Understanding in an instant: Neurophysiological evidence for mechanistic language circuits in the brain

Brain and Language

Volumn 110, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 81-94

  Pulvermüller, Friedemann ^a   Shtyrov, Yury ^a   Hauk, Olaf ^a  

^a MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Concept; EEG; Meaning; MEG; Neurophysiology; Spatio temporal pattern of brain activity; Speech; Time course; Word recognition

Indexed keywords

BRAIN CORTEX; BRAIN FUNCTION; COGNITION; COMPREHENSION; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; EVENT RELATED POTENTIAL; HUMAN; LANGUAGE PROCESSING; LATENT PERIOD; LINGUISTICS; NERVE CELL NETWORK; NEUROANATOMY; NEUROPHYSIOLOGY; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION; PREDICTION; REVIEW; SEMANTICS; STIMULUS RESPONSE; VERBAL COMMUNICATION; WORD RECOGNITION;

ANIMALS; BRAIN; HUMANS; LANGUAGE; MEMORY; MODELS, NEUROLOGICAL; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; NEURAL PATHWAYS; READING; SPEECH; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 68649114142     PISSN: 0093934X     EISSN: 10902155     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2008.12.001     Document Type: Review

References (186)

1. Aboitiz F., Scheibel A.B., Fisher R.S., and Zaidel E. Fiber composition of the human corpus callosum. Brain Research 598 (1992) 143-153
2. Assadollahi R., and Pulvermüller F. Neuromagnetic evidence for early access to cognitive representations. Neuroreport 12 2 (2001) 207-213
3. Assadollahi R., and Pulvermüller F. Early influences of word length and frequency: A group study using MEG. Neuroreport 14 8 (2003) 1183-1187
4. Bak T.H., O'Donovan D.G., Xuereb J.H., Boniface S., and Hodges J.R. Selective impairment of verb processing associated with pathological changes in Brodmann areas 44 and 45 in the Motor Neurone Disease-Dementia-Aphasia syndrome. Brain 124 (2001) 103-120
5. Bak T.H., Yancopoulou D., Nestor P.J., Xuereb J.H., Spillantini M.G., Pulvermüller F., et al. Clinical, imaging and pathological correlates of a hereditary deficit in verb and action processing. Brain 129 Pt 2 (2006) 321-332
6. Barber H., and Carreiras M. Grammatical gender and number agreement in Spanish: An ERP comparison. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17 1 (2005) 137-153
7. Barber H.A., and Kutas M. Interplay between computational models and cognitive electrophysiology in visual word recognition. Brain Research Review 53 1 (2007) 98-123
8. Barrett S.E., and Rugg M.D. Event-related potentials and the semantic matching of pictures. Brain Cognition 14 2 (1990) 201-212
9. Bentin S., McCarthy G., and Wood C.C. Event-related potentials, lexical decision and semantic priming. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 60 (1985) 343-355
10. Bornkessel I., and Schlesewsky M. The extended argument dependency model: A neurocognitive approach to sentence comprehension across languages. Psychology Review 113 4 (2006) 787-821
11. Braitenberg V. Cell assemblies in the cerebral cortex. In: Heim R., and Palm G. (Eds). Theoretical approaches to complex systems. Lecture notes in biomathematics 21 (1978), Springer, Berlin 171-188
12. Braitenberg V., and Pulvermüller F. Entwurf einer neurologischen Theorie der Sprache. Naturwissenschaften 79 (1992) 103-117
13. Brown C.M., van Berkum J.J., and Hagoort P. Discourse before gender: An event-related brain potential study on the interplay of semantic and syntactic information during spoken language understanding. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 29 1 (2000) 53-68
14. Brown W.S., and Lehmann D. Verb and noun meaning of homophone words activate different cortical generators: a topographic study of evoked potential fields. Experimental Brain Research 2 (1979) 159-168
15. Brown W.S., Lehmann D., and Marsh J.T. Linguistic meaning related differences i evoked potential topography: English, Swiss-German, and imagined. Brain Language 11 2 (1980) 340-353
16. Coulson S., King J.W., and Kutas M. Expect the unexpected: Event-related brain response to morphosyntactic violations. Language and Cognitive Processes 13 (1998) 21-58
17. Curran T., Tucker D.M., Kutas M., and Posner M.I. Topography of the N400: Brain electrical activity reflecting semantic expectancy. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 88 (1993) 188-209
18. D'Ausilio, A., Pulvermüller, F., Salmas, P., Bufalari, I., Begliomini, C., & Fadiga, L. (2009). The motor somatotopy of speech perception. Current Biology, in press.
