Brain embodiment of syntax and grammar: Discrete combinatorial mechanisms spelt out in neuronal circuits

Brain and Language

Volumn 112, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 167-179

  Pulvermüller, Friedemann ^a  

^a MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Associative memory; Brain; Discrete combinatorial rule; Grammar; Neuronal assembly; Pushdown store; Sequence detector; Syntax; Tree structure

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BRAIN CORTEX; BRAIN FUNCTION; COGNITION; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; GRAMMAR; HUMAN; INFORMATION PROCESSING; LINGUISTICS; MAGNETOENCEPHALOGRAPHY; MEMORY CONSOLIDATION; MOTOR SYSTEM; NEUROPHYSIOLOGY; NEUROSCIENCE; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PATTERN RECOGNITION; PHONETICS; SEMANTICS; SENSORY SYSTEM; SYMBOLISM;

ANIMALS; BRAIN; EVOLUTION; HUMANS; LINGUISTICS; MENTAL PROCESSES; NEURAL PATHWAYS;

EID: 77949263571     PISSN: 0093934X     EISSN: 10902155     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2009.08.002     Document Type: Article

References (172)

1. Abeles M., Bergman H., Margalit E., and Vaadia E. Spatiotemporal firing patterns in the frontal cortex of behaving monkeys. Journal of Neurophysiology 70 (1993) 1629-1638
2. Aziz-Zadeh L., Wilson S.M., Rizzolatti G., and Iacoboni M. Congruent embodied representations for visually presented actions and linguistic phrases describing actions. Current Biology 16 18 (2006) 1818-1823
3. Bach E., Brown C., and Marslen-Wilson W. Crossed and nested dependencies in German and Dutch a psycholinguistic study. Lanuage Cognitive Processes 1 (1986) 249-262
4. Bahlmann J., Schubotz R.I., and Friederici A.D. Hierarchical artificial grammar processing engages Broca's area. Neuroimage 42 2 (2008) 525-534
5. Bak T.H., O'Donovan D.G., Xuereb J.H., Boniface S., and Hodges J.R. Selective impairment of verb processing associated with pathological changes in Brodmann areas 44 and 45 in the motor neurone disease-dementia-aphasia syndrome. Brain 124 (2001) 103-120
6. Barlow H., and Levick W.R. The mechanism of directionally selective units in rabbit's retina. Journal of Physiology 178 (1965) 477-504
7. Barsalou L.W. Perceptual symbol systems. Behavioral and Brain Science 22 4 (1999) 577-609 (discussion 610-560)
8. Barsalou L.W. Grounded cognition. Annual Review of Psychology 59 (2008) 617-645
9. Bastiaansen M., and Hagoort P. Oscillatory neuronal dynamics during language comprehension. Progress in Brain Research 159 (2006) 179-196
10. Beiser D.G., and Houk J.C. Model of cortical-basal ganglionic processing: Encoding the serial order of sensory events. Journal of Neurophysiology 79 6 (1998) 3168-3188
11. Bever T.G., Carroll J.M., and Hurtig M. Analogy or Ungrammatical sequences that are utterable and comprehensible are the origin of new grammars in language acquisition and linguistic evolution. In: Bever T.G., Katz J.J., and Langendoen D.T. (Eds). An integrated theory of linguistic ability (1976), T.Y. Crowell Press, New York
12. Bienenstock E. On the dimensionality of cortical graphs. Journal of Physiology (Paris) 90 (1996) 251-256
13. Bornkessel I., Zysset S., Friederici A.D., von Cramon D.Y., and Schlesewsky M. Who did what to whom? The neural basis of argument hierarchies during language comprehension. Neuroimage 26 1 (2005) 221-233
14. Borst A. Correlation versus gradient type motion detectors: The pros and cons. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Science 362 1479 (2007) 369-374
15. Botvinick M.M., and Plaut D.C. Short-term memory for serial order: A recurrent neural network model. Psychological Review 113 2 (2006) 201-233
16. Boulenger V., Hauk O., and Pulvermüller F. Grasping ideas with the motor system: Semantic somatotopy in idiom comprehension. Cereb Cortex 19 8 (2009) 1905-1914
17. Braitenberg, V. (1996). Il gusto della lingua. Meccanismi cerebrali e strutture grammaticali. Merano: Alpha & Beta.
18. Braitenberg V., and Pulvermüller F. Entwurf einer neurologischen Theorie der Sprache. Naturwissenschaften 79 (1992) 103-117
19. Braitenberg V., and Schüz A. Cortex: Statistics and geometry of neuronal connectivity. 2nd ed. (1998), Springer, Berlin
20. Bresnan J. Lexical functional syntax (2001), Blackwell, Oxford
21. Briscoe, E., & Carroll, J. (1997). Automatic extraction of subcategorization from corpora. Proceedings of the 5th ACL conference on applied natural language processing (Vol. 5, pp. 1-9). Washington, DC.
