Follistatin: A multifunctional regulatory protein

Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology

Volumn 19, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 287-322

  Phillips, David J ^a,b   De Kretser, David M ^a  

^a MONASH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b MONASH MEDICAL CENTRE   (Australia)

Author keywords

Activin; Development; Follistatin; Gonad; Liver; Pituitary

Indexed keywords

ACTIVIN; AGRIN; FOLLISTATIN; REGULATOR PROTEIN;

ADENOHYPOPHYSIS; AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; DECIDUA; HORMONAL REGULATION; HORMONE DETERMINATION; HUMAN; LIVER; NONHUMAN; OVARY FOLLICLE DEVELOPMENT; OVARY FOLLICLE FLUID; PREGNANCY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN DOMAIN; REVIEW; SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY; TESTIS DEVELOPMENT; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION;

EID: 0032191877     PISSN: 00913022     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1006/frne.1998.0169     Document Type: Article

References (235)

1. Alak B M, Smith G D, Woodruff T K, Stouffer R L, Wolf D P. Enhancement of primate oocyte maturation and fertilization in vitro by inhibin A and activin A. Fertil Steril. 66:1996;646-653.
2. Albano R M, Arkell R, Beddington R SP, Smith J C. Expression of inhibin subunits and follistatin during postimplantation mouse development: Decidual expression of activin and expression of follistatin in primitive streak, somites and hindbrain. Development. 120:1994;803-813.
3. Alliel P M, Perin J-P, Jollès P, Bonnet F J. Testican, a multidomain testicular proteoglycan resembling modulators of cell social behaviour. Eur J Biochem. 214:1993;347-350.
4. Amthor H, Connolly D, Patel K, Brand-Saberi B, Wilkinson D G, Cooke J, Christ B. The expression and regulation offollistatinfollistatin-like. Dev Biol. 178:1996;343-362.
5. Asashima M, Nakano H, Uchiyama H, Sugino H, Nakamura T, Eto Y, Ejima D, Davids M, Plessow S, Cichoka I, Kinoshita K. Follistatin inhibits the mesoderm-inducing activity of activin A and the vegetalizing factor from chicken embryo. Roux's Arch Dev Biol. 200:1991;4-7.
6. Attardi B, Winters S J. Decay of follicle-stimulating hormone-β messenger RNA in the presence of transcriptional inhibitors and/or inhibin, activin, or follistatin. Mol Endocrinol. 7:1993;668-680.
7. Attisano L, Wrana J L, Cheifetz S, Massagué J. Novel activin receptors: Distinct genes and alternative mRNA splicing generate a repertoire of serine/threonine kinase receptors. Cell. 68:1992;97-108.
8. Bauer-Dantoin A C, Weiss J, Jameson J L. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone regulation of pituitary follistatin gene expression during the primary follicle-stimulating hormone surge. Endocrinology. 137:1996;1634-1639.
9. Besecke L M, Guendner M J, Schneyer A L, Bauer-Dantoin A C, Jameson J L, Weiss J. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone regulates follicle-stimulating hormone-β gene expression through an activin/follistatin autocrine or paracrine loop. Endocrinology. 137:1996;3667-3673.
10. Besecke L M, Guendner M J, Sluss P A, Polak A G, Woodruff T K, Jameson J L, Bauer-Dantoin A C, Weiss J. Pituitary follistatin regulates activin-mediated production of follicle-stimulating hormone during the rat estrous cycle. Endocrinology. 138:1997;2841-2848.
11. Bilezikjian L M, Corrigan A Z, Blount A L, Vale W W. Pituitary follistatin and inhibin subunit messenger ribonucleic acid levels are differentially regulated by local and hormonal factors. Endocrinology. 137:1996;4277-4284.
12. B. Endocrinology. 139:1998;3361-3364.
13. Bilezikjian L M, Corrigan A Z, Vaughan J M, Vale W M. Activin-A regulates follistatin secretion from cultured rat anterior pituitary cells. Endocrinology. 133:1993;2554-2560.
14. Boitani C, Stefanini M, Fragale A, Morena A R. Activin stimulates Sertoli cell proliferation in a defined period of rat testis development. Endocrinology. 136:1995;5438-5444.
15. Braw-Tal R. Expression of mRNA for follistatin and inhibin/activin subunits during follicular growth and atresia. J Mol Endocrinol. 13:1994;253-264.
16. A. J Mol Endocrinol. 13:1994;1-9.
17. Byskov A G. The role of the rete ovarii in meiosis and follicle formation in the cat, mink and ferret. J Reprod Fertil. 45:1975;201-209.
18. Campen C A, Vale W. Characterization of activin A binding sites on the human leukemia cell line K562. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 157:1988;844-849.
19. Carroll R S, Corrigan A Z, Gharib S D, Vale W, Chin W W. Inhibin, activin, and follistatin: Regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone messenger ribonucleic acid levels. Mol Endocrinol. 3:1989;1969-1976.
20. Choi D S, Rohan R M, Rosenfeld R G, Matsumoto T, Gargosky S E, Adashi E Y. Activin-attenuated expression of transcripts encoding granulosa cell-derived insulin-like growth factor binding proteins 4 and 5 in the rat: A putative antiatretic effect. Biol Reprod. 56:1997;508-515.
21. Chun S-Y, Eisenhauer K M, Minami S, Billig H, Perlas E, Hsueh A JW. Hormonal regulation of apoptosis in early antral follicles: Follicle-stimulating hormone as a major survival factor. Endocrinology. 137:1996;1447-1456.
22. Colburn P, Dietrich C P, Buonassisi V. Alterations of heparan sulfate moieties in cultured endothelial cells exposed to endotoxin. Arch Biochem Biophys. 325:1996;129-138.
23. Colburn P, Kobayashi E, Buonassisi V. Depleted level of heparan sulfate proteoglycan in the extracellular matrix of endothelial cell cultures exposed to endotoxin. J Cell Physiol. 159:1994;121-130.
24. Dalkin A C, Haisenleder D J, Yasin M, Gilrain J T, Marshall J C. Pituitary activin receptor subtypes and follistatin gene expression in female rats: Differential regulation by activin and follistatin. Endocrinology. 137:1996;548-554.