19. Damasio A.R. Category-related recognition defects as a clue to the neural substrates of knowledge. Trends in Neurosciences 13 (1990) 95-98
20. Dambacher M., Kliegl R., Hofmann M., and Jacobs A.M. Frequency and predictability effects on event-related potentials during reading. Brain Research 1084 1 (2006) 89-103
21. Dehaene-Lambertz G. Electrophysiological correlates of categorical phoneme perception in adults. NeuroReport 8 (1997) 919-924
22. Dehaene S. Electrophysiological evidence for category-specific word processing in the normal human brain. Neuroreport 6 16 (1995) 2153-2157
23. Dell G.S. A spreading-activation theory of retrieval in sentence production. Psychological Review 93 (1986) 283-321
24. Dell G.S., Schwartz M.F., Martin N., Saffran E.M., and Gagnon D.A. Lexical access in aphasic and nonaphasic speakers. Psychological Review 104 4 (1997) 801-838
25. Deutsch A., and Bentin S. Syntactic and semantic factors in processing gender agreement in Hebrew: Evidence from ERPs and eye movements. Journal of Memory and Language 45 (2001) 200-224
26. Di Russo F., Martinez A., and Hillyard S.A. Source analysis of event-related cortical activity during visuo-spatial attention. Cerebral Cortex 13 5 (2003) 486-499
27. Eddins D.A., and Green D.M. Temporal integration and temporal resolution. In: Moore B.C.J. (Ed). Hearing (1995), Academic Press, New York 206-242
28. Eulitz C., Diesch E., Pantev C., Hampson S., and Elbert T. Magnetic and electric brain activity evoked by the processing of tone and vowel stimuli. Journal of Neuroscience 15 (1995) 2748-2755
29. Fadiga L., and Craighero L. Hand actions and speech representation in Broca's area. Cortex 42 4 (2006) 486-490
30. Fadiga L., Craighero L., Buccino G., and Rizzolatti G. Speech listening specifically modulates the excitability of tongue muscles: A TMS study. European Journal of Neuroscience 15 2 (2002) 399-402
31. Federmeier K.D., Segal J.B., Lombrozo T., and Kutas M. Brain responses to nouns, verbs and class-ambiguous words in context. Brain 123 (2000) 2552-2566
32. Feldman J. From molecule to metaphor: A neural theory of language (2006), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
33. Fodor J.A. The modularity of mind (1983), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
34. Friederici A.D. Towards a neural basis of auditory sentence processing. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 6 2 (2002) 78-84
35. Friederici A.D., Pfeifer E., and Hahne A. Event-related brain potentials during natural speech processing: effects of semantic, morphological and syntactic violations. Cognitive Brain Research 1 3 (1993) 183-192
36. Garagnani M., Wennekers T., and Pulvermüller F. A neuroanatomically-grounded Hebbian learning model of attention-language interactions in the human brain. European Journal of Neuroscience 27 2 (2008) 492-513
37. Gaskell M.G., and Marslen-Wilson W.D. Representation and competition in the perception of spoken words. Cognitive Psychology 45 2 (2002) 220-266
38. Glasser M.F., and Rilling J.K. DTI tractography of the human brain's language pathways. Cerebral Cortex 18 11 (2008) 2471-2482
39. Glenberg A.M., and Kaschak M.P. Grounding language in action. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 9 3 (2002) 558-565
40. Godey B., Schwartz D., de Graaf J.B., Chauvel P., and Liegeois-Chauvel C. Neuromagnetic source localization of auditory evoked fields and intracerebral evoked potentials: A comparison of data in the same patients. Clinical Neurophysiology 112 10 (2001) 1850-1859
41. Green D.M., Birdsall T.G., and Tanner W.P. Signal detection as a function of signal intensity and duration. Journal of the Acoustic Society of America 29 (1957) 523-531
42. Grigor J., Van Toller S., Behan J., and Richardson A. The effect of odour priming on long latency visual evoked potentials of matching and mismatching objects. Chemical Senses 24 2 (1999) 137-144
43. Hagoort P. The fractionation of spoken language understanding by measuring electrical and magnetic brain signals. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B - Biological Sciences 363 1493 (2008) 1055-1069
