SHRIMP U-Pb zircon ages for the Palaeoproterozoic Kuruman Iron Formation, Northern Cape Province, South Africa: Evidence for simultaneous BIF deposition on Kaapvaal and Pilbara Cratons

Precambrian Research

Volumn 125, Issue 3-4, 2003, Pages 275-315

  Pickard, A L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

Author keywords

Banded iron formation; Kuruman Iron Formation; Palaeoproterozoic correlation; SHRIMP zircon dating; Stilpnomelane mudrocks in BIF

Indexed keywords

IRON; LEAD; URANIUM; ZIRCONIUM;

BANDED IRON FORMATION; CORRELATION; MUDSTONE; PROTEROZOIC; SHRIMP DATING; VOLCANISM; ZIRCON;

ARTICLE; CHRONOLOGY; GEOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS; GEOCHEMISTRY; PROTEROZOIC; ROCK; SOUTH AFRICA; VOLCANO;

AFRICA; AUSTRALASIA; AUSTRALIA; KAAPVAAL CRATON; NORTHERN CAPE; PILBARA BLOCK; SOUTH AFRICA; SOUTHERN AFRICA; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA; WESTERN AUSTRALIA;

EID: 0346555900     PISSN: 03019268     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0301-9268(03)00113-X     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Alibert, C., McCulloch, M.T., 1993. Rare earth element and neodymium isotopic compositions of the banded iron formations and associated shales from Hamersley, western Australia. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 57, 187-204.
2. Altermann, W., 1996. Sedimentology, geochemistry and palaeogeographic implications of volcanic rocks in the upper Archaean Campbell Group, western Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa. In: Kaufman, A.J., Danielson, A. (Eds.), Geology and Geochemistry of the Transvaal Supergroup, Southern Africa. Precambrian Res. 79(1-2), 73-100.
3. Altermann, W., 1997. Sedimentological evaluation of Pb-Zn potential of the Precambrian Griquatown Fault Zone in the northern Cape Province, South Africa. Mineralium Deposita 32 (4), 382-391.
4. Altermann, W., Hälbich, I.W., 1991. Structural history of the south-western corner of the Kaapvaal Craton and the adjacent Namaqua realm: new observations and reappraisal. Precambrian Res. 52, 133-166.
5. Altermann, W., Herbig, H.G., 1991. Tidal flat deposits of the Lower Proterozoic Campbell Group along the southwestern margin of the Kaapvaal Craton, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. J. Afr. Earth Sci. 13 (3), 415-435.
6. Altermann, W., Nelson, D.R., 1998. Sedimentation rates, basin analysis and regional correlations of three Neoarchaean and Palaeoproterozoic sub-basins of the Kaapvaal craton as inferred from precise U-Pb zircon ages from volcanoclastic sediments. Sediment. Geol. 120, 225-256.
7. Anders, E., Grevesse, N., 1989. Abundances of the elements meteoritic and solar. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 53 (1), 197-214.
8. Armstrong, R.A., Compston, W., Retief, E.A., Williams, I.S., Welke, H.J., 1991. Zircon ion microprobe studies bearing on the age and evolution of the Witwatersrand Triad. Precambrian Res. 53, 243-266.
9. Arndt, N.T., Nelson, D.R., Compston, W., Trendall, A.F., Thorne, A.M., 1991. The age of the Fortescue Group, Hamersley Basin, Western Australia, from ion microprobe zircon U-Pb results. Aust. J. Earth Sci. 38 (3), 261-281.
10. Barley, M.E., Pickard, A.L., Sylvester, P.J., 1997. Emplacement of a large igneous province as a possible cause of banded iron formation 2.45 billion years ago. Nature 385, 55-58.
11. Barton, E.S., Altermann, W., Williams, I.S., Smith, C.B., 1994. U-Pb zircon age for a tuff in the Campbellrand Group, Griqualand West Sequence, South Africa: implications for Early Proterozoic rock accumulation rates. Geology 22, 343-346.
12. Bau, M., Höhndorf, A., Dulski, P., Beukes, N.J., 1997. Sources of rare-earth elements and iron in Paleoproterozoic iron formations from the Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa: evidence from neodymium isotopes. J. Geol. 105 (1), 121-129.
13. Bau, M., Romer, R.L., Luders, V., Beukes, N.J., 1999. Pb, O, and C isotopes in silicified Mooidraai dolomite (Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa): implications for the composition of Paleoproterozoic seawater and 'dating' the increase of oxygen in the Precambrian atmosphere. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 174 (1), 43-57.
