Role of bone morphogenetic proteins in adrenal physiology and disease

Journal of Molecular Endocrinology

Volumn 44, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 203-211

  Johnsen, Inga K ^a   Beuschlein, Felix ^a  

^a LUDWIG MAXIMILIANS UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

5 AZA 2' DEOXYCYTIDINE; ALITRETINOIN; BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN 2; BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN 4; BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN 5; BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN 6; BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTOR 1B; BRYOSTATIN 1; OSTEOGENIC PROTEIN 1; OSTEOGENIN; PHORBOL ESTER;

ADRENAL CORTEX; ADRENAL CORTEX CELL; ADRENAL CORTEX TUMOR; ADRENAL GLAND; ADRENAL MEDULLA; CARCINOGENESIS; CATECHOLAMINE SYNTHESIS; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CHROMAFFIN CELL; ENDOCRINE FUNCTION; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; ORGANOGENESIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REVIEW; STEROIDOGENESIS;

ADRENAL GLAND DISEASES; ADRENAL GLAND NEOPLASMS; ADRENAL GLANDS; ANIMALS; BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEINS; HUMANS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 77950275436     PISSN: 09525041     EISSN: 14796813     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1677/JME-10-0001     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. Aguilera G 1993 Factors controlling steroid biosynthesis in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex. Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 45 147-149.
2. Alemany R 2009 Designing adenoviral vectors for tumor-specific targeting. Methods in Molecular Biology 542 57-74.
3. Alesci S, Ramsey WJ, Bornstein SR, Chrousos GP, Hornsby PJ, Benvenga S, Trimarchi F & Ehrhart-Bornstein M 2002 Adenoviral vectors can impair adrenocortical steroidogenesis: clinical implications for natural infections and gene therapy. PNAS 99 7484-7489.
4. Allolio B & Fassnacht M 2006 Clinical review: adrenocortical carcinoma: clinical update. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 91 2027-2037.
5. Barzon L, Boscaro M & Palu G 2004 Endocrine aspects of cancer gene therapy. Endocrine Reviews 25 1-44.
6. Blitz IL & Cho KW 2009 Finding partners: how BMPs select their targets. Developmental Dynamics 238 1321-1331.
7. Blondet A, Doghman M, Durand P, Begeot M & Naville D 2004 An E-box-containing region is involved in the tissue-specific expression of the human MC2R gene. Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 32 811-823.
8. Brand C, Cherradi N, Defaye G, Chinn A, Chambaz EM, Feige JJ & Bailly S 1998 Transforming growth factor beta1 decreases cholesterol supply to mitochondria via repression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein expression. Journal of Biological Chemistry 273 6410-6416.
9. von Bubnoff A & Cho KW 2001 Intracellular BMP signaling regulation in vertebrates: pathway or network? Developmental Biology 239 1-14.
10. Chen D, Zhao M, Harris SE & Mi Z 2004 Signal transduction and biological functions of bone morphogenetic proteins. Frontiers in Bioscience 9 349-358.
11. Chen YL, Chen PK, Jeng LB, Huang CS, Yang LC, Chung HY & Chang SC 2008 Periodontal regeneration using ex vivo autologous stem cells engineered to express the BMP-2 gene: an alternative to alveolaplasty. Gene Therapy 15 1469-1477.
12. Combs SE, Krieglstein K & Unsicker K 2000 Reduction of endogenous TGF-beta increases proliferation of developing adrenal chromaffin cells in vivo. Journal of Neuroscience Research 59 379-383.
13. Doepfner KT, Spertini O & Arcaro A 2007 Autocrine insulin-like growth factor-I signaling promotes growth and survival of human acute myeloid leukemia cells via the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway. Leukemia 21 1921-1930.
14. Egermann M, Baltzer AW, Adamaszek S, Evans C, Robbins P, Schneider E & Lill CA 2006 Direct adenoviral transfer of bone morphogenetic protein-2 cDNA enhances fracture healing in osteoporotic sheep. Human Gene Therapy 17 507-517.
15. Ehrhart-Bornstein M, Hinson JP, Bornstein SR, Scherbaum WA & Vinson GP 1998 Intraadrenal interactions in the regulation of adrenocortical steroidogenesis. Endocrine Reviews 19 101-143.