22. Buccino G., Riggio L., Melli G., Binkofski F., Gallese V., and Rizzolatti G. Listening to action-related sentences modulates the activity of the motor system: A combined TMS and behavioral study. Cognitive Brain Research 24 3 (2005) 355-363
23. Canolty, R.T., Soltani, M., Dalal, S.S., Edwards, E., Dronkers, N.F., Nagarajan et al. (2007). Spatiotemporal dynamics of word processing in the human brain. Frontiers in Neuroscience. doi:10.3389/neuro.01.1.1.014.2007.
24. Caplan D. Aphasic deficits in syntactic processing. Cortex 42 6 (2006) 797-804
25. Caplan D., Vijayan S., Kuperberg G., West C., Waters G., Greve D., et al. Vascular responses to syntactic processing: Event-related fMRI study of relative clauses. Human Brain Mapping 15 1 (2002) 26-38
26. Catani M., Jones D.K., and Ffytche D.H. Perisylvian language networks of the human brain. Annals of Neurology 57 1 (2005) 8-16
27. Chang F., Dell G.S., and Bock K. Becoming syntactic. Psychological Review 113 2 (2006) 234-272
28. Chao L.L., Haxby J.V., and Martin A. Attribute-based neural substrates in temporal cortex for perceiving and knowing about objects. Nature Neuroscience 2 10 (1999) 913-919
29. Chater N., and Manning C.D. Probabilistic models of language processing and acquisition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 10 7 (2006) 335-344
30. Chomsky N. Formal properties of grammars. In: Luce R.D., Bush R.R., and Galanter E. (Eds). Handbook of mathematical psychology Vol. 2 (1963), Wiley, New York, London 323-418
31. Chomsky N. Rules and representations (1980), Columbia University Press, New York
32. Chomsky, N. (1981). Lectures on government and binding. Dordrecht: Foris.
33. Chomsky N. New horizons in the study of language and mind (2000), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
34. Christiansen M.H., and Chater N. Toward a connectionist model of recursion in human linguistic performance. Cognitive Science 23 2 (1999) 157-205
35. D'Ausilio A., Pulvermüller F., Salmas P., Bufalari I., Begliomini C., and Fadiga L. The motor somatotopy of speech perception. Current Biology 19 5 (2009) 381-385
36. Damasio H., Grabowski T.J., Tranel D., Hichwa R.D., and Damasio A.R. A neural basis for lexical retrieval. Nature 380 (1996) 499-505
37. Diesch E., Eulitz C., Hampson S., and Ross B. The neurotopography of vowels as mirrored by evoked magnetic field measurements. Brain and Language 53 2 (1996) 143-168
38. Dominey P.F. An anatomically structured sensory-motor sequence learning system displays some general linguistic capacities. Brain and Language 59 1 (1997) 50-75
39. Dominey P.F., Hoen M., Blanc J.M., and Lelekov-Boissard T. Neurological basis of language and sequential cognition: Evidence from simulation aphasia and ERP studies. Brain and Language 86 2 (2003) 207-225
40. Donchin E. Surprise! Surprise?. Psychophysiology 18 (1981) 493-513
41. Egelhaaf M., Borst A., and Reichardt W. Computational structure of a biological motion-detection system as revealed by local detector analysis in the fly's nervous system. Journal of the Optical Society of America A 6 (1989) 1070-1087
42. Elman J.L. Finding structure in time. Cognitive Science 14 (1990) 179-211
43. Elman J.L., Bates L., Johnson M., Karmiloff-Smith A., Parisi D., and Plunkett K. Rethinking innateness. A connectionist perspective on development (1996), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
44. Fadiga L., Craighero L., Buccino G., and Rizzolatti G. Speech listening specifically modulates the excitability of tongue muscles: A TMS study. European Journal of Neuroscience 15 2 (2002) 399-402
45. Fadiga L., Fogassi L., Pavesi G., and Rizzolatti G. Motor facilitation during action observation: A magnetic stimulation study. Journal of Neurophysiology 73 6 (1995) 2608-2611
46. Fazio P.A.C., Craighero L., D'Ausilio A., Roy A., Pozzo T., Calzolari F., et al. Encoding of human action in Broca's area. Brain 132 7 (2009) 1980-1988
47. Feldman J. From molecule to metaphor: A neural theory of language (2006), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
48. Feldman J., and Narayanan S. Embodied meaning in a neural theory of language. Brain and Language 89 2 (2004) 385-392