25. Damjanovski S, Karp X, Funk S, Sage E H, Ringuette M J. Ectopic expression of SPARC inXenopus. J Histochem Cytochem. 45:1997;643-655.
26. de Kretser D M, Foulds L M, Hancock M, Robertson D M. Partial charaterization of inhibin, activin and follistatin in the term human placenta. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 79:1994;502-507.
27. DePaolo L V, Mercado M, Guo Y, Ling N. Increased follistatin (activin-binding protein) gene expression in rat anterior pituitary tissue after ovariectomy may be mediated by pituitary activin. Endocrinology. 132:1993;2221-2228.
28. DePaolo L V, Mercado M, Guo Y-L, Ling N. Follicle-stimulating hormone: control from within. Inhibin and Inhibin-Related Peptides. 1994;Ares-Serono Symposia Publications, Rome. p. 115-126.
29. DePaolo L V, Shimonaka M, Ling N. Regulation of pulsatile gonadotropin secretion by estrogen, inhibin, and follistatin (activin-binding protein) in ovariectomized rats. Biol Reprod. 46:1992;898-904.
30. DePaolo L V, Shimonaka M, Schwall R H, Ling N. In vivo. Endocrinology. 128:1991;668-674.
31. de Winter J P, ten Dijke P, de Vries C JM, van Achterberg T AE, Sugino H, de Waele P, Huylebroeck D, Verschueren K, van den Eijnden-van Raaij A JM. Follistatins neutralize activin bioactivity by inhibition of activin binding to its type II receptors. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 116:1996;105-114.
32. Eib D W, Martens G JM. A novel transmembrane protein with epidermal growth factor and follistatin domains expressed in the hypothalamo-hypophysial axis ofXenopus laevis. J Neurochem. 67:1996;1047-1055.
33. nn. Anim Genet. 24:1993;367-372.
34. Erämaa M, Hildén K, Tuuri T, Ritvos O. Regulation of inhibin/activin subunit messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs) by activin A and expression of activin receptor mRNAs in cultured human granulosa-luteal cells. Endocrinology. 136:1995;4382-4389.
35. Esch F S, Shimasaki S, Mercado M, Cooksey K, Ling N, Ying S, Ueno N, Guillemin R. Structural characterization of follistatin: A novel follicle-stimulating hormone release-inhibiting polypeptide from the gonad. Mol Endocrinol. 1:1987;849-855.
36. Evans L W, Muttukrishna S, Groome N P. Development, validation and application of an ultrasensitive two-site enzyme immunoassay for human follistatin. J Endocrinol. 156:1998;275-282.
37. Fainsod A, Deissler K, Yelin R, Marom K, Epstein M, Pillemer G, Steinbeisser H, Blum M. The dorsalizing and neural inducing genefollistatinBMP-4. Mech Dev. 63:1997;39-50.
38. Fallon J R, Hall Z W. Building synapses: Agrin and dystroglycan stick together. Trends Neurosci. 17:1994;469-473.
39. E. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 228:1996;669-674.
40. Farnworth P G, Thean E, Robertson D M, Schwartz J. Ovine anterior pituitary production of follistatinin vitro. Endocrinology. 136:1995;4397-4406.
41. Feijen A, Goumans M J, van den Eijnden-van Raaij A JM. Expression of activin subunits, activin receptors and follistatin in postimplantation mouse embryos suggests specific developmental functions for different activins. Development. 120:1994;3621-3627.
42. Fernández-Vázquez G, Kaiser U B, Albarracin C T, Chin W W. Transcriptional activation of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene by activin A. Mol Endocrinol. 10:1996;356-366.
43. B. J Mol Endocrinol. 8:1992;265-273.
44. Foster C M, Phillips D J, Wyman T, Padmanabhan V. Divergent changes in circulating inhibin and follistatin during puberty in girls. Proc Endocr Soc. 1998.
45. Fukui A, Nakamura T, Sugino K, Takio K, Uchiyama H, Asashima M, Sugino H. Isolation and characterization ofXenopus. Dev Biol. 159:1993;131-139.
46. Funaba M, Murata T, Fujimura H, Murata E, Abe M, Takahashi M, Torii K. Unique recognition of activin and inhibin by polyclonal antibodies to inhibin subunits. J Biochem (Tokyo). 119:1996;953-960.
47. Funaba M, Ogawa K, Murata T, Fujimura H, Murata E, Abe M, Takahashi M, Torii K. Follistatin and activin in bone: Expression and localization during endochondral bone development. Endocrinology. 137:1996;4250-4259.
48. Funk S E, Sage E H. Differential effects of SPARC and cationic SPARC peptides on DNA synthesis by endothelial cells and fibroblasts. J Cell Physiol. 154:1993;53-63.
49. Gilfillan C P, Robertson D M. Development and validation of a radioimmunoassay for follistatin in human serum. Clin Endocrinol (Oxford). 41:1994;453-461.
50. Girard J-P, Springer T A. Cloning from purified high endothelial venule cells of hevin, a close relative of the antiadhesive extracellular matrix protein SPARC. Immunity. 2:1995;113-123.
51. Girard J-P, Springer T A. Modulation of endothelial cell adhesion by hevin, an acidic protein associated with high endothelial venules. J Biol Chem. 271:1996;4511-4517.
52. Godfrey E W, Nitkin R M, Wallace B G, Rubin L L, McMahan U J. Components ofTorpedo. J Cell Biol. 99:1984;615-627.
53. Gospodarowicz D, Lau K. Pituitary follicular cells secrete both vascular endothelial growth factor and follistatin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 165:1989;292-298.
54. Graham A, Lumsden A. Interactions between rhombomeres modulateKrox-20follistatin. Development. 122:1996;473-480.
55. Gu Y, Gibori G. Isolation, culture, and characterization of the two cell subpopulations forming the rat decidua: Differential gene expression for activin, follistatin, and decidual prolactin-related protein. Endocrinology. 136:1995;2451-2458.
56. Gu Y, Srivastava R K, Clarke D L, Linzer D IH, Gibori G. The decidual prolactin receptor and its regulation by decidua-derived factors. Endocrinology. 137:1996;4878-4885.
57. 2. Endocrinology. 136:1995;3815-3822.