16. Fabre S, Pierre A, Pisselet C, Mulsant P, Lecerf F, Pohl J, Monget P & Monniaux D 2003 The Booroola mutation in sheep is associated with an alteration of the bone morphogenetic protein receptor-IB functionality. Journal of Endocrinology 177 435-444.
17. Foster RH, MacFarlane CH & Bustamante MO 1997 Recent progress in understanding aldosterone secretion. General Pharmacology 28 647-651.
18. Franzen A & Heldin NE 2001 BMP-7-induced cell cycle arrest of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells via p21(CIP1) and p27(KIP1). Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 285 773-781.
19. Funder JW 2005 The nongenomic actions of aldosterone. Endocrine Reviews 26 313-321.
20. Ghosh-Choudhury N, Woodruff K, Qi W, Celeste A, Abboud SL & Ghosh Choudhury G 2000 Bone morphogenetic protein-2 blocks MDA MB 231 human breast cancer cell proliferation by inhibiting cyclin-dependent kinase-mediated retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 272 705-711.
21. Ghosh-Choudhury N, Abboud SL, Nishimura R, Celeste A, Mahimainathan L & Choudhury GG 2002 Requirement of BMP-2-induced phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and Akt serine/ threonine kinase in osteoblast differentiation and Smaddependent BMP-2 gene transcription. Journal of Biological Chemistry 277 33361-33368.
22. Giacomini D, Acuna M, Gerez J, Nagashima AC, Silberstein S, Paez- Pereda M, Labeur M, Theodoropoulou M, Renner U, Stalla GK et al. 2007 Pituitary action of cytokines: focus on BMP-4 and gp130 family. Neuroendocrinology 85 94-100.
23. Gicquel C, Bertagna X, Schneid H, Francillard-Leblond M, Luton JP, Girard F & Le Bouc Y 1994 Rearrangements at the 11p15 locus and overexpression of insulin-like growth factor-II gene in sporadic adrenocortical tumors. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 78 1444-1453.
24. Giordano TJ, Thomas DG, Kuick R, Lizyness M, Misek DE, Smith AL, Sanders D, Aljundi RT, Gauger PG, Thompson NW et al. 2003 Distinct transcriptional profiles of adrenocortical tumors uncovered by DNA microarray analysis. American Journal of Pathology 162 521-531.
25. Giulia C, Adriana L, Elisabetta P, Poli G, Elisabetta C, Sara M, Tonino E, Andrea G, Mario S, Massimo M et al. 2008 Rosiglitazone inhibits adrenocortical cancer cell proliferation by interfering with the IGF-IR intracellular signaling. PPAR Research 2008 904041.
26. Gonelli A, Mischiati C, Guerrini R, Voltan R, Salvadori S & Zauli G 2009 Perspectives of protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors as anticancer agents. Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 9 498-509.
27. Goto J, Otsuka F, Yamashita M, Suzuki J, Otani H, Takahashi H, Miyoshi T, Mimura Y, Ogura T & Makino H 2009 Enhancement of aldosterone-induced catecholamine production by bone morphogenetic protein-4 through activating Rho and SAPK/JNK pathway in adrenomedullar cells. American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism 296 E904-E916.
28. Gugala Z, Davis AR, Fouletier-Dilling CM, Gannon FH, Lindsey RW & Olmsted-Davis EA 2007 Adenovirus BMP2-induced osteogenesis in combination with collagen carriers. Biomaterials 28 4469-4479.
29. Guo X & Wang XF 2009 Signaling cross-talk between TGF-beta/BMP and other pathways. Cell Research 19 71-88.
30. Hayashi H, Abdollah S, Qiu Y, Cai J, Xu YY, Grinnell BW, Richardson MA, Topper JN, Gimbrone MA Jr, Wrana JL et al. 1997 The MADrelated protein Smad7 associates with the TGFbeta receptor and functions as an antagonist of TGFbeta signaling. Cell 89 1165-1173.
31. He XC, Zhang J, Tong WG, Tawfik O, Ross J, Scoville DH, Tian Q, Zeng X, He X, Wiedemann LM et al. 2004 BMP signaling inhibits intestinal stem cell self-renewal through suppression of Wntbeta- catenin signaling. Nature Genetics 36 1117-1121.
