Trans Fats in America: A Review of Their Use, Consumption, Health Implications, and Regulation

Journal of the American Dietetic Association

Volumn 110, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 585-592

  Remig, Valentina ^a   Franklin, Barry ^a   Margolis, Simeon ^a   Kostas, Georgia ^a   Nece, Theresa ^a   Street, James C ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EDIBLE OIL; TRANS FATTY ACID;

ARTICLE; BLOOD; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; FOOD HANDLING; HUMAN; HYDROGENATION; LAW; LEGAL ASPECT; RISK FACTOR; UNITED STATES;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DIETARY FATS, UNSATURATED; FOOD TECHNOLOGY; HUMANS; HYDROGENATION; LEGISLATION, FOOD; RISK FACTORS; TRANS FATTY ACIDS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 77949549292     PISSN: 00028223     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2009.12.024     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Willett W.C., Stampfer M.J., Manson J.E., Colditz G.A., Speizer F.E., Rosner B.A., Sampson L.A., and Hennekens C.H. Intake of trans fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease among women. Lancet 341 (1993) 581-585
2. Eckel R.H., Borra S., Lichtenstein A.H., and Yin-Piazza S.Y. Understanding the complexity of trans fatty acid reduction in the American diet: American Heart Association trans Fat Conference 2006: Report of the trans Fat Conference Planning Group. Circulation 115 (2007) 2231-2246
3. American Heart Association Nutrition Committee, Lichtenstein A.H., Appel L.J., Brands M., Carnethon M., Daniels S., Franch H.A., Franklin B., Kris-Etherton P., Harris W.S., Howard B., Karanja N., Lefevre M., Rudel L., Sacks F., Van Horn L., Winston M., and Wylie-Rosett J. Diet and lifestyle recommendations revision 2006: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee. Circulation 114 (2006) 82-96
4. Kris-Etherton P.M., and Innis S. Position of The American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada: Dietary fatty acids. J Am Diet Assoc. 107 (2007) 1599-1611
5. Letter Report on Dietary Reference Intakes for trans Fatty Acids. Published 2002. Institute of Medicine Web site. http://www.iom.edu/CMS/5410.aspx Accessed March 4, 2009
6. Nutrition and Your Health: Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2005. 6th ed. (2005), US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
7. National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation 106 (2002) 3143-3421
8. Questions and answers about trans fat nutrition labeling. Published 2006. FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Labeling and Dietary Supplements Web site. http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/∼dms/qatrans2.html Accessed May 18, 2009
9. Khanal R.C., and Dhiman T.R. Biosynthesis of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA): A review. Pakistan J Nutr. 3 (2004) 72-81
10. Tasan Y., and Demirci N. Trans FA in sunflower oil at different steps of refining. J Am Oil Chem Soc. 80 (2003) 825-828
11. US Dept of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 21. Nutrient Data Laboratory Home Page. http://www.ars.usda.gov/nutrientdata Accessed March 18, 2009
12. Stender S., Astrup A., and Dyerberg J. Ruminant and industrially produced trans fatty acids: Health aspects. Food Nutr Res. http://www.foodandnutritionresearch.net/index.php/fnr/article/view/1651/1557 Published March 12, 2008. Accessed February 10, 2010. doi:10.3402/fnr.v52i0.1651
13. Kung H.C., Hoyert D.L., Xu J.Q., and Murphy S.L. Deaths: Final data for 2005. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 56 (2008) 1-121
14. Wilson P.W., D'Agostino R.B., Levy D., Belanger A.M., Silbershatz H., and Kannel W.B. Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories. Circulation 97 (1998) 1837-1847
15. Ascherio A., Hennekens C.H., Buring J.E., Master C., Stampfer M.J., and Willett W.C. Trans-fatty acids intake and risk of myocardial infarction. Circulation 89 (1994) 94-101
16. Mozaffarian D., Katan M.B., Ascherio A., Stampfer M.J., and Willett W.C. Trans fatty acids and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 354 (2006) 1601-1613
17. Leth T., Jensen H.G., Mikkelsen A.A., and Bysted A. The effect of the regulation on trans fatty acid content in Danish food. Atheroscler Suppl. 7 (2006) 53-56
18. Mensink R.P., Zock P.L., Kester A.D., and Katan M.B. Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: A meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 77 (2003) 1146-1155
19. Lopez-Garcia E., Schulze M.B., Meigs J.B., Manson J.E., Rifai N., Stampfer M.J., Willett W.C., and Hu F.B. Consumption of trans fatty acids is related to plasma biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. J Nutr. 135 (2005) 562-566
20. van Tol A., Zock P.L., van Gent T., Scheek L.M., and Katan M.B. Dietary trans fatty acids increase serum cholesterylester transfer protein activity in man. Atherosclerosis 115 (1995) 129-134
21. Hu F.B., Stampfer M.J., Manson J.E., Rimm E., Colditz G.A., Rosner B.A., Hennekens C.H., and Willett W.C. Dietary fat intake and the risk of coronary heart disease in women. N Engl J Med. 337 (1997) 1491-1499
22. Ascherio A., Katan M.B., Zock P.L., Stampfer M.J., and Willett W.C. trans Fatty acids and coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med. 340 (1999) 1994-1998
23. Van Horn L., McCoin M., Kris-Etherton P.M., Burke F., Carson J.A., and Champagne C.M. The evidence for dietary prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. J Am Diet Assoc. 108 (2008) 287-331