58. Guermah M, Crisanti P, Laugier D, Dezelee P, Bidou L, Pessac B, Calothy G. Transcription of a quail gene expressed in embryonic retinal cells is shut off sharply at hatching. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 88:1991;4503-4507.
59. Guo Q, Kumar T R, Woodruff T, Hadsell L A, DeMayo F J, Matzuk M M. Overexpression of mouse follistatin causes reproductive defects in transgenic mice. Mol Endocrinol. 12:1998;96-106.
60. Halvorson L M, Weiss J, Bauer-Dantoin A C, Jameson J L. Dynamic regulation of pituitary follistatin messenger ribonucleic acids during the rat estrous cycle. Endocrinology. 134:1994;1247-1253.
61. Hashimoto O, Nakamura T, Shoji H, Shimasaki S, Hayashi Y, Sugino H. A novel role of follistatin, an activin-binding protein, in the inhibition of activin action in rat pituitary cells. Endocytotic degradation of activin and its acceleration by follistatin associated with cell-surface heparan sulfate. J Biol Chem. 272:1997;13835-13842.
62. Hasselaar P, Sage E H. SPARC antagonizes the effect of basic fibroblast growth factor on the migration of bovine aortic endothelial cells. J Cell Biochem. 49:1992;272-283.
63. Hemmati-Brivanlou A, Kelly O G, Melton D A. Follistatin, an antagonist of activin, is expressed in the Spemann organizer and displays direct neuralizing activity. Cell. 77:1994;283-295.
64. Hemmati-Brivanlou A, Melton D. Vertebrate embryonic cells will become nerve cells unless told otherwise. Cell. 88:1997;13-17.
65. C. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 206:1995;608-613.
66. Hohenester E, Maurer P, Timpl R. Crystal structure of a pair of follistatin-like and EF-hand calcium-binding domains in BM-40. EMBO J. 16:1997;3778-3786.
67. Inoue S, Nomura S, Hosoi T, Ouchi Y, Orimo H, Muramatsu M. Localization of follistatin, an activin-binding protein, in bone tissues. Calcif Tissue Int. 55:1994;395-397.
68. Inoue S, Orimo A, Hosoi T, Ikegami A, Kozaki K, Ouchi Y, Nomura S, Muramatsu M, Orimo H. Demonstration of activin-A in arteriosclerotic lesions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 205:1994;441-448.
69. Inoue S, Orimo A, Hosoi T, Matsuse T, Hashimoto M, Yamada R, Ouchi Y, Orimo H, Muramatsu M. Expression of follistatin, an activin-binding protein, in vascular smooth muscle cells and arteriosclerotic lesions. Arterioscl Thromb. 13:1993;1859-1864.
70. Inouye S, Guo Y, DePaolo L, Shimonaka M, Ling N, Shimasaki S. Recombinant expression of human follistatin with 315 and 288 amino acids: chemical and biological comparison with native porcine follistatin. Endocrinology. 129:1991;815-822.
71. Inouye S, Guo Y, Ling N, Shimasaki S. Site-specific mutagenesis of human follistatin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 179:1991;352-358.
72. Inouye S, Ling N, Shimasaki S. Localization of the heparin binding site of follistatin. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 90:1992;1-6.
73. AB. Endocrinology. 131:1992;2703-2710.
74. Kaiser M, Gibori G, Mayo K E. The rat follistatin gene is highly expressed in decidual tissue. Endocrinology. 126:1990;2768-2770.
75. Kaiser U B, Chin W W. Regulation of follistatin messenger ribonucleic acid levels in the rat pituitary. J Clin Invest. 91:1993;2523-2531.
76. Kaiser U B, Lee B L, Carroll R S, Unabia G, Chin W W, Childs G V. Follistatin gene expression in the pituitary: Localization in gonadotropes and folliculostellate cells in diestrous rats. Endocrinology. 130:1992;3048-3056.
77. Kanzaki M, Nobusawa R, Mogami H, Yasuda H, Kawamura N, Kojima I. Production of activin A and follistatin in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 108:1995;11-16.
78. Kanzaki M, Zhang Y-Q, Mine T, Kojima I. Stimulation of follistatin production by epidermal growth factor in cultured rat hepatocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 202:1994;422-428.
79. Kato M V, Sato H, Tsukada T, Ikawa Y, Aizawa S, Nagayoshi M. A follistatin-like gene,mac25, Oncogene. 12:1996;1361-1364.
80. Kettel L M, DePaolo L V, Morales A J, Apter D, Ling N, Yen S SC. Circulating levels of follistatin from puberty to menopause. Fertil Steril. 65:1996;472-476.
81. Khoury R H, Wang Q F, Crowley W F Jr, Hall J E, Schneyer A I, Toth T, Midgley A R Jr, Sluss P M. Serum follistatin levels in women: Evidence against an endocrine function of ovarian follistatin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 80:1995;1361-1368.
82. Kirk S E, Dalkin A C, Yasin M, Haisenleder D J, Marshall J C. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse frequency regulates expression of pituitary follistatin messenger ribonucleic acid: A mechanism for differential gonadotrope function. Endocrinology. 135:1994;876-880.
83. Kleiman R J, Reichardt L F. Testing the agrin hypothesis. Cell. 85:1996;461-464.
84. Klein R, Clarke I J, Hedger M P, Robertson D M. Plasma follistatin concentrations increase following lipopolysaccharide administration in sheep. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 23:1996;754-755.
85. Klein R, Findlay J K, Clarke I J, de Kretser D M, Robertson D M. Radioimmunoassay of FSH-suppressing protein in the ewe: Concentrations during the oestrous cycle and following ovariectomy. J Endocrinol. 137:1993;433-443.
86. Klein R, Robertson D M, Clarke I J. Studies in sheep examining plasma follistatin elevations due to frequent blood sampling or surgery. Reprod Fert Dev. 8:1996;273-277.
87. Klein R, Robertson D M, Shukovski L, Findlay J K, de Kretser D M. The radioimmunoassay of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-suppressing protein (FSP): Stimulation of bovine granulosa cell FSP secretion by FSH. Endocrinology. 128:1991;1048-1056.
88. Knight P G. Roles of inhibins, activins, and follistatin in the female reproductive system. Front Neuroendocrinol. 17:1996;476-509.