32. Helvering LM, Sharp RL, Ou X & Geiser AG 2000 Regulation of the promoters for the human bone morphogenetic protein 2 and 4 genes. Gene 256 123-138.
33. Hogan BL 1996 Bone morphogenetic proteins: multifunctional regulators of vertebrate development. Genes and Development 10 1580-1594.
34. Holland OB, Carr B & Brasier AR 1995 Aldosterone synthase gene regulation by angiotensin. Endocrine Research 21 455-462.
35. Horvath LG, Henshall SM, Kench JG, Turner JJ, Golovsky D, Brenner PC, O'Neill GF, Kooner R, Stricker PD, Grygiel JJ et al. 2004 Loss of BMP2, Smad8, and Smad4 expression in prostate cancer progression. Prostate 59 234-242.
36. Howe JR, Roth S, Ringold JC, Summers RW, Jarvinen HJ, Sistonen P, Tomlinson IP, Houlston RS, Bevan S, Mitros FA et al. 1998 Mutations in the SMAD4/DPC4 gene in juvenile polyposis. Science 280 1086-1088.
37. Hsu MY, Rovinsky S, Penmatcha S, Herlyn M & Muirhead D 2005 Bone morphogenetic proteins in melanoma: angel or devil? Cancer Metastasis Reviews 24 251-263.
38. Huber K 2006 The sympathoadrenal cell lineage: specification, diversification, and new perspectives. Developmental Biology 298 335-343.
39. Huber K, Combs S, Ernsberger U, Kalcheim C & Unsicker K 2002 Generation of neuroendocrine chromaffin cells from sympathoadrenal progenitors: beyond the glucocorticoid hypothesis. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 971 554-559.
40. Huber K, Franke A, Bruhl B, Krispin S, Ernsberger U, Schober A, von Bohlen und Halbach O, Rohrer H, Kalcheim C & Unsicker K 2008 Persistent expression of BMP-4 in embryonic chick adrenal cortical cells and its role in chromaffin cell development. Neural Development 3 28.
41. Iemura S, Yamamoto TS, Takagi C, Uchiyama H, Natsume T, Shimasaki S, Sugino H & Ueno N 1998 Direct binding of follistatin to a complex of bone-morphogenetic protein and its receptor inhibits ventral and epidermal cell fates in early Xenopus embryo. PNAS 95 9337-9342.
42. Imamura T, Takase M, Nishihara A, Oeda E, Hanai J, Kawabata M & Miyazono K 1997 Smad6 inhibits signalling by the TGF-beta superfamily. Nature 389 622-626.
43. Inagaki K, Otsuka F, Suzuki J, Kano Y, Takeda M, Miyoshi T, Otani H, Mimura Y, Ogura T & Makino H 2006 Involvement of bone morphogenetic protein-6 in differential regulation of aldosterone production by angiotensin II and potassium in human adrenocortical cells. Endocrinology 147 2681-2689.
44. Jabbour E, Issa JP, Garcia-Manero G & Kantarjian H 2008 Evolution of decitabine development: accomplishments, ongoing investigations, and future strategies. Cancer 112 2341-2351.
45. Johnsen IK, Kappler R, Auernhammer CJ & Beuschlein F 2009 Bone morphogenetic proteins 2 and 5 are down-regulated in adrenocortical carcinoma and modulate adrenal cell proliferation and steroidogenesis. Cancer Research 69 5784-5792.
46. Kano Y, Otsuka F, Takeda M, Suzuki J, Inagaki K, Miyoshi T, Miyamoto M, Otani H, Ogura T & Makino H 2005 Regulatory roles of bone morphogenetic proteins and glucocorticoids in catecholamine production by rat pheochromocytoma cells. Endocrinology 146 5332-5340.
47. Langenfeld EM & Langenfeld J 2004 Bone morphogenetic protein-2 stimulates angiogenesis in developing tumors. Molecular Cancer Research 2 141-149.
48. Langenfeld EM, Calvano SE, Abou-Nukta F, Lowry SF, Amenta P & Langenfeld J 2003 The mature bone morphogenetic protein-2 is aberrantly expressed in non-small cell lung carcinomas and stimulates tumor growth of A549 cells. Carcinogenesis 24 1445-1454.
