Conditional Reasoning in Autism: Activation and Integration of Knowledge and Belief

Developmental Psychology

Volumn 46, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 391-403

  McKenzie, Rebecca ^a   Evans, Jonathan St B T ^a   Handley, Simon J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PLYMOUTH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

autism; background knowledge; context; counterexamples; reasoning

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ARTICLE; AUTISM; CHILD; CONCEPT FORMATION; CONDITIONING; CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY; DECISION MAKING; FEMALE; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; MALE; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; PROBABILITY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; SHORT TERM MEMORY;

ADOLESCENT; ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; AUTISTIC DISORDER; CHILD; CONCEPT FORMATION; CONDITIONING (PSYCHOLOGY); CULTURE; FEMALE; HUMANS; JUDGMENT; MALE; MEMORY, SHORT-TERM; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; PROBABILITY; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX;

EID: 77949470153     PISSN: 00121649     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0017412     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. (1994), Author, Washington, DC
2. Bishop D.V.M., and Norbury C.F. Executive functions in children with communication impairments in relation to autistic symptomatology: 2. Response inhibition. Autism 9 (2005) 29-43
3. Boucher J. Word fluency in high-functioning autistic children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 18 (1988) 637-645
4. Capon A., Handley S.J., and Dennis I. Working memory and reasoning: An individual differences perspective. Thinking & Reasoning 9 (2003) 203-244
5. Case R., Kurland M., and Goldberg J. Operational efficiency and the growth of short-term memory span. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 33 (1982) 386-404
6. Colom R., Rebollo I., Palacios A., Juan-Espinosa M., and Kyllonen P.C. Working memory is (almost) perfectly predicted by g. Intelligence 32 (2004) 277-296
7. Cummins D.D. Naive theories and causal deduction. Memory & Cognition 23 (1995) 646-658
8. Cummins D.D., Lubart T., Alksnis O., and Rist R. Conditional reasoning and causation. Memory & Cognition 19 (1991) 274-282
9. De Neys W. Dual processing in reasoning: Two systems but one reasoner. Psychological Science 17 (2006) 428-433
10. De Neys W., Schaeken W., and d'Ydewalle G. Working memory and everyday conditional reasoning: Retrieval and inhibition of stored counterexamples. Thinking and Reasoning 11 (2005) 349-381
11. Dias M.G., and Harris P.L. The effect of make-believe play on deductive reasoning. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 6 (1988) 207-221
12. Dias M., and Harris P.L. The influence of imagination on reasoning by young children. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 8 (1990) 305-318
13. Evans J.S.B.T. Logic and human reasoning: An assessment of the deduction paradigm. Psychological Bulletin 128 (2002) 978-996
14. Evans J.S.B.T. Hypothetical thinking: Dual process in reasoning and judgment (2007), Psychology Press, Hove, England
15. Evans J.S.B.T. Dual processing accounts of reasoning, judgment and social cognition. Annual Review of Psychology 5 (2008) 255-278
16. Evans J.S.B.T., and Over D.E. Rationality and reasoning (1996), Psychology Press, Hove, England
17. Evans J.S.B.T., and Over D.E. If (2004), Oxford University Press, Oxford, England
18. Frith U. Autism: Explaining the enigma (1989), Blackwell, Oxford, United Kingdom
19. Frith U. Autism: Explaining the enigma. 2nd ed. (2003), Blackwell, Oxford, United Kingdom
20. Frith U., and Snowling M. Reading for meaning and reading for sound in autistic and dyslexic children. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 1 (1983) 329-342
21. Grant C.M., Riggs K.J., and Boucher J. Counterfactual and mental state reasoning in children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 34 (2004) 177-188
22. Happé F.G.E., and Booth R.D.L. The power of the positive: Revisiting weak coherence in autism spectrum disorders. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 6 (2008) 50-63
23. Happé F., and Frith U. The weak coherence account: Detail-focused cognitive style in autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 36 (2006) 5-25
24. Janveau-Brennan G., and Markovits H. The development of reasoning with causal conditionals. Developmental Psychology 35 (1999) 904-911
25. Jarrold C. A review of research into pretend play in autism. Autism 7 (2003) 379-390
26. Jarrold C., Boucher J., and Smith P.K. Generativity defects in pretend play in autism. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 14 (1996) 275-300
27. Jolliffe T., and Baron-Cohen S. A test of central coherence theory: Linguistic processing in high-functioning adults with autism or Asperger syndrome: Is local coherence impaired?. Cognition 71 (1999) 149-185
28. Jolliffe T., and Baron-Cohen S. The strange stories test: A replication with high-functioning adults with autism or Asperger syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 29 (1999) 395-406
29. Klaczynski P.A. Motivated scientific reasoning biases, epistemological beliefs, and theory polarization: A two-process approach to adolescent cognition. Child Development 71 (2000) 1347-1366
30. Klaczynski P.A., Schuneman M.J., and Daniel D.B. Theories of conditional reasoning: A developmental examination of competing hypotheses. Developmental Psychology 40 (2004) 559-571
31. Leevers H.J., and Harris P.L. Counterfactual syllogistic reasoning in normal 4-year-olds, children with learning disabilities, and children with autism. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 76 (2000) 64-87
32. Logan G.D., Schachar R., and Tannock R. Impulsivity and inhibitory control. Psychological Science 8 (1997) 60-64
33. Lopez B., and Leekam S.R. Do children with autism fail to process information in context?. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry 44 (2003) 285-300
34. Lord C., Risi S., Lambrecht L., Cook E.H., Leventhal B.L., DiLavore P.C., and Rutter M. The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Generic: A standard measure of social and communication deficits associated with the spectrum of autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 30 (2000) 205-223