49. Friederici A.D. Towards a neural basis of auditory sentence processing. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 6 2 (2002) 78-84
50. Friederici A.D., Pfeifer E., and Hahne A. Event-related brain potentials during natural speech processing: Effects of semantic, morphological and syntactic violations. Cognitive Brain Research 1 3 (1993) 183-192
51. Friederici A.D., Wang Y., Herrmann C.S., Maess B., and Oertel U. Localization of early syntactic processes in frontal and temporal cortical areas: A magnetoencephalographic study. Human Brain Mapping 11 1 (2000) 1-11
52. Fry D.B. The development of the phonological system in the normal and deaf child. In: Smith F., and Miller G.A. (Eds). The genesis of language (1966), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA 187-206
53. Fuster J.M. Network memory. Trends in Neurosciences 20 10 (1997) 451-459
54. Fuster J.M. Cortex and mind: Unifying cognition (2003), Oxford University Press, Oxford
55. Fuster J.M., and Jervey J.P. Inferotemporal neurons distinguish and retain behaviorally relevant features of visual stimuli (1981), Science
56. Galantucci B., Fowler C.A., and Turvey M.T. The motor theory of speech perception reviewed. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 13 3 (2006) 361-377
57. Gazdar G., Klein E., Pullum G., and Sag I. Generalized phrase structure grammar (1985), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA
58. Glenberg A.M., and Kaschak M.P. Grounding language in action. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 9 3 (2002) 558-565
59. Glenberg A.M., Sato M., and Cattaneo L. Use-induced motor plasticity affects the processing of abstract and concrete language. Current Biology 18 7 (2008) R290-R291
60. Goldberg A.E. Constructions at work: The nature of generalisation in language (2006), Oxford University Press, Oxford
61. González J., Barros-Loscertales A., Pulvermüller F., Meseguer V., Sanjuán A., Belloch V., et al. Reading cinnamon activates olfactory brain regions. Neuroimage 32 2 (2006) 906-912
62. Grewe T., Bornkessel I., Zysset S., Wiese R., von Cramon D.Y., and Schlesewsky M. Linguistic prominence and Broca's area: The influence of animacy as a linearization principle. Neuroimage 32 3 (2006) 1395-1402
63. Grodzinsky Y., and Friederici A.D. Neuroimaging of syntax and syntactic processing. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 16 2 (2006) 240-246
64. Haegeman L. Introduction to government and binding theory (1991), Basil Blackwell, Cambridge, MA
65. Hagoort P. On Broca, brain, and binding: A new framework. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 9 9 (2005) 416-423
66. Hagoort P. The fractionation of spoken language understanding by measuring electrical and magnetic brain signals. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Science 363 1493 (2008) 1055-1069
67. Hagoort P., Brown C., and Groothusen J. The syntactic positive shift SPS as an ERP-measure of syntactic processing. Language Cognitive Processes 8 4 (1993) 439-483
68. Hanson S.J., and Negishi M. On the emergence of rules in neural networks. Neural Computation 14 9 (2002) 2245-2268
69. Harasty J., Seldon H.L., Chan P., Halliday G., and Harding A. The left human speech-processing cortex is thinner but longer than the right. Laterality 8 3 (2003) 247-260
70. Hasting A.S., Kotz S.A., and Friederici A.D. Setting the stage for automatic syntax processing: The mismatch negativity as an indicator of syntactic priming. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 19 3 (2007) 386-400
71. Hauk O., Johnsrude I., and Pulvermüller F. Somatotopic representation of action words in the motor and premotor cortex. Neuron 41 (2004) 301-307
72. Hauk O., Shtyrov Y., and Pulvermüller F. The time course of action and action-word comprehension in the human brain as revealed by neurophysiology. Journal of Physiology-Paris 102 1-3 (2008) 50-58
73. Hauser M.D., Chomsky N., and Fitch W.T. The faculty of language: What is it, who has it, and how did it evolve?. Science 298 5598 (2002) 1569-1579