44. Hagoort P., Brown C., and Groothusen J. The syntactic positive shift (SPS) as an ERP-measure of syntactic processing. Language and Cognitive Processes 8 4 (1993) 439-483
45. Hagoort P., and Brown C.M. ERP effects of listening to speech: Semantic ERP effects. Neuropsychologia 38 11 (2000) 1518-1530
46. Hahne A., and Friederici A.D. Electrophysiological evidence for two steps in syntactic analysis. Early automatic and late controlled processes. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 11 2 (1999) 194-205
47. Halgren E., Dhond R.P., Christensen N., Van Petten C., Marinkovic K., Lewine J.D., et al. N400-like magnetoencephalography responses modulated by semantic context, word frequency, and lexical class in sentences. Neuroimage 17 3 (2002) 1101-1116
48. Hasting A.S., and Kotz S.A. Speeding up syntax: On the relative timing and automaticity of local phrase structure and morphosyntactic processing as reflected in event-related brain potentials. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience (2008)
49. Hasting A.S., Kotz S.A., and Friederici A.D. Setting the stage for automatic syntax processing: the mismatch negativity as an indicator of syntactic priming. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 19 3 (2007) 386-400
50. Hauk O., Davis M.H., Ford M., Pulvermüller F., and Marslen-Wilson W.D. The time course of visual word recognition as revealed by linear regression analysis of ERP data. Neuroimage 30 4 (2006) 1383-1400
51. Hauk O., Johnsrude I., and Pulvermüller F. Somatotopic representation of action words in the motor and premotor cortex. Neuron 41 (2004) 301-307
52. Hauk O., Patterson K., Woollam A., Watling L., Pulvermüller F., and Rogers T.T. [Q:] When would you prefer a SOSSAGE to a SAUSAGE? [A:] At about 100 ms ERP correlates of orthographic typicality and lexicality in written word recognition. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18 (2006) 818-832
53. Hauk O., and Pulvermüller F. Effects of word length and frequency on the human event-related potential. Clinical Neurophysiology 115 5 (2004) 1090-1103
54. Hauk O., and Pulvermüller F. Neurophysiological distinction of action words in the fronto-central cortex. Human Brain Mapping 21 3 (2004) 191-201
55. Hebb D.O. The organization of behavior. A neuropsychological theory (1949), John Wiley, New York
56. Hickok G., and Poeppel D. The cortical organization of speech processing. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 8 5 (2007) 393-402
57. Hinojosa J.A., Martin-Loeches M., and Rubia F.J. Event-related potentials and semantics: An overview and an integrative proposal. Brain Language 78 1 (2001) 128-139
58. Hodges J.R., and Patterson K. Semantic dementia: A unique clinicopathological syndrome. Lancet Neurology 6 11 (2007) 1004-1014
59. Holcomb P.J., and Grainger J. Exploring the temporal dynamics of visual word recognition in the masked repetition priming paradigm using event-related potentials. Brain Research 1180 (2007) 39-58
60. Holcomb P.J., Grainger J., and O'Rourke T. An electrophysiological study of the effects of orthographic neighborhood size on printed word perception. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 14 6 (2002) 938-950
61. Holcomb P.J., and Neville H.J. Auditory and visual semantic priming in lexical decision: A comparison using event-related brain potentials. Language and Cognitive Processes 5 (1990) 281-312
62. Hubel D. Eye, brain, and vision. 2 ed. (1995), Scientific American Library, New York
63. Kellenbach M.L., Wijers A.A., Hovius M., Mulder J., and Mulder G. Neural differentiation of lexico-syntactic categories or semantic features? Event-related potential evidence for both. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 14 4 (2002) 561-577
64. Keller E. Speech motor timing. In: Hardcastle H.J., and Marchal A. (Eds). Speech production and speech modelling (1990), Kluwer, Dordrecht 343-364