89. Kogawa K, Nakamura T, Sugino K, Takio K, Titani K, Sugino H. Activin-binding protein is present in pituitary. Endocrinology. 128:1991;1434-1440.
90. Kogawa K, Ogawa K, Hayashi Y, Nakamura T, Titani K, Sugino H. Immunohistochemical localization of follistatin in rat tissues. Endocrinol Japon. 38:1991;383-391.
91. Kogure K, Omata W, Kanzaki M, Zhang Y-Q, Yasuda H, Mine T, Kojima I. A single intraportal administration of follistatin accelerates liver regeneration in partially hepatectomized rats. Gastroenterology. 108:1995;1136-1142.
92. Kogure K, Zhang Y-Q, Kanzaki M, Omata W, Mine T, Kojima I. Intravenous administration of follistatin: Delivery to the liver and effect on liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. Hepatology. 24:1996;361-366.
93. Kojima I, Mogami H, Kawamura N, Yasuda H, Shibata H. Modulation of growth of vascular smooth muscle cells by activin A. Exp Cell Res. 206:1993;152-156.
94. Kojima I, Nobusawa R, Zhang Y-Q, Sekine N, Mine T, Shibata H. Attenuation of glycogenolytic action of activin A in intact rat liver. Am J Physiol. 269:1995;E846-E851.
95. Kondo S, Hashimoto M, Etoh Y, Murata M, Shibai H, Muramatsu M. Identification of the two types of specific receptor for activin/EDF expressed in Friend leukemia and embryonal carcinoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 161:1989;1267-1272.
96. Kotajima A, Miyamoto Y, Tsuruo M, Kosaka M, Saito S. Effects of activin A on deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis, iodine metabolism, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate accumulation porcine thyroid cells. Endocrinology. 136:1995;1214-1218.
97. Kozaki K, Akishita M, Eto M, Yoshizumi M, Toba K, Inoue S, Ishikawa M, Hashimoto M, Kodama T, Yamada N, Orimo H, Ouchi Y. Role of activin-A and follistatin in foam cell formation of THP-1 macrophages. Arterioslc Thromb Vasc Biol. 17:1997;2389-2394.
98. Kozian D H, Augustin H G. Rapid identification of differentially expressed endothelial cell genes by RNA display. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 209:1995;1068-1075.
99. Kozian D H, Ziche M, Augustin H G. The activin-binding protein follistatin regulates autocrine endothelial cell activity and induces angiogenesis. Lab Invest. 76:1997;267-276.
100. Krummen L A, Woodruff T K, DeGuzman G, Cox E T, Baly D L, Mann E, Garg S, Wong W-L, Cossum P, Mather J P. Identification and characterization of binding proteins for inhibin and activin in human serum and follicular fluids. Endocrinology. 132:1993;431-443.
101. Lane T F, Iruela-Arispe M L, Johnson R S, Sage E H. SPARC is a source of copper-binding peptides that stimulate angiogenesis. J Cell Biol. 125:1994;929-943.
102. ++. J Cell Biol. 111:1990;3065-3076.
103. Lane T F, Sage E H. The biology of SPARC, a protein that modulates cell-matrix interactions. FASEB J. 8:1994;163-173.
104. Lau C L. Analysis of tissue organization by microinjection of follistatin into earlyXenopus laevis. Tissue Cell. 27:1995;331-337.
105. Ledda F, Bravo A I, Adris S, Bover L, Mordoh J, Podhajcer O L. The expression of the secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) is associated with the neoplastic progression of human melanoma. J Invest Dermatol. 108:1997;210-214.
106. Ledda M F, Adris S, Bravo A I, Kairiyama C, Bover L, Chernajovsky Y, Mordoh J, Podhajcer O L. Suppression of SPARC expression by antisense RNA abrogates the tumorigenicity of human melanoma cells. Nat Med. 3:1997;171-176.
107. Lee B L, Unabia G, Childs G. Expression of follistatin mRNA by somatotropes and mammotropes early in the rat estrous cycle. J Histochem Cytochem. 41:1993;955-960.
108. Li W, Khorasheh S, Yuen B S, Ling N, Leung P CK. Stimulation of progesterone secretion by recombinant follistatin-288 in human granulosa cells. Endocrinology. 132:1993;1750-1756.
109. Lindsell C E, Misra V, Murphy B D. Regulation of follistatin messenger ribonucleic acid in porcine granulosa cells by epidermal growth factor and the protein kinase-C pathway. Endocrinology. 132:1993;1630-1636.
110. Lindsell C E, Misra V, Murphy B D. Regulation of follistatin gene expression in the ovary and in primary cultures of porcine granulosa cells. J Reprod Fertil. 100:1994;591-597.
111. Link B A, Nishi R. Opposing effects of activin A and follistatin on developing skeletal muscle cells. Exp Cell Res. 233:1997;350-362.
112. Liu Z-H, Shintani Y, Sakamoto Y, Harada K, Zhang C-Y, Fujinaka Y, Abe M, Goto T, Saito S. Effects of LHRH, FSH and activin A on follistatin secretion from cultured rat anterior pituitary cells. Endocr J. 43:1996;321-327.
113. Macconell L A, Barth S, Roberts V J. Distribution of follistatin messenger ribonucleic acid in the rat brain: Implications for a role in the regulation of central reproductive functions. Endocrinology. 137:1996;2150-2158.
114. Majdic G, McNeilly A S, Sharpe R M, Evans L R, Groome N P, Saunders P TK. Testicular expression of inhibin and activin subunits and follistatin in the rat and human fetus and neonate and during postnatal development in the rat. Endocrinology. 138:1997;2136-2147.
115. Marr H S, Basalamah M A, Edgell C-J S. Endothelial cell expression of testican mRNA. Endothelium. 5:1997;209-219.
116. Mashimo J, Maniwa R, Sugino H, Nose K. Decrease in the expression of a novel TGFβ1-inducible and ras-recision gene, TSC-36, in human cancer cells. Cancer Lett. 113:1997;213-219.
117. Mather J P. Follistatins and α2-macroglobulin are soluble binding proteins for inhibin and activin. Horm Res. 45:1996;207-210.