74. Hawkins J. A performance theory of order and constituency Vol. 73 (1994), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
75. Hayon G., Abeles M., and Lehmann D. A model for representing the dynamics of a system of synfire chains. Journal of Computational Neuroscience 18 1 (2005) 41-53
76. Hickok G., and Poeppel D. Towards a functional neuroanatomy of speech perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 4 4 (2000) 131-138
77. Honkela T., Pulkki V., and Kohonen T. Contextual relations of words in grimm tales analyzed by self-organizing map. Proceedings of international conference on artificial neural networks. In: Fogelman-Soulie F., and Gallinari P. (Eds). Proceedings of the international conference on neural networks (ICANN) 1995 (1995), EC2 et Cie, Paris 3-7
78. Hopcroft J.E., Motwani R., and Ullman J.D. Introduction to automata theory, languages, and computation. 2nd ed. (2006), ACM, New york
79. Hubel D. Eye brain and vision. 2nd ed. (1995), Scientific American Library, New York
80. Hutsler J., and Galuske R.A. Hemispheric asymmetries in cerebral cortical networks. Trends in Neuroscience 26 8 (2003) 429-435
81. Indefrey P., Brown C.M., Hellwig F., Amunts K., Herzog H., Seitz R.J., et al. A neural correlate of syntactic encoding during speech production. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 98 10 (2001) 5933-5936
82. Jackendoff R. Foundations of language: Brain meaning grammar evolution (2002), Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK
83. Jacobs B., Batal H.A., Lynch B., Ojemann G., Ojemann L.M., and Scheibel A.B. Quantitative dendritic and spine analyses of speech cortices: A case study. Brain and Language 44 (1993) 239-253
84. Joshi A.K., and Schabes Y. Tree-adjoining grammars. In: Salomon A., and Rozenberg E. (Eds). Handbook of formal languages and automata (1997), Springer-verlag, Berlin
85. Just M.A., Carpenter P.A., Keller T.A., Eddy W.F., and Thulborn K.R. Brain activation modulated by sentence comprehension. Science 274 5284 (1996) 114-116
86. Karlsson F. Constraints on multiple centre embedding of clauses. Journal of Linguistics (2007), Cambridge University Press
87. Keller, F. (2001). Gradience in grammar: Experimental and computational aspects of degrees of grammaticality. University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh.
88. Kempen G., and Harbusch K. An artificial opposition between grammaticality and frequency: Comment on Bornkessel, Schlesewsky, and Friederici (2002). Cognition 90 2 (2003) 205-210
89. Kinno R., Kawamura M., Shioda S., and Sakai K.L. Neural correlates of noncanonical syntactic processing revealed by a picture-sentence matching task. Human Brain Mapping 29 9 (2008) 1015-1027
90. Kleene S.C. Representation of events in nerve nets and finite automata. In: Shannon C.E., and McCarthy J. (Eds). Automata studies (1956), Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ 3-41
91. Knight R.T. Neuroscience neural networks debunk phrenology. Science 316 5831 (2007) 1578-1579
92. Knoblauch A., and Pulvermüller F. Sequence detector networks and associative learning of grammatical categories. In: Wermter S., Palm G., and Elshaw M. (Eds). Biomimetic neural learning for intelligent robots (2005), Springer, Berlin 31-53
93. Kuperberg G.R. Neural mechanisms of language comprehension: Challenges to syntax. Brain Research 1146 (2007) 23-49
94. Kutas M., and Hillyard S.A. Brain potentials during reading reflect word expectancy and semantic association. Nature 307 (1984) 161-163
95. Lakoff G. Women fire and dangerous things. What, categories, reveal about the mind (1987), University of Chicago Press, Chicago
96. Langacker R. Foundations of cognitive grammar Vols. 1 and 2 (1991), Stanford University Press, Stanford
97. Liberman A.M., and Mattingly I.G. The motor theory of speech perception revised. Cognition 21 (1985) 1-36
98. Lichtheim L. On aphasia. Brain 7 (1885) 433-484
99. Lin, D. (1998). Automatic retrieval and clustering of similar words. In Proceedings of the17th international conference on computational linguistics and 36th annual meeting of the association for computational (Vol. 17, pp. 768-773). Linguistics, Montreal.