65. Kemmerer D., and Gonzalez-Castillo J. The two-level theory of verb meaning: An approach to integrating the semantics of action with the mirror neuron system. Brain Language (2008)
66. Kiefer M. Perceptual and semantic sources of category-specific effects: Event-related potentials during picture and word categorization. Memory and Cognition 29 (2001) 100-116
67. Kiefer M., Schuch S., Schenck W., and Fiedler K. Mood states modulate activity in semantic brain areas during emotional word encoding. Cerebral Cortex 17 7 (2007) 1516-1530
68. Kissler J., Herbert C., Winkler I., and Junghofer M. Emotion and attention in visual word processing - An ERP study. Biological Psychology (2008)
69. Koenig T., and Lehmann D. Microstates in language-related brain potential maps show noun-verb differences. Brain and Language 53 (1996) 169-182
70. Korpilahti P., Krause C.M., Holopainen I., and Lang A.H. Early and late mismatch negativity elicited by words and speech-like stimuli in children. Brain and Language 76 3 (2001) 332-339
71. Kotz S.A., Frisch S., von Cramon D.Y., and Friederici A.D. Syntactic language processing: ERP lesion data on the role of the basal ganglia. Journal of International Neuropsychological Society 9 7 (2003) 1053-1060
72. Kounios J., and Holcomb P.J. Concreteness effects in semantic priming: ERP evidence supporting dual-coding theory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Lerning, Memory and Cognition 20 (1994) 804-823
73. Kutas M., and Federmeier K.D. Electrophysiology reveals semantic memory use in language comprehension. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 4 12 (2000) 463-470
74. Kutas M., and Hillyard S.A. Event-related potentials to semantically inappropriate and surprisingly large words. Biological Psychology 11 (1980) 99-116
75. Lichtheim L. Über Aphasie. Deutsches Archiv für Klinische Medicin 36 (1885) 204-268
76. Lütkenhöner B., Krumbholz K., Lammertmann C., Seither-Preisler A., Steinstrater O., and Patterson R.D. Localization of primary auditory cortex in humans by magnetoencephalography. Neuroimage 18 1 (2003) 58-66
77. MacKay D.G. The organization of perception and action. A theory of language and other cognitive skills (1987), Springer-Verlag, New York
78. Mahon B.Z., and Caramazza A. A critical look at the embodied cognition hypothesis and a new proposal for grounding conceptual content. Journal De Physiologie Paris 102 1-3 (2008) 59-70
79. Makris N., Meyer J.W., Bates J.F., Yeterian E.H., Kennedy D.N., and Caviness V.S. MRI-based topographic parcellation of human cerebral white matter and nuclei II. Rationale and applications with systematics of cerebral connectivity. Neuroimage 9 1 (1999) 18-45
80. Marslen-Wilson W., and Tyler L.K. Processing structure of sentence perception. Nature 257 5529 (1975) 784-786
81. Marslen-Wilson W.D. Functional parallelism in spoken word-recognition. Cognition 25 1-2 (1987) 71-102
82. Marslen-Wilson W.D., and Tyler L.K. The temporal structure of spoken language understanding. Cognition 8 (1980) 1-71
83. Martin A., Haxby J.V., Lalonde F.M., Wiggs C.L., and Ungerleider L.G. Discrete cortical regions associated with knowledge of color and knowledge of action. Science 270 (1995) 102-105
84. Matsumoto R., Nair D.R., LaPresto E., Bingaman W., Shibasaki H., and Luders H.O. Functional connectivity in human cortical motor system: A cortico-cortical evoked potential study. Brain 130 Pt 1 (2007) 181-197
85. Matsumoto R., Nair D.R., LaPresto E., Najm I., Bingaman W., Shibasaki H., et al. Functional connectivity in the human language system: A cortico-cortical evoked potential study. Brain 127 Pt 10 (2004) 2316-2330
86. Maunsell J.H., and Gibson J.R. Visual response latencies in striate cortex of the macaque monkey. Journal of Neurophysiology 68 4 (1992) 1332-1344
87. McCandliss B.D., Cohen L., and Dehaene S. The visual word form area: Expertise for reading in the fusiform gyrus. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 7 7 (2003) 293-299
88. Meister I.G., Wilson S.M., Deblieck C., Wu A.D., and Iacoboni M. The essential role of premotor cortex in speech perception. Current Biology 17 19 (2007) 1692-1696