118. Mather J P, Roberts P E, Krummen L A. Follistatin modulates activin activity in a cell- and tissue-specific manner. Endocrinology. 132:1993;2732-2734.
119. Mathews L S, Vale W W. Expression cloning of an activin receptor, a predicted transmembrane serine kinase. Cell. 65:1991;973-982.
120. Matzuk M M, Finegold M J, Mather J P, Krummen L, Lu H, Bradley A. Development of cancer cachexia-like syndrome and adrenal tumors in inhibin-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 91:1994;8817-8821.
121. Matzuk M M, Kumar T R, Vassalli A, Bickenbach J R, Roop D R, Jaenisch R, Bradley A. Functional analysis of activins during mammalian development. Nature. 374:1995;354-356.
122. Matzuk M M, Lu N, Vogel H, Sellheyer K, Roop D R, Bradley A. Multiple defects and perinatal death in mice deficient in follistatin. Nature. 374:1995;360-363.
123. McCarthy S A, Bicknell R. Inhibition of vascular endothelial cell growth by activin-A. J Biol Chem. 268:1993;23066-23071.
124. McConnell D S, Wang Q F, Sluss P M, Bolf N, Khoury R H, Schneyer A L, Midgley A R Jr, Reame N E, Crowley W F Jr, Padmanabhan V. A two-site chemiluminescent assay for activin-free follistatin reveals that most follistatin circulating in men and normal cycling women is in an activin-bound state. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998.
125. McCullagh D R. Dual endocrine activity of the testis. Science. 76:1932;19-20.
126. McFarlane J R, Foulds L M, Pisciotta A, Robertson D M, de Kretser D M. Measurement of activin in biological fluids by radioimmunoassay, utilizing dissociating agents to remove the interference of follistatin. Eur J Endocrinol. 134:1996;481-489.
127. Meinhardt A, O'Bryan M K, McFarlane J R, Loveland K L, Mallidis C, Foulds L M, Phillips D J, de Kretser D M. Localisation of follistatin in the rat testis. J Reprod Fertil. 112:1998;233-241.
128. Mendis D B, Ivy G O, Brown I R. SC1, a brain extracellular matrix glycoprotein related to SPARC and follistatin, is expressed by rat cerebellar astrocytes following injury and during development. Brain Res. 730:1996;95-106.
129. Mendis D B, Malaval L, Brown I R. SPARC, an extracellular matrix glycoprotein containing the follistatin module, is expressed by astrocytes in synaptic enriched regions of the adult brain. Brain Res. 676:1995;69-79.
130. Mercado M, Shimasaki S, Ling N, DePaolo L. Effects of estrous cycle stage and pregnancy on follistatin gene expression and immunoreactivity in rat reproductive tissues: Progesterone is implicated in regulating uterine gene expression. Endocrinology. 132:1993;1734-1781.
131. Meriggiola M C, Dahl K D, Mather J P, Bremner W J. Follistatin decreases activin-stimulated FSH secretion with no effect on GnRH-stimulated FSH secretion in prepubertal male monkeys. Endocrinology. 134:1994;1967-1970.
132. Michalopoulos G K, DeFrances M C. Liver regeneration. Science. 276:1997;60-66.
133. Michel U, Albiston A, Findlay J K. Rat follistatin: Gonadal and extragonadal expression and evidence for alternative splicing. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 173:1990;401-407.
134. Michel U, Esselman J, Nieschlag E. Expression of follistatin messenger ribonucleic acid in Sertoli cell-enriched cultures: Regulation by epidermal growth factor and protein kinase C-dependent pathway but not by follicle-stimulating hormone and protein kinase A-dependent pathway. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 129:1993;525-531.
135. Michel U, Farnworth P. Follistatin steady state messenger ribonucleic acid levels in confluent cultures of a rat renal mesangial cell line are regulated by multiple factors. Endocrinology. 130:1992;3684-3693.
136. Michel U, Farnworth P, Findlay J K. Follistatins: More than follicle-stimulating hormone suppressing proteins. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 91:1993;1-11.
137. Michel U, McMaster J W, Findlay J K. Regulation of steady-state follistatin messenger RNA levels in rat granulosa cellsin vitro. J Mol Endocrinol. 9:1992;147-156.
138. Michel U, Rao A, Findlay J K. Rat follistatin: Ontogeny of steady-state mRNA levels in different tissues predicts organ-specific functions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 180:1991;223-230.
139. Michel U, Schneider O, Kirchhof C, Meisel S, Smirnov A, Wiltfang J, Rieckmann P. Production of follistatin in porcine endothelial cells: Differential regulation by bacterial compounds and the synthetic glucocorticoid RU 28362. Endocrinology. 137:1996;4925-4934.
140. Mine T, Kojima I, Ogata E. Stimulation of glucose production by activin-A in isolated rat hepatocytes. Endocrinology. 125:1989;586-591.
141. Mine T, Yasuda H, Fujita T, Hasegawa Y. Effects of inhibin on activin A-induced glucose metabolism in rat hepatocytes. Endocrine. 5:1996;41-46.
142. Minegishi T, Tano M, Nakamura K, Karino S, Miyamoto K, Ibuki Y. Regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone receptor messenger ribonucleic acid levels in cultured rat granulosa cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 108:1995;67-73.
143. Miyanaga K, Erickson G F, DePaolo L V, Ling N, Shimasaki S. Differential control of activin, inhibin and follistatin proteins in cultured rat granulosa cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 194:1993;253-258.
144. Miyanaga K, Shimasaki S. Structural and functional characterization of the rat follistatin (activin-binding protein) gene promoter. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 92:1993;99-109.
145. Motamed K, Sage E H. Regulation of vascular morphogenesis by the matricellular protein SPARC. Kidney Int. 51:1997;1383-1387.
146. Nakamura T, Asashima M, Eto Y, Takio K, Uchiyama H, Moriya N, Ariizumi T, Yashiro T, Sugino K, Titani K, Sugino H. Isolation and characterization of native activin B. J Biol Chem. 267:1992;16385-16389.
147. Nakamura T, Sugino K, Titani K, Sugino H. Follistatin, an activin-binding protein, associates with heparan sulfate chains of proteoglycans on follicular granulosa cells. J Biol Chem. 266:1991;19432-19437.