14. Beukes, N.J., 1973. Precambrian iron formations of Southern Africa. Econ. Geol. 68, 960-1004.
15. Beukes, N.J., 1977. Transition from siliciclastic to carbonate sedimentation near the base of the Transvaal Supergroup, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. Sediment. Geol. 18, 201-221.
16. Beukes, N.J., 1980. Lithofacies and stratigraphy of the Kuruman and Griquatown Iron formations, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. Transcripts Geol. Soc. S. Afr. 83, 69-86.
17. Beukes, N.J., 1983. Palaeoenvironmental setting of iron formations in the depositional basin of the Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa. In: Trendall, A.F., Morris, R.C. (Eds.), Iron Formation: Facts and Problems. Elsevier, Amsterdam. Developments in Precambrian Geology 6, 69-129.
18. Beukes, N.J., 1984. Sedimentology of the Kuruman and Griquatown iron formations, Transvaal Supergroup, Griqualand West, South Africa. Precambrian Res. 24, 47-84.
19. Beukes, N.J., 1986. The Transvaal Sequence in Griqualand West. In: Anhaeusser, C.R., Maske, S. (Eds.), Mineral Deposits of Southern Africa. Geol. Soc. S. Afr., Johannesburg, South Africa, pp. 819-828.
20. Beukes, N.J., 1987. Facies relations, depositional environments and diagenesis in a major early Proterozoic stromatolitic-carbonate platform to basinal sequence, Campbellrand Subgroup, Transvaal Supergroup, Southern Africa. Sediment. Geol. 54, 1-46.
21. Beukes, N.J., Klein, C., 1990. Geochemistry and sedimentology of a facies transition-from microbanded to granular iron formation-in the early Proterozoic Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa. Precambrian Res. 47, 99-139.
22. Button, A., 1976. Transvaal and Hamersley Basins - review of basin development and mineral deposits. Miner. Sci. Eng. 8, 262-293.
23. Cheney, E.S., 1996. Sequence stratigraphy and plate tectonic significance of the Transvaal succession of southern Africa and its equivalent in Western Australia. Precambrian Res. 79, 3-24.
24. Cloud, P., 1973. Paleoecological significance of the banded iron formation. Econ. Geol. 68, 1135-1143.
25. Cornell, D.H., Schütte, S.S., Eglington, B.L., 1996. The Ongeluk Basaltic Andesite Formation in the Griquatown West, South Africa: submarine alteration in a 2222 Ma Proterozoic sea. Precambrian Res. 79, 101-124.
26. Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A., Zussman, J., 1989. An Introduction to the Rock Forming Minerals. Longman Scientific & Technical, England, 528 pp.
27. Eriksson, P.G., Hattingh, P.J., Altermann, W., 1995. An overview of the geology of the Transvaal Sequence and Bushveld Complex, South Africa. Mineralium Deposita 30, 98-111.
28. Ewers, W.E., Morris, R.C., 1981. Studies of the Dales Gorge Member of the Brockman Iron Formation, Western Australia. Econ. Geol. 76, 1929-1953.
29. Fletcher, I.R., Dunphy J.M., Cassidy, K.F., Champion, D.C., 2001. Compilation of SHRIMP U-Pb geochronological data, Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia, 2000-2001. Geoscience Australia, Record 2001/47, 111 pp.
30. Gromet, L.P., Dymek, R.F., Haskin, L.A., Korotev, R.L., 1984. The "North American Shale Composite": its compilations, major and trace-element characteristics. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 48, 2469-2482.
31. Gutzmer, J., Beukes, N.J., 1997. High grade manganese ores in the Kalahari manganese field: characterization and dating of ore-forming events. Fourth Quarterly Progress Report, Rands Afrikaans University, Johannesburg, South Africa, 20 pp. (Unpublished Report).
32. Hälbich, I.W., Lamprecht, D., Altermann, W., Horstmann, U.E., 1992. The carbonate-banded iron formation transition in the Early Proterozoic of South Africa. J. Afr. Earth Sci. 15 (2), 217-236.
33. Hälbich, I.W., Scheepers, R., Lamprechet, D., van Deventer, J.L., De Kock, N.J., 1993. The Transvaal-Griqualand West banded iron formations: geology, genesis and iron exploitation. J. Afr. Earth Sci. 16, 63-120.