89. Menning H., Zwitserlood P., Schoning S., Hihn H., Bolte J., Dobel C., et al. Pre-attentive detection of syntactic and semantic errors. Neuroreport 16 1 (2005) 77-80
90. Mesulam M.M. Large-scale neurocognitive networks and distributed processing for attention, language, and memory. Annals of Neurology 28 (1990) 597-613
91. Miller R. Axonal conduction times and human cerebral laterality. A psychobiological theory (1996), Harwood Academic Publishers, Amsterdam
92. Morton J. The interaction of information in word recognition. Psychological Review 76 (1969) 165-178
93. Moscoso Del Prado Martin F., Hauk O., and Pulvermüller F. Category specificity in the processing of color-related and form-related words: An ERP study. Neuroimage 29 1 (2006) 29-37
94. Müller H.M., and Kutas M. What's in a name? Electrophysiological differences between spoken nouns, proper names and one's own name. NeuroReport 8 (1996) 221-225
95. Münte T.F., Heinze H.-J., and Mangun G.R. Dissociation of brain activity related to syntactic and semantic aspects of language. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 5 (1993) 335-344
96. Münte T.F., Heinze H.J., and Prevedel H. Ereigniskorrelierte Hirnpotentiale reflektieren semantische und syntaktische Fehler bei der Sprachverarbeitung. Zeitschrift für Elektroenzephalographie und Elektromyographie und verwandte Gebiete 21 (1990) 75-81
97. Näätänen R., Gaillard A.W., and Mäntysalo S. Early selective-attention effect on evoked potential reinterpreted. Acta Psychologica 42 (1978) 313-329
98. Näätänen R., Lehtokoski A., Lennes M., Cheour M., Huotilainen M., Iivonen A., et al. Language-specific phoneme representations revealed by electric and magnetic brain responses. Nature 385 (1997) 432-434
99. Naatanen R., Paavilainen P., Rinne T., and Alho K. The mismatch negativity (MMN) in basic research of central auditory processing: A review. Clinical Neurophysiology 118 12 (2007) 2544-2590
100. Näätänen R., Tervaniemi M., Sussman E., Paavilainen P., and Winkler I. 'Primitive intelligence' in the auditory cortex. Trends in Neurosciences 24 5 (2001) 283-288
101. Neville H., Nicol J.L., Barss A., Forster K.I., and Garrett M.F. Syntactically based sentence processing classes: Evidence from event-related brain potentials. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 3 (1991) 151-165
102. Neville H.J., Mills D.L., and Lawson D.S. Fractionating language: Different neural subsystems with different sensitive periods. Cerebral Cortex 2 (1992) 244-258
103. Nieuwland M.S., and Van Berkum J.J. When peanuts fall in love: N400 Evidence for the power of discourse. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18 7 (2006) 1098-1111
104. Nobre A.C., and McCarthy G. Language-related EPRs: Scalp distributions and modulation by word type and semantic priming. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 6 (1994) 233-255
105. Nobre A.C., and McCarthy G. Language-related field potentials in the anterior-medial temporal lobe: II. Effects of word type and semantic priming. Journal of Neuroscience 15 (1995) 1090-1098
106. Norris D., McQueen J.M., and Cutler A. Merging information in speech recognition: Feedback is never necessary. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23 3 (2000) 299-325 discussion 325-270
107. Obleser J., Boecker H., Drzezga A., Haslinger B., Hennenlotter A., Roettinger M., et al. Vowel sound extraction in anterior superior temporal cortex. Human Brain Mapping 27 7 (2006) 562-571
108. Osterhout L., and Holcomb P.J. Event-related brain potentials elicited by syntactic anomaly. Journal of Memory and Language 31 (1992) 785-806
109. Osterhout L., Holcomb P.J., and Swinney D.A. Brain potentials elicited by garden-path sentences: Evidence of the application of verb information during parsing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition 20 (1994) 786-803
110. Page M. Connectionist modelling in psychology: A localist manifesto. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23 4 (2000) 443-467 (discussion 467-512.)