24. Ridker P.M., Rifai N., Rose L., Buring J.E., and Cook N.R. Comparison of C-reactive protein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the prediction of first cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med. 347 (2002) 1557-1565
25. Han S.N., Leka L.S., Lichtenstein A.H., Ausman L.M., Schaefer E.J., and Meydani S.N. Effect of hydrogenated and saturated, relative to polyunsaturated, fat on immune and inflammatory responses of adults with moderate hypercholesterolemia. J Lipid Res. 43 (2002) 445-452
26. de Roos N.M., Bots M.L., and Katan M.B. Replacement of dietary saturated fatty acids by trans fatty acids lowers serum HDL cholesterol and impairs endothelial function in healthy men and women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 21 (2001) 1233-1237
27. Simopoulos A.P. The importance of the omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio in cardiovascular disease and other chronic diseases. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 233 (2008) 674-688
28. Chardigny J.M., Destaillats F., Malpuech-Brugere C., Moulin J., Bauman D.E., Lock A.L., Barbano D.M., Mensink R.P., Bezelgues J.B., Chaumont P., Combe N., Cristiani I., Joffre F., German J.B., Dionisi F., Boirie Y., and Sebedio J.L. Do trans fatty acids from industrially produced sources and from natural sources have the same effect on cardiovascular disease risk factors in healthy subjects?. Results of the trans Fatty Acids Collaboration (TRANSFACT) study. Am J Clin Nutr. 87 (2008) 558-566
29. Motard-Belanger A., Charest A., Grenier G., Paquin P., Chouinard Y., Lemieux S., Couture P., and Lamarche B. Study of the effect of trans fatty acids from ruminants on blood lipids and other risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 87 (2008) 593-599
30. Katan M., Wanders A., Brouwer I., and Siebelink E. Impact of animal vs industrial trans fatty acids on lipoproteins in humans. [absract 51]. Atherosclerosis 10 suppl 2 (2009) e23
31. Campbell B., and Kreider R.B. Conjugated linoleic acids. Curr Sports Med Rep. 7 (2008) 237-241
32. Mitchell P.L., and McLeod R.S. Conjugated linoleic acid and atherosclerosis: Studies in animal models. Biochem Cell Biol. 86 (2008) 293-301
33. Sundram K., Hayes K.C., and Siru O.H. Both dietary 18:2 and 16:0 may be required to improve the serum LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio in normocholesterolemic men. J Nutr Biochem. 6 (1995) 179-187
34. Stender S., Astrup A., and Dyerberg J. What went in when trans fats went out?. N Engl J Med. 361 (2009) 314-316
35. Aase S. Taking trans fats of the menu: What you can learn from trans-fat bans at Sheikh Khalifa Medical City and the Cleveland Clinic. J Am Diet Assoc. 109 (2009) 1148-1151
36. Eckel R.H., Kris-Etherton P., Lichtenstein A.H., Wylie-Rosett J., Groom A., Stitzel K.F., and Yin-Piazza S. Americans' awareness, knowledge, and behaviors regarding fats: 2006-2007. J Am Diet Assoc. 109 (2009) 288-296
37. L'Abbe M.R., and Brown S. TRANSforming the food supply-Report of the Trans Fat Task Force (2006), Nutrition Evaluation Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada 1-120. http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/nutrition/gras-trans-fats/tf-ge/tf-gt_rep-rap-eng.php Accessed February 10, 2010
38. Trans fat and menu labeling legislation. Published 2008. National Conference of State Legislatures Web site. http://www.ncsl.org/programs/health/transfatmenulabelingbills.htm Accessed January 9, 2009
39. Kelly M.T., Rennie K.L., Wallace J.M., Robson P.J., Welch R.W., Hannon-Fletcher M.P., and Livingstone M.B. Associations between the portion sizes of food groups consumed and measures of adiposity in the British National Diet and Nutrition Survey. Br J Nutr. 101 (2009) 1413-1420
40. Greenwood J.L., and Stanford J.B. Preventing or improving obesity by addressing specific eating patterns. J Am Board Fam Med. 21 (2008) 135-140
41. Fisher J.O., Arreola A., Birch L.L., and Rolls B.J. Portion size effects on daily energy intake in low-income Hispanic and African American children and their mothers. Am J Clin Nutr. 86 (2007) 1709-1716
42. Jeffery R.W., Rydell S., Dunn C.L., Harnack L.J., Levine A.S., Pentel P.R., Baxter J.E., and Walsh E.M. Effects of portion size on chronic energy intake. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 4 (2007) 27
43. Albers M.J., Harnack L.J., Steffen L.M., and Jacobs D.R. 2006 marketplace survey of trans-fatty acid content of margarines and butters, cookies and snack cakes, and savory snacks. J Am Diet Assoc. 108 (2008) 367-370
44. Harnack L., Lee S., Schakel S.F., Duval S., Luepker R.V., and Arnett D.K. Trends in the trans-fatty acid composition of the diet in a metropolitan area: The Minnesota Heart Survey. J Am Diet Assoc. 103 (2003) 1160-1166
45. Borra S. Consumer perspectives on food labels. Am J Clin Nutr. 83 suppl (2006) 1235S
46. Rolls B.J., Morris E.L., and Roe L.S. Portion size of food affects energy intake in normal-weight and overweight men and women. Am J Clin Nutr. 76 (2002) 1207-1213
47. Stampfer M.J., Sacks F.M., Salvini S., Willett W.C., and Hennekens C.H. A prospective study of cholesterol, apolipoproteins, and the risk of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 325 (1991) 373-381
48. Oh K., Hu F.B., Manson J.E., Stampfer M.J., and Willett W.C. Dietary fat intake and risk of coronary heart disease in women: 20 years of follow-up of the nurses' health study. Am J Epidemiol. 161 (2005) 672-679