49. Langenfeld EM, Kong Y & Langenfeld J 2006 Bone morphogenetic protein 2 stimulation of tumor growth involves the activation of Smad-1/5. Oncogene 25 685-692.
50. Le Page C, Puiffe ML, Meunier L, Zietarska M, de Ladurantaye M, Tonin PN, Provencher D & Mes-Masson AM 2009 BMP-2 signaling in ovarian cancer and its association with poor prognosis. Journal of Ovarian Research 2 4.
51. Liakos P, Lenz D, Bernhardt R, Feige JJ & Defaye G 2003 Transforming growth factor beta1 inhibits aldosterone and cortisol production in the human adrenocortical cell line NCI-H295R through inhibition of CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 expression. Journal of Endocrinology 176 69-82.
52. Lippman SM, Heyman RA, Kurie JM, Benner SE & Hong WK 1995 Retinoids and chemoprevention: clinical and basic studies. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. Supplement 22 1-10.
53. Liu A & Niswander LA 2005 Bone morphogenetic protein signalling and vertebrate nervous system development. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience 6 945-954.
54. Liu F, Ventura F, Doody J & Massague J 1995 Human type II receptor for bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs): extension of the twokinase receptor model to the BMPs. Molecular and Cellular Biology 15 3479-3486.
55. Loh K, Chia JA, Greco S, Cozzi SJ, Buttenshaw RL, Bond CE, Simms LA, Pike T, Young JP, Jass JR et al. 2008 Bone morphogenic protein 3 inactivation is an early and frequent event in colorectal cancer development. Genes, Chromosomes and Cancer 47 449-460.
56. Lotan R 1995 Retinoids and apoptosis: implications for cancer chemoprevention and therapy. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 87 1655-1657.
57. Lotan R 1996 Retinoids in cancer chemoprevention. FASEB Journal 10 1031-1039.
58. Martinek V, Ueblacker P & Imhoff AB 2003 Current concepts of gene therapy and cartilage repair. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume 85 782-788.
59. Mathura JR Jr, Jafari N, Chang JT, Hackett SF, Wahlin KJ, Della NG, Okamoto N, Zack DJ & Campochiaro PA 2000 Bone morphogenetic proteins-2 and -4: negative growth regulators in adult retinal pigmented epithelium. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 41 592-600.
60. Matkovic U, Pacenti M, Trevisan M, Palu G & Barzon L 2009 Investigation on human adrenocortical cell response to adenovirus and adenoviral vector infection. Journal of Cellular Physiology 220 45-57.
61. Michelsohn AM & Anderson DJ 1992 Changes in competence determine the timing of two sequential glucocorticoid effects on sympathoadrenal progenitors. Neuron 8 589-604.
62. Mishina Y, Suzuki A, Ueno N & Behringer RR 1995 Bmpr encodes a type I bone morphogenetic protein receptor that is essential for gastrulation during mouse embryogenesis. Genes and Development 9 3027-3037.
63. Mohammad RM, Wall NR, Dutcher JA & Al-Katib AM 2000 The addition of bryostatin 1 to cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP) chemotherapy improves response in a CHOP-resistant human diffuse large cell lymphoma xenograft model. Clinical Cancer Research 6 4950-4956.
64. Mulsant P, Lecerf F, Fabre S, Schibler L, Monget P, Lanneluc I, Pisselet C, Riquet J, Monniaux D, Callebaut I et al. 2001 Mutation in bone morphogenetic protein receptor-IB is associated with increased ovulation rate in Booroola Merino ewes. PNAS 98 5104-5109.
65. Nakao A, Afrakhte M, Moren A, Nakayama T, Christian JL, Heuchel R, Itoh S, Kawabata M, Heldin NE, Heldin CH et al. 1997 Identification of Smad7, a TGFbeta-inducible antagonist of TGF-beta signalling. Nature 389 631-635.
66. Nohe A, Keating E, Knaus P & Petersen NO 2004 Signal transduction of bone morphogenetic protein receptors. Cellular Signalling 16 291-299.
67. Nosho K, Yamamoto H, Adachi Y, Endo T, Hinoda Y & Imai K 2005 Gene expression profiling of colorectal adenomas and early invasive carcinomas by cDNA array analysis. British Journal of Cancer 92 1193-1200.