111. Paller K.A., Kutas M., Shimamura A.P., and Squire L.R. Brain responses to concrete and abstract words reflect processes that correlate with later performance on test of recall and stem-completion priming. In: Johnson R., Rohrbaugh J., and Parasuraman R. (Eds). Current trends in brain potential research (1988), Amsterdam, Elsevier 360-365
112. Palm G. Cell assemblies as a guideline for brain research. Concepts in Neuroscience 1 (1990) 133-147
113. Patterson K., Nestor P.J., and Rogers T.T. Where do you know what you know? The representation of semantic knowledge in the human brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 8 12 (2007) 976-987
114. Pelizzone M., Hari R., Mäkelä J.P., Huttunen J., Ahlfors S.P., and Hämäläinen M. Cortical origin of middle-latency auditory evoked responses in man. Neuroscience Letters 82 3 (1987) 303-307
115. Penolazzi B., Hauk O., and Pulvermüller F. Early semantic context integration and lexical access as revealed by event-related brain potentials. Biological Psychology 74 3 (2007) 374-388
116. Petit J.P., Midgley K.J., Holcomb P.J., and Grainger J. On the time course of letter perception: A masked priming ERP investigation. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 13 4 (2006) 674-681
117. Pettigrew C.M., Murdoch B.E., Ponton C.W., Finnigan S., Alku P., Kei J., et al. Automatic auditory processing of English words as indexed by the mismatch negativity, using a multiple deviant paradigm. Ear and Hearing 25 3 (2004) 284-301
118. Posner M.I., and Pavese A. Anatomy of word and sentence meaning. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 95 (1998) 899-905
119. Preissl H., Pulvermüller F., Lutzenberger W., and Birbaumer N. Evoked potentials distinguish nouns from verbs. Neuroscience Letters 197 (1995) 81-83
120. Price C.J., and Devlin J.T. The myth of the visual word form area. Neuroimage 19 3 (2003) 473-481
121. Pulvermüller F. Words in the brain's language. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22 (1999) 253-336
122. Pulvermüller F. Brain mechanisms linking language and action. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 6 7 (2005) 576-582
123. Pulvermüller F. Word processing in the brain as revealed by neurophysiological imaging using EEG and MEG. In: Gaskell G. (Ed). Handbook of psycholinguistics (2007), Oxford University Press, Oxford 119-140
124. Pulvermüller F., and Assadollahi R. Grammar or serial order?: Discrete combinatorial brain mechanisms reflected by the syntactic mismatch negativity. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 19 6 (2007) 971-980
125. Pulvermüller F., and Hauk O. Category-specific processing of color and form words in left fronto-temporal cortex. Cerebral Cortex 16 8 (2006) 1193-1201
126. Pulvermüller F., Hauk O., Nikulin V.V., and Ilmoniemi R.J. Functional links between motor and language systems. European Journal of Neuroscience 21 3 (2005) 793-797
127. Pulvermüller F., Hummel F., and Härle M. Walking or Talking?: Behavioral and neurophysiological correlates of action verb processing. Brain and Language 78 2 (2001) 143-168
128. Pulvermüller F., Huss M., Kherif F., MoscosodelPrado Martin F., Hauk O., and Shtyrov Y. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 103 20 (2006) 7865-7870
129. Pulvermüller F., Kujala T., Shtyrov Y., Simola J., Tiitinen H., Alku P., et al. Memory traces for words as revealed by the mismatch negativity. Neuroimage 14 3 (2001) 607-616
130. Pulvermüller F., Lutzenberger W., and Birbaumer N. Electrocortical distinction of vocabulary types. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 94 (1995) 357-370
131. Pulvermüller F., Lutzenberger W., and Preissl H. Nouns and verbs in the intact brain: Evidence from event-related potentials and high-frequency cortical responses. Cerebral Cortex 9 (1999) 498-508
132. Pulvermüller F., Mohr B., and Schleichert H. Semantic or lexico-syntactic factors: What determines word-class specific activity in the human brain?. Neuroscience Letters 275 (1999) 81-84
133. Pulvermüller F., and Preissl H. A cell assembly model of language. Network: Computation in Neural Systems 2 (1991) 455-468
134. Pulvermüller F., and Shtyrov Y. Automatic processing of grammar in the human brain as revealed by the mismatch negativity. Neuroimage 20 (2003) 159-172
135. Pulvermüller F., and Shtyrov Y. Language outside the focus of attention: the mismatch negativity as a tool for studying higher cognitive processes. Progress in Neurobiology 79 1 (2006) 49-71