34. Hein, J.R., Yeh, H.-W., Gunn, S.H., Gibbs, A.E., Wang, C.-H., 1994. Composition and origin of hydrothermal ironstones from central Pacific seamounts. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 58, 179-189.
35. Höferle, R., Haller, D., Tetzlaff, A., Altermann, W., 2000. A unique assemblage of elongated, coniform stromatolites in the Neoarchean Campbellrand Subgroup, South Africa. In: Graz. J. (Ed.), Abstracts: 18th Colloquium of African Geology. J. Afr. Earth Sci. Suppl. 1, Abstracts 30(4), p. 40.
36. Holland, H.D., 1984. The chemical evolution of the atmosphere and oceans. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 582 pp.
37. Horstmann, U.E., Hälbich, I.W., 1995. Chemical composition of banded iron formations of the Griqualand West Sequence, Northern Cape Province, South Africa, in comparison with other Precambrian iron formations. Precambrian Res. 72, 109-145.
38. Horstmann, U.E., Lamprecht, D.F., Hälbich, I.W., 1990. Geochemistry of banded iron formations of the Griqualand West Sequence, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. In: Glover, J.E., Ho, S.E. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Third International Archaean Symposium, Perth, 1990, Extended Abstracts, pp. 323-325. Geoconferences (W.A.) Inc., Perth.
39. Isley, A.E., Abbott, D.H., 1999. Plume-related mafic volcanism and the deposition of banded iron formation, B, Solid Earth and Planets. J. Geophys. Res. 104 (7), 15461-15477.
40. Jaffey, A.H., Flynn, K.F., Glendenin, L.E., Bentley, W.C., Essling, A.M., 1971. Precision measurement of half lives and specific activities of 235U and 238U. Phys. Rev. C4, 1889-1906.
41. Jahn, B., Bertrand-Sarfati, J., Morin, N., Mace, J., 1990. Direct dating of stromatolitic-carbonate from the Schmidtsdrif Formation (Transvaal Dolomite), South Africa, with implications on the age of the Ventersdorp Supergroup. Geology 18, 1211-1214.
42. Klein, C., Beukes, N.J., 1989. Geochemistry and sedimentology of a facies transition from limestone to iron formation deposition in the early Proterozoic Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa. Econ. Geol. 84, 1733-1742.
43. Klein, C., Beukes, N.J., 1992. Proterozoic iron formations. In: Condie, K.C. (Ed.), Proterozoic Crustal Evolution, Elsevier, Amsterdam. Developments in Precambrian Geology 10, 383-418.
44. Krapež, B., Barley, M.E., Pickard, A.L., in press. Hydrothermal and resedimented origins of the precursor sediments to banded iron formations: sedimentological evidence from the early Paleoproterozoic Brockman Supersequence of Western Australia. Sedimentology.
45. Kump, L.R., Kasting, J.F., Barley, M.E., 2001. Rise of atmospheric oxygen and the "upside-down" Archean mantle. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems (G3), 2, paper no. 2000GC000114.
46. LaBerge, G.L., 1966. Altered pyroclastic rocks in South African iron formation. Econ. Geol. 61, 572-581.
47. Martin, D.McB., Clendenin, C.W., Krapez, B., McNaughton, N.J., 1998. Tectonic and geochronological constraints on late Archaean and Palaeoproterozoic stratigraphic correlation within and between the Kaapvaal and Pilbara Cratons. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 155, 311-322.
48. Mahon, K.I., 1996. The new "York" regression: an improved statistical method to geochemistry. Int. Geol. Rev. 38, 293-303.
49. McLennan, S.M., 1989. Rare earth elements in sedimentary rocks: influence of provenance and sedimentary processes. In: Lipin, B.R., McKay, G.A. (Eds.), Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Rare Earth Elements. Rev. Mineral., 21, 169-200.
50. McPhie, J., Doyle, M., Allen, R., 1993. Volcanic Textures: A guide to the Interpretations of Textures in Volcanic Rocks. CODES Key Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 196 pp.
51. Miyano, T., Beukes, N.J., 1984. Phase relations of stilpnomelane, ferriannite, and riebeckite in very low-grade metamorphosed iron formations. Trans. Geol. Soc. S. Afr. 87, 111-124.
52. Nelson, D.R., Trendall, A.F., Altermann, W., 1999. Chronological correlations between the Pilbara and Kaapvaal Cratons. Precambrian Res. 97, 165-189.
