veizer J., Hoefs J., Ridler R.H., Jensen L.S., Lowe D.R. Geochemistry of Precambrian carbonates: I. Archean hydrothermal systems. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1989, 53:845-857.
104. Walraven F., Armstrong R., Kruger F. A chronostratigraphic framework for the north-central Kaapvaal craton, the Bushveld Complex and the Vredefort structure. Tectonophysics 1990, 171:23-48.
105. Welch S.A., Beard B.L., Johnson C.M., Braterman P.S. Kinetic and equilibrium Fe isotope fractionation between aqueous Fe(II) and Fe(III). Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2003, 67:4231-4250.
106. Whitehouse M.J., Fedo C.M. Microscale heterogeneity of Fe isotopes in >3.71Ga banded iron formation from the Isua Greenstone Belt, Southwest Greenland. Geology 2007, 35:719-722.
107. Widdel F., Schnell S., Heising S., Ehrenreich A., Assmus B., Schink B. Ferrous iron oxidation by anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria. Nature 1993, 362:834-836.
108. Wiesli R.A., Beard B.L., Johnson C.M. Experimental determination of Fe isotope fractionation between aqueous Fe(II), siderite and " green rust" in abiotic systems. Chem. Geol. 2004, 211:343-362.
109. Yamaguchi K.E., Johnson C.M., Beard B.L., Ohmoto H. Biogeochemical cycling of iron in the Archean-Paleoproterozoic Earth: Constraints from iron isotope variations in sedimentary rocks from the Kaapvaal and Pilbara Cratons. Chem. Geol. 2005, 218:135-169.
110. Ziegler K., Chadwick O.A., Brzezinski M.A., Kelly E.F. Natural variations of d30Si ratios during progressive basalt weathering, Hawaiian Islands. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2005, 69:4597-4610.