148. Nakamura T, Takio K, Eto Y, Shibai H, Titani K, Sugino H. Activin-binding protein from rat ovary is follistatin. Science. 247:1990;836-838.
149. Nakatani A, Shimasaki S, DePaolo L V, Erickson G F, Ling N. Cyclic changes in follistatin messenger ribonucleic acid and its protein in the rat ovary during the estrous cycle. Endocrinology. 129:1991;603-611.
150. Oda S, Nishimatsu S-I, Murakami K, Ueno N. Molecular cloning and functional analysis of a new activin β subunit: A dorsal mesoderm-inducing activity inXenopus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 210:1995;581-588.
151. Ogawa K, Abe K, Kurosawa N, Kurohmaru M, Sugino H, Takahashi M, Hayashi Y. Expression of α, βA and βB subunits of inhibin or activin and follistatin in rat pancreatic islets. FEBS Lett. 319:1993;217-220.
152. Ogawa K, Hashimoto O, Kurohmaru M, Mizutani T, Sugino H, Hayashi Y. Follistatin-like immunoreactivity in the cytoplasm and nucleus of spermatogenic cells in the rat. Eur J Endocrinol. 137:1997;523-529.
153. Ogawa K, Kurohmaru M, Sugino H, Hayashi Y. Changes in the immunoreactivity of follistatin within the preovulatory follicles after the primary gonadotrophin surge in rats. J Reprod Fertil. 101:1994;577-581.
154. Patthy L. Exon shuffling and other ways of module exchange. Matrix Biol. 15:1996;301-310.
155. Patthy L, Nikolics K. Functions of agrin and agrin-related proteins. Trends Neurosci. 16:1993;76-81.
156. Pawlowski J E, Taylor D S, Valentine M, Hail M E, Ferrer P, Kowala M C, Molloy C J. Stimulation of activin A expression in rat aortic smooth muscle cells by thrombin and angiotensin II correlates with neointimal formation in vivo. J Clin Invest. 100:1997;639-648.
157. Petraglia F, Gallinelli A, Grande A, Florio P, Ferrari S, Genazzani A R, Ling N, DePaolo L V. Local production and action of follistatin in human placenta. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 78:1994;205-210.
158. Petraglia F, Sacerdote P, Cossarizza A, Angioni S, Genazzani A D, Francheschi C, Muscettola M, Grasso G. Inhibin and activin modulate human monocyte chemotaxis and human lymphocyte interferon-τ production. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 72:1991;496-502.
159. Petraglia F, Vaughan J, Vale W. Inhibin and activin modulate the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, human chorionic gonadotropin, and progesterone from cultured human placental cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 86:1989;5114-5117.
160. Petraglia F, Vaughan J, Vale W. Steroid hormones modulate the release of immunoreactive gonadotropin-releasing hormone from cultured human placental cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 70:1990;1173-1178.
161. Phillips D J, de Kretser D M, Pfeffer A, Ng Chie W, Moore L G. Follistatin has a biphasic response but follicle-stimulating hormone is unchanged during an inflammatory episode in growing lambs. J Endocrinol. 156:1998;77-82.
162. Phillips D J, Hedger M P, McFarlane J R, Klein R, Clarke I J, Tilbrook A J, Nash A D, de Kretser D M. Follistatin concentrations in male sheep increase following sham castration/castration or injection of interleukin-1β J Endocrinol. 151:1996;119-124.
163. 2. J Endocrinol. 155:1997;65-71.
164. Pichler R H, Hugo C, Shankland S J, Reed M J, Bassuk J A, Andoh T F, Lombardi D M, Schwartz S M, Bennett W M, Alpers C E, Sage E H, Johnson R J, Couser W G. SPARC is expressed in renal interstitial fibrosis and in renal vascular injury. Kidney Int. 50:1996;1978-1989.
165. Porter P L, Sage E H, Lane T F, Funk S E, Gown A M. Distribution of SPARC in normal and neoplastic human tissue. J Histochem Cytochem. 43:1995;791-800.
166. Raines E W, Lane T F, Iruela-Arispe M L, Ross R, Sage E H. The extracellular glycoprotein SPARC interacts with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-AB and -BB and inhibits the binding of PDGF to its receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 89:1992;1281-1285.
167. Reed M J, Puolakkainen P, Lane T F, Dickerson D, Bornstein P, Sage E H. Differential expression of SPARC and thrombospondin 1 in wound repair: Immunolocalization and in situ hybridization. J Histochem Cytochem. 41:1993;1467-1477.
168. Rettenberger G, Klett C, Zechner U, Kunz J, Vogel W, Hameister H. Visualization of the conservation of synteny between humans and pigs by heterologous chromosomal painting. Genomics. 26:1995;372-378.
169. Ritvos O, Tuuri T, Erämaa M, Sainio K, Hildén K, Saxén L, Gilbert S F. Activin disrupts epithelial branching morphogenesis in developing glandular organs of the mouse. Mech Dev. 50:1995;229-245.
170. Roberts V J, Barth S L. Expression of messenger ribonucleic acids encoding the inhibin/activin system during mid- and late-gestation rat embryogenesis. Endocrinology. 134:1994;914-923.
171. Roberts V J, Barth S, El-Roeiy A, Yen S SC. Expression of inhibin/activin subunits and follistatin messenger ribonucleic acids and proteins in ovarian follicles and the corpus luteum during the human menstrual cycle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 77:1993;1402-1410.
172. Robertson D M, Farnworth P G, Clarke L, Jacobsen J, Cahir N F, Burger H G, de Kretser D M. Effects of bovine 35kDa FSH-suppressing protein on FSH and LH in rat pituitary cellsin vitro: J Endocrinol. 124:1990;417-423.
173. Robertson D M, Klein R, de Vos F L, McLachlan R I, Wettenhall R EH, Hearn M TW, Burger H G, de Kretser D M. The isolation of polypeptides with FSH suppressing activity from bovine follicular fluid which are structurally different to inhibin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 149:1987;744-749.
174. Sadatsuki M, Tsutsumi O, Yamada R, Muramatsu M, Taketani Y. Local regulatory effects of activin A and follistatin on meiotic maturation of rat oocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 196:1993;388-395.