68. Otani H, Otsuka F, Inagaki K, Takeda M, Miyoshi T, Suzuki J, Mukai T, Ogura T & Makino H 2007 Antagonistic effects of bone morphogenetic protein-4 and -7 on renal mesangial cell proliferation induced by aldosterone through MAPK activation. American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology 292 F1513-F1525.
69. Otani H, Otsuka F, Inagaki K, Suzuki J, Miyoshi T, Kano Y, Goto J, Ogura T & Makino H 2008 Aldosterone breakthrough caused by chronic blockage of angiotensin II type 1 receptors in human adrenocortical cells: possible involvement of bone morphogenetic protein-6 actions. Endocrinology 149 2816-2825.
70. Paez-Pereda M, Giacomini D, Refojo D, Nagashima AC, Hopfner U, Grubler Y, Chervin A, Goldberg V, Goya R, Hentges ST et al. 2003 Involvement of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP-4) in pituitary prolactinoma pathogenesis through a Smad/estrogen receptor crosstalk. PNAS 100 1034-1039.
71. Pera EM, Ikeda A, Eivers E & De Robertis EM 2003 Integration of IGF, FGF, and anti-BMP signals via Smad1 phosphorylation in neural induction. Genes and Development 17 3023-3028.
72. Phillips DJ & de Kretser DM 1998 Follistatin: a multifunctional regulatory protein. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 19 287-322.
73. Ratajczak CK, Boehle KL & Muglia LJ 2009 Impaired steroidogenesis and implantation failure in Bmall - / - mice. Endocrinology 150 1879-1885.
74. Reissmann E, Ernsberger U, Francis-West PH, Rueger D, Brickell PM & Rohrer H 1996 Involvement of bone morphogenetic protein-4 and bone morphogenetic protein-7 in the differentiation of the adrenergic phenotype in developing sympathetic neurons. Development 122 2079-2088.
75. Sakaue M, Kitazawa S, Nishida K, Kitazawa R & Maeda S 1996 Molecular cloning and characterization of human bone morphogenic protein (BMP)-5 gene promoter. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 221 768-772.
76. Sarkar D, Kambe F, Hayashi Y, Ohmori S, Funahashi H & Seo H 2000 Involvement of AP-1 and steroidogenic factor (SF)-1 in the cAMPdependent induction of human adrenocorticotropic hormone receptor (ACTHR) promoter. Endocrine Journal 47 63-75.
77. Schillinger U, Wexel G, Hacker C, Kullmer M, Koch C, Gerg M, Vogt S, Ueblacker P, Tischer T, Hensler D et al. 2008 A fibrin glue composition as carrier for nucleic acid vectors. Pharmaceutical Research 25 2946-2962.
78. Schneider C, Wicht H, Enderich J, Wegner M & Rohrer H 1999 Bone morphogenetic proteins are required in vivo for the generation of sympathetic neurons. Neuron 24 861-870.
79. Shepherd SP & Holzwarth MA 2001 Chromaffin-adrenocortical cell interactions: effects of chromaffin cell activation in adrenal cell cocultures. American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology 280 C61-C71.
80. Son GH, Chung S, Choe HK, Kim HD, Baik SM, Lee H, Lee HW, Choi S, Sun W, Kim H et al. 2008 Adrenal peripheral clock controls the autonomous circadian rhythm of glucocorticoid by causing rhythmic steroid production. PNAS 105 20970-20975.
81. Song Q, Mehler MF & Kessler JA 1998 Bone morphogenetic proteins induce apoptosis and growth factor dependence of cultured sympathoadrenal progenitor cells. Developmental Biology 196 119-127.
82. Souza CJ & Baird DT 2004 The Booroola (FecB) mutation is associated with smaller adrenal glands in young adult ewes. Reproductive Biomedicine Online 8 414-418.
83. Spyroglou A, Manolopoulou J, Wagner S, Bidlingmaier M, Reincke M & Beuschlein F 2009 Short term regulation of aldosterone secretion after stimulation and suppression experiments in mice. Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 42 407-413.
84. Staessen J, Lijnen P, Fagard R, Verschueren LJ & Amery A 1981 Rise in plasma concentration of aldosterone during long-term angiotensin II suppression. Journal of Endocrinology 91 457-465.