100. Maess B., Koelsch S., Gunter T.C., and Friederici A.D. Musical syntax is processed in Broca's area: An MEG study. Nature Neuroscience 4 5 (2001) 540-545
101. Mahon B.Z., and Caramazza A. A critical look at the embodied cognition hypothesis and a new proposal for grounding conceptual content. Journal of Physiology-Paris 102 1-3 (2008) 59-70
102. Marcus G.F. The algebraic mind: Integrating connectionism and cognitive science (2001), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
103. Marcus G.F. Kluge: The haphazard construction of the human mind (2008), Houghton, Boston, MA
104. Marslen-Wilson W.D., and Tyler L.K. Morphology, language and the brain: The decompositional substrate for language comprehension. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Science 362 1481 (2007) 823-836
105. Martin A. The representation of object concepts in the brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience 58 (2007) 25-45
106. McClelland J.L., and Patterson K. Rules or connections in past-tense inflections: What does the evidence rule out. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 6 11 (2002) 465-472
107. McCulloch W.S., and Pitts W.H. A logical calculus of ideas immanent in nervous activity. Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics 5 (1943) 115-133
108. Menning H., Zwitserlood P., Schoning S., Hihn H., Bolte J., Dobel C., et al. Pre-attentive detection of syntactic and semantic errors. Neuroreport 16 1 (2005) 77-80
109. Näätänen R., Gaillard A.W., and Mäntysalo S. Early selective-attention effect on evoked potential reinterpreted. Acta Psychologica 42 (1978) 313-329
110. Näätänen R., Tervaniemi M., Sussman E., Paavilainen P., and Winkler I. 'Primitive intelligence' in the auditory cortex. Trends in Neurosciences 24 5 (2001) 283-288
111. Neininger B., and Pulvermüller F. Word-category specific deficits after lesions in the right hemisphere. Neuropsychologia 41 1 (2003) 53-70
112. Neville H., Nicol J.L., Barss A., Forster K.I., and Garrett M.F. Syntactically based sentence processing classes: Evidence from event-related brain potentials. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 3 (1991) 151-165
113. O'Reilly R.C. Six principles for biologically based computational models of cortical cognition. Trends in Cognitive Science 2 11 (1998) 455-562
114. Obleser J., Boecker H., Drzezga A., Haslinger B., Hennenlotter A., Roettinger M., et al. Vowel sound extraction in anterior superior temporal cortex. Human Brain Mapping 27 7 (2006) 562-571
115. Opitz B., and Friederici A.D. Neural basis of processing sequential and hierarchical syntactic structures. Human Brain Mapping 28 7 (2007) 585-592
116. Osterhout L., and Hagoort P. A superficial resemblance does not necessarily mean you are part of the family: Counterarguments to Coulson, King and Kutas 1998 in the P600/SPS-P300 debate. Language and Cognitive Processes 14 (1999) 1-14
117. Osterhout L., and Holcomb P.J. Event-related brain potentials elicited by syntactic anomaly. Journal of Memory and Language 31 (1992) 785-806
118. Palm G. On the internal structure of cell assemblies. In: Aertsen A. (Ed). Brain theory: Spatio-temporal aspects of brain function (1993), Elsevier, Amsterdam 261-270
119. Paus T., Perry D.W., Zatorre R.J., Worsley K.J., and Evans A.C. Modulation of cerebral blood flow in the human auditory cortex during speech: Role of motor-to-sensory discharges. European Journal of Neuroscience 8 11 (1996) 2236-2246