175. Sage E H. Terms of attachment: SPARC and tumorigenesis. Nat Med. 3:1997;144-146.
176. 2+. J Cell Biol. 109:1989;341-356.
177. Saito S, Nakamura T, Titani K, Sugino H. Production of activin-binding protein by rat granulosa cellsin vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 176:1991;413-422.
178. Saito S, Sugino K, Yamanouchi K, Kogawa K, Titani K, Shiota K, Takahashi M, Sugino H. Characterization of antisera directed against follistatin/activin-binding protein peptides. Endocrinol Japon. 38:1991;377-382.
179. Sakamoto Y, Shintani Y, Harada K, Abe M, Shitsukawa K, Saito S. Determination of free follistatin levels in sera of normal subjects and patients with various diseases. Eur J Endocrinol. 135:1996;345-351.
180. Schneyer A L, Hall H A, Lambert-Messerlian G, Wang Q F, Sluss P, Crowley W F Jr. Follistatin-activin complexes in human serum and follicular fluid differ immunologically and biochemically. Endocrinology. 137:1996;240-247.
181. Schneyer A L, Rzucidlo D A, Sluss P M, Crowley W F Jr. Characterization of unique binding kinetics of follistatin and activin or inhibin in serum. Endocrinology. 135:1994;667-674.
182. Schwall R H, Robbins K, Jardieu P, Chang L, Lai C, Terrell T G. Activin induces cell death in hepatocytesin vivoin vitro. Hepatology. 18:1993;347-356.
183. Shi L-Y, Zhang Z-W, Li W-X. Regulation of human chorionic gonadotropin secretion and messenger ribonucleic acid levels by follistatin in the NUCC-3 choriocarcinoma cell line. Endocrinology. 134:1994;2431-2437.
184. Shibanuma M, Mashimo J, Mita A, Kuroki T, Nose K. Cloning from a mouse osteoblastic cell line of a set of transforming-growth-factor-β1-regulated genes, one of which seems to encode a follistatin-related polypeptide. Eur J Biochem. 217:1993;13-19.
185. Shimasaki S, Koga M, Buscaglia M L, Simmons D M, Bicsak T A, Ling N. Follistatin gene expression in the ovary and extragonadal tissues. Mol Endocrinol. 3:1989;651-659.
186. Shimasaki S, Koga M, Esch F, Cooksey K, Mercado M, Koba A, Ueno N, Ying S-Y, Ling N, Guillemin R. Primary structure of the human follistatin precursor and its genomic organization. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 85:1988;4218-4222.
187. Shimasaki S, Koga M, Esch F, Mercado M, Cooksey K, Koba A, Ling N. Porcine follistatin gene structure supports two forms of mature follistatin produced by alternative splicing. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 152:1988;717-723.
188. Shimonaka M, Inouye S, Shimasaki S, Ling N. Follistatin binds to both activin and inhibin through the common beta-subunit. Endocrinology. 128:1991;3313-3315.
189. Shintani Y, Dyson M, Drummond A E, Findlay J K. Regulation of follistatin production by rat granulosa cellsin vitro. Endocrinology. 137:1997;2544-2551.
190. Shukovski L, Dyson M, Findlay J K. The effects of follistatin, activin and inhibin on steroidogenesis by bovine thecal cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 97:1993;19-27.
191. Shukovski L, Findlay J K, Robertson D M. The effect of follicle-stimulating hormone-suppressing protein or follistatin on luteinizing bovine granulosa cellsin vitro. Endocrinology. 129:1991;3395-3402.
192. Shukovski L, Keren-Tal I, Dantes A, Amsterdam A. Regulation of follistatin messenger ribonucleic acid in steroidogenic rat granulosa cell lines. Endocrinology. 136:1995;2889-2895.
193. Shukovski L, Zhang Z W, Michel U, Findlay J K. Expression of mRNA for follicle-stimulating hormone suppressing protein in ovarian tissues of cows. J Reprod Fertil. 95:1992;861-867.
194. Soares M J, Faria T N, Roby K F, Deb S. Pregnancy and the prolactin family of hormones: Coordination of anterior pituitary, uterine, and placental expression. Endocr Rev. 12:1991;402-423.
195. Srivastava R K, Gu Y, Zilberstein M, Ou J S, Mayo K E, Chou J Y, Gibori G. Development and characterization of a simian virus 40-transformed, temperature-sensitive rat antimesometrial decidual cell line. Endocrinology. 136:1995;1913-1919.
196. Sugino K, Kurosawa N, Nakamura T, Takio K, Shimasaki S, Ling N, Titani K, Sugino H. Molecular heterogeneity of follistatin, an activin-binding protein. Higher affinity of the carboxyl-terminal truncated forms for heparan sulfate proteoglycans on the ovarian granulosa cell. J Biol Chem. 268:1993;15579-15587.
197. Sumitomo S, Inouye S, Liu X-J, Ling N, Shimasaki S. The heparin binding site of follistatin is involved in its interaction with activin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 208:1995;1-9.
198. Tano M, Minegishi T, Nakamura K, Nakamura M, Karino S, Miyamoto K, Ibuki Y. Regulation of follistatin messenger ribonucleic acid in cultured rat granulosa cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 109:1995;167-174.
199. Tashiro K, Yamada R, Asano M, Hashimoto M, Muramatsu M, Shiokawa K. Expression of mRNA for activin-binding protein (follistatin) during early embryonic development ofXenopus laevis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 174:1991;1022-1027.
200. Thomas T Z, Wang H, Niclasen P, O'Bryan M K, Evans L W, Groome N P, Pedersen J, Risbridger G P. Expression and localization of activin subunits and follistatins in tissues from men with high grade prostate cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 82:1997;3851-3858.
201. Tilbrook A J, Clarke I J, de Kretser D M. Human recombinant follistatin-288 suppresses plasma concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone but is not a significant regulator of luteinizing hormone in castrated rams. Biol Reprod. 53:1995;1353-1358.
202. Tilbrook A J, de Kretser D M, Dunshea F R, Klein R, Robertson D M, Clarke I J, Maddocks S. The testis is not the major source of circulating follistatin in the ram. J Endocrinol. 149:1996;55-63.
203. Tisdall D J, Hill D F, Petersen G B, Fleming J S. Ovine follistatin: Characterization of cDNA and expression in sheep ovary during the luteal phase of the oestrous cycle. J Mol Endocrinol. 8:1992;259-264.