53. Pickard, A.L., 2002. SHRIMP U-Pb zircon ages of tuffaceous mudrocks in the Brockman Iron Formation of the Hamersley Range, Western Australia. Aust. J. Earth Sci. 49 (3), 491-507.
54. Pickard, A.L., Barley, M.E., Beukes, N.J., 2000. Correlation of the Brockman Iron Formation, Western Australia, and the Kuruman Iron Formation, South African, using zircon U-Pb SHRIMP geochronology and high-resolution geochemistry. In: The 31st International Geological Congress, Rio de Janeiro (Abstracts).
55. Silverman, B.W., 1986. Density estimation for statistics and data analysis. Chapman and Hall, London, 175 pp.
56. Smith, J.B., Barley, M.E., Groves, D.I., Krapez, B., McNaughton, N.J., Bickle, M.J., Chapman, H.J., 1998. The Sholl shear zone, West Pilbara: evidence for a domain boundary structure from integrated tectonostratigraphic analyses, SHRIMP U-Pb dating and isotopic and geochemical data of granitoids. Precambrian Res. 88 (1-4), 143-171.
57. Sumner, D.Y., Bowring, S.A., 1996. U-Pb geochronologic constraints on deposition of the Campbellrand Subgroup, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa. Precambrian Res. 79, 25-35.
58. Taylor, P.N., McLennan, S.M., 1981. The composition and evolution of the continental crust: rare earth element evidence from sedimentary rocks. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A301, 381-399.
59. Trendall, A.F., 1968. Three great basins of Precambrian banded iron formation deposition: a systematic comparison. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 79, 1527-1544.
60. Trendall, A.F., 2002. The significance of iron formations (IF) in the Precambrian stratigraphic record. In: Altermann, W., Corcoran, P.L. (Eds.), Precambrian Sedimentary Environments: A Modern Approach to Ancient Depositional Systems. Special Publication of the International Association of Sedimentologists 33, 33-66.
61. Trendall, A.F., Morris, R.C. (Eds.), 1983. Iron Formation: Facts and Problems, Elsevier, Amsterdam. Dev. Precambrian Geol. 6, p. 558.
62. Trendall, A.F., Compston, W., Williams, I.S., Armstrong, R.A., Arndt, N.T., McNaughton, N.J., Nelson, D.R., Barley, M.E., Beukes, N.J., De Laeter, J.R., Retief, E.A., Thorne, A.M., 1990. Precise zircon U-Pb chronological comparison of the volcano-sedimentary sequences of the Kaapvaal and Pilbara Cratons between about 3.1 and 2.4 Ga. In: Glover, J.E., Ho, S.E. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Third International Archaean Symposium, Perth, 1990, Extended Abstracts, pp. 81-83. Geoconferences (W.A.) Inc., Perth.
63. Trendall, A.F., de Laeter, J.R., Nelson, D.R., 1995. Chronology of Gondwana BIFs: Progress report from recent zircon U-Pb results. In: The third Australian Conference on Geochronology and Isotope Science (ACOG), Workshop Program and Abstracts, p. 35. Curtin University, Perth, Australia.
64. Van Wyk, C.J., 1987. Die mineralogie en geochemie van sedimetere siklusse in die Kuruman-en Griquatown-ysterformasies van die Transvaal-Supergroep in Griekwaland-Wes. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Randse Afrikaanse Universiteit.
65. Walraven, F., Armstrong, R.A., Kruger, F.J., 1990. A chronostratigraphic framework for the north-central Kaapvaal Craton, the Bushveld Complex, and the Vredefort structure. Techtonophysics 171, 23-48.
66. Walraven, F., Martini, J., 1995. Zircon Pb-evaporation age determinations of the Oak Tree Formation, Chuniesport Group, Transvaal Sequence: Implication for Transvaal-Griqualand West basin correlations. S. Afr. J. Geol. 98, 58-67.
67. Wendt, I., Carl, C., 1991. The statistical distribution of the mean square weighted deviation. Chem. Geol. 86, 275-285.
68. Williams, I.S., 1998. U-Th-Pb Geochronology by Ion Microprobe. In: Applications of microanalytical techniques to understanding mineralizing processes. Rev. Econ. Geol. 7, 1-35.
69. Zegers, T.E., de Wit, M.J., Dann, J., White, S.H., 1998. Vaalbara, Earth's oldest assembled continent? A combined structural, geochronological, and palaeomagnetic test. Terra Nova 10 (5), 250-259.