85. Sugiura T 1999 Cloning and functional characterization of the 5′-flanking region of the human bone morphogenetic protein-2 gene. Biochemical Journal 338 433-440.
86. Suzuki J, Otsuka F, Inagaki K, Takeda M, Ogura T & Makino H 2004 Novel action of activin and bone morphogenetic protein in regulating aldosterone production by human adrenocortical cells. Endocrinology 145 639-649.
87. Tajima T, Okada T, Ma XM, Ramsey W, Bornstein S & Aguilera G 1999 Restoration of adrenal steroidogenesis by adenovirus-mediated transfer of human cytochrome P450 21-hydroxylase into the adrenal gland of 21-hydroxylase- deficient mice. Gene Therapy 6 1898-1903.
88. Templeton NS 2009 Nonviral delivery for genomic therapy of cancer. World Journal of Surgery 33 685-697.
89. Terzolo M, Angeli A, Fassnacht M, Daffara F, Tauchmanova L, Conton PA, Rossetto R, Buci L, Sperone P, Grossrubatscher E et al. 2007 Adjuvant mitotane treatment for adrenocortical carcinoma. New England Journal of Medicine 356 2372-2380.
90. Theriault BL, Shepherd TG, Mujoomdar ML & Nachtigal MW 2007 BMP4 induces EMT and Rho GTPase activation in human ovarian cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 28 1153-1162.
91. Varley JE, McPherson CE, Zou H, Niswander L & Maxwell GD 1998 Expression of a constitutively active type I BMP receptor using a retroviral vector promotes the development of adrenergic cells in neural crest cultures. Developmental Biology 196 107-118.
92. Vogt S, Ueblacker P, Geis C, Wagner B, Wexel G, Tischer T, Kruger A, Plank C, Anton M, Martinek V et al. 2008 Efficient and stable gene transfer of growth factors into chondrogenic cells and primary articular chondrocytes using a VSV.G pseudotyped retroviral vector. Biomaterials 29 1242-1249.
93. Vogt S, Wexel G, Tischer T, Schillinger U, Ueblacker P, Wagner B, Hensler D, Wilisch J, Geis C, Wubbenhorst D et al. 2009 The influence of the stable expression of BMP2 in fibrin clots on the remodelling and repair of osteochondral defects. Biomaterials 30 2385-2392.
94. Wen XZ, Akiyama Y, Baylin SB & Yuasa Y 2006 Frequent epigenetic silencing of the bone morphogenetic protein 2 gene through methylation in gastric carcinomas. Oncogene 25 2666-2673.
95. Wolkersdorfer GW, Bornstein SR, Higginbotham JN, Hiroi N, Vaquero JJ, Green MV, Blaese RM, Aguilera G, Chrousos GP & Ramsey WJ 2002 A novel approach using transcomplementing adenoviral vectors for gene therapy of adrenocortical cancer. Hormone and Metabolic Research 34 279-287.
96. Wong GA, Tang V, El-Sabeawy F & Weiss RH 2003 BMP-2 inhibits proliferation of human aortic smooth muscle cells via p21Cip1/Waf1. American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism 284 E972-E979.
97. Wurtman RJ, Pohorecky LA & Baliga BS 1972 Adrenocortical control of the biosynthesis of epinephrine and proteins in the adrenal medulla. Pharmacological Reviews 24 411-426.
98. Yamashita H, ten Dijke P, Huylebroeck D, Sampath TK, Andries M, Smith JC, Heldin CH & Miyazono K 1995 Osteogenic protein-1 binds to activin type II receptors and induces certain activin-like effects. Journal of Cell Biology 130 217-226.
99. Zhou XP, Woodford-Richens K, Lehtonen R, Kurose K, Aldred M, Hampel H, Launonen V, Virta S, Pilarski R, Salovaara R et al. 2001 Germline mutations in BMPR1A/ALK3 cause a subset of cases of juvenile polyposis syndrome and of Cowden and Bannayan- Riley-Ruvalcaba syndromes. American Journal of Human Genetics 69 704-711.
100. Zimmerman LB, De Jesus-Escobar JM & Harland RM 1996 The Spemann organizer signal noggin binds and inactivates bone morphogenetic protein 4. Cell 86 599-606.