120. Petri, C.A. (1970). Kommunikation mit Automaten. Dissertation: Universität Bonn.
121. Pinker S. The language instinct. How the mind creates language (1994), Harper Collins Publishers, New York
122. Plenz D., and Thiagarajan T.C. The organizing principles of neuronal avalanches: Cell assemblies in the cortex. Trends in Neuroscience 30 3 (2007) 101-110
123. Pulvermüller F. On connecting syntax and the brain. In: Aertsen A. (Ed). Brain theory - spatio-temporal aspects of brain function (1993), Elsevier, New York 131-145
124. Pulvermüller F. Words in the brain's language. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22 (1999) 253-336
125. Pulvermüller F. The neuroscience of language (2003), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
126. Pulvermüller F. Sequence detectors as a basis of grammar in the brain. Theory in Biosciences 122 (2003) 87-103
127. Pulvermüller F. Brain mechanisms linking language and action. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 6 7 (2005) 576-582
128. Pulvermüller F. Word processing in the brain as revealed by neurophysiological imaging using EEG and MEG. In: Gaskell v. (Ed). Handbook of psycholinguistics (2007), Oxford University Press, Oxford 119-140
129. Pulvermüller F., and Assadollahi R. Grammar or serial order? Discrete combinatorial brain mechanisms reflected by the syntactic mismatch negativity. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 19 6 (2007) 971-980
130. Pulvermüller F., Birbaumer N., Lutzenberger W., and Mohr B. High-frequency brain activity: Its possible role in attention, perception and language processing. Progress in Neurobiology 52 5 (1997) 427-445
131. Pulvermüller, F., Pye, E., Dine, C., Hauk, O., Nestor, P., & Patterson, K. (in press). The word processing deficit in semantic dementia: All categories are equal but some categories are more equal than others. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.
132. Pulvermüller F., Härle M., and Hummel F. Neurophysiological distinction of verb categories. Neuroreport 11 12 (2000) 2789-2793
133. Pulvermüller F., and Hauk O. Category-specific processing of color and form words in left fronto-temporal cortex. Cerebral Cortex 16 8 (2006) 1193-1201
134. Pulvermüller F., Huss M., Kherif F., Moscoso del Prado Martin F., Hauk O., and Shtyrov Y. Motor cortex maps articulatory features of speech sounds. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 103 20 (2006) 7865-7870
135. Pulvermüller F., and Knoblauch A. Discrete combinatorial circuits emerging in neural networks: A mechanism for rules of grammar in the human brain. Neural Networks 22 2 (2009) 161-172
136. Pulvermüller F., and Mohr B. The concept of transcortical cell assemblies: A key to the understanding of cortical lateralization and interhemispheric interaction. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 20 (1996) 557-566
137. Pulvermüller F., and Shtyrov Y. Automatic processing of grammar in the human brain as revealed by the mismatch negativity. Neuroimage 20 (2003) 159-172
138. Pulvermüller F., and Shtyrov Y. Language outside the focus of attention: The mismatch negativity as a tool for studying higher cognitive processes. Progress in Neurobiology 79 1 (2006) 49-71
139. Pulvermüller F., Shtyrov Y., Hasting A., and Carlyon R.P. Syntax as a reflex: Neurophysiological evidence for early automaticity of grammatical processing. Brain and Language 104 1 (2008) 244-253
140. Pulvermüller F., Shtyrov Y., and Hauk O. Understanding in an instant: Neurophysiological evidence for mechanistic language circuits in the brain. Brain and Language 110 2 (2009) 81-94
141. Pulvermüller F., Shtyrov Y., and Ilmoniemi R.J. Spatio-temporal patterns of neural language processing: An MEG study using minimum-norm current estimates. Neuroimage 20 (2003) 1020-1025
142. Pulvermüller F., Shtyrov Y., and Ilmoniemi R.J. Brain signatures of meaning access in action word recognition. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17 6 (2005) 884-892
143. Reichardt W., and Varju D. Übertragungseigenschaften im Auswertesystem für das Bewegungssehen. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung 14b (1959) 674-689
144. Rilling J.K., Glasser M.F., Preuss T.M., Ma X., Zhao T., Hu X., et al. The evolution of the arcuate fasciculus revealed with comparative DTI. Nature Neuroscience 11 4 (2008) 426-428
145. Rumelhart D.E., and McClelland J.L. Learning the past tense of English verbs: Implicit rules or parallel distributed processing. In: MacWhinney B. (Ed). Mechanisms of language acquisition (1987), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ
146. Saur D., Kreher B.W., Schnell S., Kummerer D., Kellmeyer P., Vry M.S., et al. Ventral and dorsal pathways for language. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 105 46 (2008) 18035-18040
147. Schnelle H. Die Natur der Sprache. 2nd ed. Die Dynamik der Prozesse des Sprechens und Verstehens (1996), Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York
148. Shastri L., and Ajjanagadde V. From simple associations to systematic reasoning: A connectionist representation of rules, variables and dynamic bindings using temporal synchrony. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 16 (1993) 417-494
149. Shtyrov Y., Pihko E., and Pulvermüller F. Determinants of dominance: Is language laterality explained by physical or linguistic features of speech. Neuroimage 27 1 (2005) 37-47
150. Shtyrov Y., Pulvermüller F., Näätänen R., and Ilmoniemi R.J. Grammar processing outside the focus of attention: An MEG study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 15 8 (2003) 1195-1206
151. Sigala N., Kusunoki M., Nimmo-Smith I., Gaffan D., and Duncan J. Hierarchical coding for sequential task events in the monkey prefrontal cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 105 33 (2008) 11969-11974
152. Simmons W.K., Ramjee V., Beauchamp M.S., McRae K., Martin A., and Barsalou L.W. A common neural substrate for perceiving and knowing about color. Neuropsychologia 45 12 (2007) 2802-2810
153. Smolensky P. Grammar-based connectionist approaches to language. Cognitive Science 23 4 (1999) 589-613
154. Sougné J. Connectionism and the problem of multiple instantiation. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2 (1998) 183-189
155. Sougné J. Binding and multiple instantiation in a distributed network of spiking nodes connection science 13 2 (2001) 99-126
156. Tettamanti M., Buccino G., Saccuman M.C., Gallese V., Danna M., Scifo P., et al. Listening to action-related sentences activates fronto-parietal motor circuits. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17 2 (2005) 273-281
157. Townsend D.J., and Bever T.G. Sentence comprehension (2001), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
158. Tranel D., Damasio H., and Damasio A.R. A neural substrate for the retrieval of conceptual knowledge. Neuropsychologia 35 (1997) 1319-1327
159. Ullman M.T. A neurocognitive perspective on language: The declarative/procedural model. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2 10 (2001) 717-726
160. Uppenkamp S., Johnsrude I.S., Norris D., Marslen-Wilson W., and Patterson R.D. Locating the initial stages of speech-sound processing in human temporal cortex. Neuroimage 31 3 (2006) 1284-1296
161. van der Velde F., and de Kamps M. Neural blackboard architectures of combinatorial structures in cognition. Behavioral and Brain Science 29 1 (2006) 37-70 (discussion 70-108)
162. Varju D., and Reichardt W. Übertragungseigenschaften im Auswertesystem für das Bewegungssehen II. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung 22b (1967) 1343-1351
163. Voegtlin T., and Dominey P.F. Linear recursive distributed representations. Neural Networks 18 7 (2005) 878-895
164. Warrington E.K., and McCarthy R.A. Categories of knowledge: Further fractionations and an attempted integration. Brain 110 (1987) 1273-1296
165. Weiss S., Mueller H.M., Schack B., King J.W., Kutas M., and Rappelsberger P. Increased neuronal communication accompanying sentence comprehension. International Journal of Psychophysiology 57 2 (2005) 129-141
166. Wennekers T., Garagnani M., and Pulvermüller F. Language models based on Hebbian cell assemblies. Journal of Physiology-Paris 100 (2006) 16-30
167. Wennekers T., and Palm G. Controlling the speed of synfire chains Vol. 1112/1996 (1996), Springer, Berlin
168. Wernicke C. Der aphasische Symptomencomplex. Eine psychologische Studie auf anatomischer Basis (1874), Breslau, Kohn und Weigert
169. Wickens J., Hyland B., and Anson G. Cortical cell assemblies: A possible mechanism for motor programs. Journal of Motor Behavior 26 2 (1994) 66-82
170. Willshaw D.J., Buneman O.P., and Longuet-Higgins H.C. Non-holographic associative memory. Nature 222 197 (1969) 960-962
171. Wilson S.M., Saygin A.P., Sereno M.I., and Iacoboni M. Listening to speech activates motor areas involved in speech production. Nature Neuroscience 7 7 (2004) 701-702
172. Zatorre R.J., Evans A.C., Meyer E., and Gjedde A. Lateralization of phonetic and pitch discremination in speech processing. Science 256 (1992) 846-849