204. A. J Mol Endocrinol. 12:1994;181-193.
205. Torney A H, Robertson D M, de Kretser D M. Characterization of inhibin and related proteins in bovine fetal testicular and ovarian extracts: Evidence for the presence of inhibin subunit products and FSH-suppressing protein. J Endocrinol. 133:1992;111-120.
206. Tuuri T, Erämaa M, Hildén K, Ritvos O. Activin-binding protein follistatin messenger ribonucleic acid and secreted protein levels are induced by chorionic gonadotropin in cultured human granulosa-luteal cells. Endocrinology. 135:1994;2196-2203.
207. AB. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 78:1994;1521-1524.
208. A. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 121:1996;1-10.
209. 2. Biol Reprod. 53:1995;1508-1516.
210. r. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 84:1987;8282-8286.
211. Ullman C G, Perkins S J. The factor I and follistatin domain families: The return of a prodigal son. Biochem J. 326:1997;939-941.
212. van den Eijnden-van Raaij A JM, Feijen A, Lawson K A, Mummery C L. Differential expression of inhibin subunits and follistatin, but not of activin receptor type II, during early murine embryonic development. Dev Biol. 154:1992;356-365.
213. Villarreal X C, Mann K G, Long G L. Structure of human osteonectin based upon analysis of cDNA and genomic sequences. Biochemistry. 28:1989;6483-6491.
214. Wada M, Shintani Y, Kosaka M, Sano T, Hizawa K, Saito S. Immunohistochemical localization of activin A and follistatin in human tissues. Endocr J. 43:1996;375-385.
215. Wakatsuki M, Shintani Y, Abe M, Liu Z-H, Shitsukawa K, Saito S. Immunoradiometric assay for follistatin: Serum immunoreactive follistatin levels in normal adults and pregnant women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 81:1996;630-634.
216. Wallace B G. Agrin-induced specializations contain cytoplasmic, membrane, and extracellular matrix-associated components of the postsynaptic apparatus. J Neurosci. 9:1989;1294-1302.
217. Wang Q F, Farnworth P G, Burger H G, Findlay J K. Acute inhibitory effect of follicle-stimulating hormone-suppressing protein (FSP) on gonadotropin-releasing hormone-stimulated gonadotropin secretion in cultured rat anterior pituitary cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 72:1990;33-42.
218. Wang Q F, Farnworth P G, Findlay J K, Burger H G. Chronic inhibitory effect of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-suppressing protein (FSP) or follistatin on activin- and gonadotropin-releasing hormone-stimulated FSH synthesis and secretion in cultured rat anterior pituitary cells. Endocrinology. 127:1990;1385-1393.
219. Wongprasartsuk S, Jenkin G, McFarlane J R, Goodman M, de Kretser D M. Inhibin and follistatin concentrations in fetal tissues and fluids during gestation in sheep: Evidence for activin in amniotic fluid. J Endocrinol. 141:1994;219-229.
220. 125125. Endocrinology. 133:1993;2998-3006.
221. Woodruff T K, Sluss P, Wang E, Janssen I, Mersol-Barg M S. Activin A and follistatin are dynamically regulated during human pregnancy. J Endocrinol. 152:1997;167-174.
222. Wrathall J HM, Knight P G. Effects of inhibin-related peptides and oestradiol on androstenedione and progesterone secretion by bovine theca cellsin vitro. J Endocrinol. 145:1995;491-500.
223. Xiao S, Farnworth P G, Findlay J K. Interaction between activin and follicle-stimulating hormone-suppression protein/follistatin in the regulation of basal inhibin production by cultured rat granulosa cells. Endocrinology. 131:1992;2365-2370.
224. Xiao S, Findlay J K. Interactions between activin and follicle-stimulating hormone-suppressing protein and their mechanisms of action on cultured rat granulosa cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 79:1991;99-107.
225. Xiao S, Findlay J K, Robertson D M. The effect of bovine activin and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) suppressing protein/follistatin on FSH-induced differentiation of rat granulosa cells in vitro. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 69:1990;1-8.
226. Xiao S, Robertson D M, Findlay J K. Effects of activin and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-suppressing protein/follistatin on FSH receptors and differentiation of cultured rat granulosa cells. Endocrinology. 131:1992;1009-1016.
227. Yamaguchi M, Endo H, Tasaka K, Miyake A. Mouse growth hormone-releasing factor secretion is activated by inhibin and inhibited by activin in placenta. Biol Reprod. 53:1995;368-372.
228. Yamaguchi M, Tasaka K, Ogura K, Sakata M, Mizuki J, Miyake A. Activin inhibits but inhibin activates mouse placental lactogen-II secretion. J Endocrinol. 146:1995;469-474.
229. Yamashita H, ten Dijke P, Huylebroeck D, Sampath T K, Andries M, Smith J C, Heldin C-H, Miyazono K. Osteogenic protein-1 binds to activin type II receptors and induces certain activin-like effects. J Cell Biol. 130:1995;217-226.
230. Yasuda H, Mine T, Shibata H, Eto Y, Hasegawa Y, Takeuchi T, Asano S, Kojima I. Activin A: An autocrine inhibitor of initiation of DNA synthesis in rat hepatocytes. J Clin Invest. 92:1993;1491-1496.
231. Yayon A, Klagsbrun M, Esko J D, Leder P, Ornitz D M. Cell surface, heparin-like molecules are required for binding of basic fibroblast growth factor to its high affinity receptor. Cell. 64:1991;841-848.
232. Yokoyama Y, Nakamura T, Nakamura R, Irahara M, Aono T, Sugino H. Identification of activins and follistatin proteins in human follicular fluid and placenta. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 80:1995;915-921.
233. Zhang Y-Q, Kanzaki M, Mashima H, Mine T, Kojima I. Norepinephrine reverses the effects of activin A on DNA synthesis and apoptosis in cultured rat hepatocytes. Hepatology. 23:1996;288-293.
234. Zhang Y-Q, Kanzaki M, Shibata H, Kojima I. Regulation of the expression of follistatin in rat hepatocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1354:1997;204-210.
235. 6. Eur J Biochem. 225:1994;937-946.