136. Pulvermüller F., and Shtyrov Y. Spatio-temporal signatures of large-scale synfire chains for speech: MEG evidence. Cerebral Cortex 19 1 (2009) 79-88
137. Pulvermüller F., Shtyrov Y., Hasting A., and Carlyon R.P. Syntax as a reflex: Neurophysiological evidence for early automaticity of grammatical processing. Brain and Language 104 1 (2008) 244-253
138. Pulvermüller F., Shtyrov Y., and Ilmoniemi R.J. Spatio-temporal patterns of neural language processing: An MEG study using minimum-norm current estimates. Neuroimage 20 (2003) 1020-1025
139. Pulvermüller F., Shtyrov Y., and Ilmoniemi R.J. Brain signatures of meaning access in action word recognition. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17 6 (2005) 884-892
140. Pulvermüller F., Shtyrov Y., Ilmoniemi R.J., and Marslen-Wilson W. Tracking speech comprehension in time and space. Neuroimage 31 3 (2006) 1297-1303
141. Pylkkänen L., Feintuch S., Hopkins E., and Marantz A. Neural correlates of the effects of morphological family frequency and family size: An MEG study. Cognition 91 3 (2004) B35-45
142. Pylkkänen L., and Marantz A. Tracking the time course of word recognition with MEG. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 7 5 (2003) 187-189
143. Rauschecker J.P., and Tian B. Mechanisms and streams for processing of "what" and "where" in auditory cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97 22 (2000) 11800-11806
144. Rizzolatti G., and Craighero L. The mirror-neuron system. Annual Review in Neuroscience 27 (2004) 169-192
145. Rizzolatti G., Fogassi L., and Gallese V. Neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the understanding and imitation of action. Nature Review Neuroscience 2 9 (2001) 661-670
146. Romanski L.M., Tian B., Fritz J., Mishkin M., Goldman-Rakic P.S., and Rauschecker J.P. Dual streams of auditory afferents target multiple domains in the primate prefrontal cortex. Nature Neuroscience 2 12 (1999) 1131-1136
147. Rugg M.D. Further study of the electrophysiological correlates of lexical decision. Brain and Language 19 (1983) 142-152
148. Salmelin R., and Kujala J. Neural representation of language: Activation versus long-range connectivity. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 10 11 (2006) 519-525
149. Saur, D., Kreher, B.W., Schnell, S., Kummerer, D., Kellmeyer, P., Vry, M., et al. (2008). Ventral and dorsal pathways for language. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 105(46), 18035-18040.
150. Schroeder C.E., and Foxe J.J. The timing and laminar profile of converging inputs to multisensory areas of the macaque neocortex. Brain Research and Cognitive Brain Research 14 1 (2002) 187-198
151. Scott G.G., O'Donnell P.J., Leuthold H., and Sereno S.C. Early emotion word processing: Evidence from event-related potentials. Biological Psychology (2008)
152. Scott S.K. Auditory processing - speech, space and auditory objects. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 15 2 (2005) 197-201
153. Scott S.K., and Johnsrude I.S. The neuroanatomical and functional organization of speech perception. Trends in Neurosciences 26 2 (2003) 100-107
154. Scott S.K., and Wise R.J. The functional neuroanatomy of prelexical processing in speech perception. Cognition 92 1-2 (2004) 13-45
155. Sereno S.C., Brewer C.C., and O'Donnell P.J. Context effects in word recognition: Evidence for early interactive processing. Psychological Science 14 4 (2003) 328-333
156. Sereno S.C., Rayner K., and Posner M.I. Establishing a time line for word recognition: Evidence from eye movements and event-related potentials. NeuroReport 13 (1998) 2195-2200
157. Shallice T. From neuropsychology to mental structure (1988), Cambridge University Press, New York
158. Shmiel T., Drori R., Shmiel O., Ben-Shaul Y., Nadasdy Z., Shemesh M., et al. Neurons of the cerebral cortex exhibit precise interspike timing in correspondence to behavior. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102 51 (2005) 18655-18657
159. Shtyrov Y., Hauk O., and Pulvermüller F. Distributed neuronal networks for encoding category-specific semantic information: The mismatch negativity to action words. European Journal of Neuroscience 19 4 (2004) 1083-1092
160. Shtyrov Y., Kujala T., Palva S., Ilmoniemi R.J., and Näätänen R. Discrimination of speech and of complex nonspeech sounds of different temporal structure in the left and right cerebral hemispheres. NeuroImage 12 6 (2000) 657-663