35. Lord C., Rutter M., and LeCouteur A. Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised: A revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 24 (1994) 659-685
36. Markovits H. A mental model analysis of young children's conditional reasoning with meaningful premises. Thinking & Reasoning 6 (2000) 335-348
37. Markovits H., and Barrouillet P. The development of conditional reasoning: A mental model account. Developmental Review 22 (2002) 5-36
38. Markovits H., and Barrouillet P. Introduction: Why is understanding the development of reasoning important?. Thinking and Reasoning 10 (2004) 113-121
39. Markovits H., Fleury M.-L., Quinn S., and Venet M. The development of conditional reasoning and the structure of semantic memory. Child Development 69 (1998) 742-755
40. Markovits H., and Potvin F. Suppression of valid inferences and knowledge structures: The curious effect of producing alternative antecedents on reasoning with causal conditionals. Memory & Cognition 29 (2001) 736-744
41. Markovits H., and Thompson V. Different developmental patterns of simple deductive and probabilistic inferential reasoning. Memory & Cognition 36 (2008) 1066-1078
42. Minshew N.J., Goldstein G., Muenz L.R., and Payton J. Neuropsychological functioning in nonmentally retarded autistic individuals. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 14 (1992) 749-761
43. Minshew N.J., Goldstein G., and Seigel D.J. Speech and language in high-functioning autistic individuals. Neuropsychology 9 (1995) 255-261
44. Minshew N.J., Goldstein G., and Siegel D.J. Neuropsychologic functioning in autism: Profile of a complex information processing disorder. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 3 (1997) 303-316
45. Morsanyi K., and Handley S.J. How smart do you need to be to get it wrong? The role of cognitive capacity in the development of heuristic-based judgment. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 99 (2008) 18-36
46. Muller U., Overton W.F., and Reene K. Development of conditional reasoning: A longitudinal study. Journal of Cognition and Development 2 (2001) 27-49
47. Murray D., Lesser M., and Lawson W. Attention, monotropism and the diagnostic criteria for autism. Autism 9 (2005) 139-156
48. Nielsen M., and Dissanayake C. A study of pretend play and false belief in pre-school children: Is all pretence metarepresentational?. In: Reifel S. (Ed). Play and culture studies (2001), JAI Press, London, England 199-216
49. Ozonoff S., Strayer D.L., McMahon W.M., and Filloux F. Executive function abilities in autism and Tourette's syndrome: An information processing approach. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 35 (1994) 1015-1032
50. Peterson D.M., and Bowler D.M. Counterfactual reasoning and false belief understanding in children with autism, children with severe learning difficulties, and children with typical development. Autism 4 (2000) 391-405
51. Pijnacker J., Geurts B., van Lambalgen M., Kan C.C., Buitelaar J.K., and Hagoort P. Defeasible reasoning in high-functioning adults with autism: Evidence for impaired exception-handling. Neuropsychologia 47 (2009) 644-651
52. Plaisted K.C., O'Riordan M., and Baron-Cohen S. Enhanced discrimination of novel, highly similar stimuli by adults with autism during a perceptual learning task. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 39 (1998) 765-775
53. Quinn S., and Markovits H. Conditional reasoning, causality, and the structure of semantic memory: Strength of association as a predictive factor for content effects. Cognition 68 (1998) B93-101
54. Ropar D., and Mitchell P. Are individuals with autism and Asperger's syndrome susceptible to visual illusions?. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 40 (1999) 1283-1293
55. Scott F.J., Baron-Cohen S., and Leslie A. "If pigs could fly": A test of counterfactual reasoning and pretence in children with autism. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 17 (1999) 349-362
56. Shah A., and Frith U. Why do autistic individuals show superior performance on the block design task?. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 34 (1993) 1351-1364
57. Stanovich K.E. Who is rational? Studies of individual differences in reasoning (1999), Erlbaum, Mahway, NJ
58. Tager-Flusberg H. Language and understanding minds: Connections in autism. In: Baron-Cohen S., Tager-Flusberg H., and Cohen D. (Eds). Understanding other minds: Perspectives from developmental cognitive neuroscience (2000), Oxford University Press, New York, NY 124-149
59. Thompson V.A. Interpretational factors in conditional reasoning. Memory & Cognition 22 (1994) 742-758
60. Turner M.A. Generating novel ideas: Fluency performance in high-functioning and learning disabled individuals with autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 40 (1999) 189-201
61. Verschueren N., De Neys W., Schaeken W., and d'Ydewalle G. Working memory capacity and the nature of generated counterexamples. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society 24 (2002) 914-999
62. Verschueren, N., Schaeken, W., & d'Ydewalle, G. (2004). Everyday conditional reasoning with working memory preload. In Proceedings of the 26th annual meeting of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 1399-1404). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
63. Verschueren N., Schaeken W., and d'Ydewalle G. Everyday conditional reasoning: A working memory-dependent tradeoff between counterexample and likelihood use. Memory & Cognition 33 (2005) 107-119
64. Wechsler D. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. 3rd ed. (1991), Psychological Corporation, New York, NY
65. Weidenfield A., Oberauer K., and Hornig R. Causal and noncausal conditionals: An integrated model of interpretation and reasoning. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology 58A (2005) 1479-1513
66. Williams D.L., Goldstein G., and Minshew N.J. The profile of memory function in children with autism. Neuropsychology 20 (2006) 21-29
67. Wilson M., Bettger J.G., Niculae I., and Klima E.S. Modality of language shapes working memory: Evidence from digit span and spatial span in ASL signers. Journal of Deaf Studies Deaf Education 2 (1997) 150-160
68. World Health Organization. International classification of diseases. 10th ed. (1993), Author, Geneva, Switzerland