161. Shtyrov Y., Pihko E., and Pulvermüller F. Determinants of dominance. Is language laterality explained by physical or linguistic features of speech?. Neuroimage 27 1 (2005) 37-47
162. Shtyrov Y., and Pulvermüller F. Neurophysiological evidence of memory traces for words in the human brain. Neuroreport 13 (2002) 521-525
163. Shtyrov Y., and Pulvermüller F. Early activation dynamics in the left temporal and inferior-frontal cortex reflect semantic context integration. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 19 10 (2007) 1633-1642
164. Shtyrov Y., Pulvermüller F., Näätänen R., and Ilmoniemi R.J. Grammar processing outside the focus of attention: An MEG study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 15 8 (2003) 1195-1206
165. Simmons W.K., Ramjee V., Beauchamp M.S., McRae K., Martin A., and Barsalou L.W. A common neural substrate for perceiving and knowing about color. Neuropsychologia 45 12 (2007) 2802-2810
166. Skrandies W. Evoked potential correlates of semantic meaning - A brain mapping study. Cognitive Brain Research 6 (1998) 173-183
167. Spitsyna G., Warren J.E., Scott S.K., Turkheimer F.E., and Wise R.J. Converging language streams in the human temporal lobe. Journal of Neuroscience 26 28 (2006) 7328-7336
168. Stark L. Neurological control systems. Studies in bioengineering (1968), Plenum Press, New York
169. Tanenhaus M.K., Spivey-Knowlton M.J., Eberhard K.M., and Sedivy J.C. Integration of visual and linguistic information in spoken language comprehension. Science 268 5217 (1995) 1632-1634
170. Tervaniemi M., Saarinen J., Paavilainen P., Danilova N., and Näätänen R. Temporal integration of auditory information in sensory memory as reflected by the mismatch negativity. Biological Psychology 38 2-3 (1994) 157-167
171. Tse C.Y., Lee C.L., Sullivan J., Garnsey S.M., Dell G.S., Fabiani M., et al. Imaging cortical dynamics of language processing with the event-related optical signal. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104 43 (2007) 17157-17162
172. Tyler L.K., and Moss H.E. Towards a distributed account of conceptual knowledge. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 5 6 (2001) 244-252
173. Uppenkamp S., Johnsrude I.S., Norris D., Marslen-Wilson W., and Patterson R.D. Locating the initial stages of speech-sound processing in human temporal cortex. Neuroimage 31 3 (2006) 1284-1296
174. van Berkum J.J., Hagoort P., and Brown C.M. Semantic integration in sentences and discourse: evidence from the N400. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 11 6 (1999) 657-671
175. Van Petten C., Coulson S., Rubin S., Plante E., and Parks M. Time course of word identification and semantic integration in spoken language. Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition 25 2 (1999) 394-417
176. Van Petten C., and Kutas M. Interaction between sentence context and word frequency in event-related brain potentials. Memory and Cognition 18 (1990) 380-393
177. Van Petten C., and Luka B.J. Neural localization of semantic context effects in electromagnetic and hemodynamic studies. Brain Language 97 3 (2006) 279-293
178. Van Petten C., and Rheinfelder H. Conceptual relationships between spoken words and environmental sounds: Event-related brain potential measures. Neuropsychologia 33 4 (1995) 485-508
179. Warrington E.K., and McCarthy R.A. Category specific access dysphasia. Brain 106 (1983) 859-878
180. Watkins K.E., Strafella A.P., and Paus T. Seeing and hearing speech excites the motor system involved in speech production. Neuropsychologia 41 8 (2003) 989-994
181. Wennekers T., Garagnani M., and Pulvermüller F. Language models based on Hebbian cell assemblies. Journal de Physiologe Paris 100 (2006) 16-30
182. West W.C., and Holcomb P.J. Imaginal, semantic, and surface-level processing of concrete and abstract words: An electrophysiological investigation. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 12 6 (2000) 1024-1037
183. Willshaw D.J., Buneman O.P., and Longuet-Higgins H.C. Non-holographic associative memory. Nature 222 197 (1969) 960-962
184. Winkler I., Kujala T., Tiitinen H., Sivonen P., Alku P., Lehtokoski A., et al. Brain responses reveal the learning of foreign language phonemes. Psychophysiology 36 5 (1999) 638-642
185. Yabe H., Tervaniemi M., Sinkkonen J., Huotilainen M., Ilmoniemi R.J., and Naatanen R. Temporal window of integration of auditory information in the human brain. Psychophysiology 35 5 (1998) 615-619
186. Zwitserlood P. The locus of the effects of sentential-semantic context in spoken-word processing. Cognition 32 1 (1989) 25-64