Aquaporins in kidney pathophysiology

Nature Reviews Nephrology

Volumn 6, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 168-178

  Noda, Yumi ^a   Sohara, Eisei ^a   Ohta, Eriko ^a   Sasaki, Sei ^a  

^a TOKYO MEDICAL AND DENTAL UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMILORIDE; ANION; AQUAPORIN; AQUAPORIN 1; AQUAPORIN 11; AQUAPORIN 2; AQUAPORIN 3; AQUAPORIN 4; AQUAPORIN 5; AQUAPORIN 6; AQUAPORIN 7; GLYCEROL; HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE; LITHIUM; MEMBRANE PROTEIN; PHOSPHODIESTERASE INHIBITOR; PROSTAGLANDIN INHIBITOR; ROLIPRAM; TOLVAPTAN; TROPOMYOSIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ACID SECRETION; BASOLATERAL MEMBRANE; BODY WATER; CELL MIGRATION; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMORBIDITY; CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; ENZYME PHOSPHORYLATION; FLUID BALANCE; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC DISORDER; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; HYPONATREMIA; INAPPROPRIATE VASOPRESSIN SECRETION; INHERITANCE; KIDNEY CELL; KIDNEY COLLECTING TUBULE; KIDNEY DISEASE; KIDNEY FUNCTION; KIDNEY METABOLISM; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; METABOLIC REGULATION; NEPHROGENIC DIABETES INSIPIDUS; NEPHROTIC SYNDROME; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; PREGNANCY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVIEW; SODIUM RESTRICTION; WATER PERMEABILITY; WATER RETENTION;

ANIMALS; AQUAPORINS; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT; DIABETES INSIPIDUS, NEPHROGENIC; FEMALE; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMANS; KIDNEY; MALE; OSMOLAR CONCENTRATION; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; WATER-ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE;

EID: 77649179443     PISSN: 17595061     EISSN: 1759507X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2009.231     Document Type: Review

References (127)

1. Preston, G. M., Carroll, T. P., Guggino, W. B. & Agre, P. Appearance of water channels in Xenopus oocytes expressing red cell CHIP28 protein. Science 256, 385-387 (1992).
2. Nielsen, S. et al. Aquaporins in the kidney: from molecules to medicine. Physiol. Rev. 82, 205-244 (2002).
3. Ishibashi, K., Hara, S. & Kondo, S. Aquaporin water channels in mammals. Clin. Exp. Nephrol. 13, 107-117 (2009).
4. Rojek, A., Praetorius, J., Frøkiaer, J., Nielsen, S. & Fenton, R. A. A current view of the mammalian aquaglyceroporins. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 70, 301-327 (2008).
5. Verkman, A. S. Aquaporins: translating bench research to human disease. J. Exp. Biol. 212, 1707-1715 (2009).
6. Brown, D., Breton, S., Ausiello, D. A. & Marshansky, V. Sensing, signaling and sorting events in kidney epithelial cell physiology. Traffic 10, 275-284 (2009).
7. Hoffert, J. D., Chou, C. L. & Knepper, M. A. Aquaporin-2 in the "-omics" era. J. Biol. Chem. 284, 14683-14687 (2009).
8. Boone, M. & Deen, P. M. Physiology and pathophysiology of the vasopressin-regulated renal water reabsorption. Pflugers Arch. 456, 1005-1024 (2008).
9. Noda, Y. & Sasaki, S. Regulation of aquaporin-2 trafficking and its binding protein complex. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1758, 1117-1125 (2006).
10. Takata, K., Matsuzaki, T., Tajika, Y., Ablimit. A. & Hasegawa, T. Localization and trafficking of aquaporin 2 in the kidney. Histochem. Cell Biol. 130, 197-209 (2008).
11. Kamsteeg, E. J., Heijnen, I., van Os, C. H. & Deen, P. M. The subcellular localization of an aquaporin-2 tetramer depends on the stoichiometry of phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated monomers. J. Cell Biol. 151, 919-930 (2000).
12. Schenk, A. D. et al. The 4.5 A structure of human AQP2. J. Mol. Biol. 350, 278-289 (2005).
13. Klussmann, E., Maric, K., Wiesner, B., Beyermann, M. & Rosenthal, W. Protein kinase A anchoring proteins are required for vasopressin-mediated translocation of aquaporin-2 into cell membranes of renal principal cells. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 4934-4938 (1999).
14. Henn, V. et al. Identification of a novel A-kinase anchoring protein 18 isoform and evidence for its role in the vasopressin-induced aquaporin-2 shuttle in renal principal cells. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 26654-26665 (2004).
15. Okutsu, R. et al. AKAP220 colocalizes with AQP2 in the inner medullary collecting ducts. Kidney Int. 74, 1429-1433 (2008).
16. Procino, G. et al. Ser-256 phosphorylation dynamics of aquaporin 2 during maturation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the vesicular compartment in renal cells. FASEB J. 17, 1886-1888 (2003).
17. van Balkom, B. W. et al. The role of putative phosphorylation sites in the targeting and shuttling of the aquaporin-2 water channel. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 41473-41479 (2002).
18. Bouley, R. et al. Nitric oxide and atrial natriuretic factor stimulate cGMP-dependent membrane insertion of aquaporin 2 in renal epithelial cells. J. Clin. Invest. 106, 1115-1126 (2000).
19. Bouley, R. et al. Stimulation of AQP2 membrane insertion in renal epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo by the cGMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor sildenafil citrate (Viagra). Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 288, F1103-F1112 (2005).
20. Fenton, R. A. et al. Acute regulation of aquaporin-2 phosphorylation at Ser-264 by vasopressin. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 3134-3139 (2008).
21. Hoffert, J. D. et al. Dynamics of aquaporin-2 serine-261 phosphorylation in response to short-term vasopressin treatment in collecting duct. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 292, F691-F700 (2007).
22. Lu, H. J. et al. The phosphorylation state of serine 256 is dominant over that of serine 261 in the regulation of AQP2 trafficking in renal epithelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 295, F290-F294 (2008).
23. Moeller, H. B., Knepper, M. A. & Fenton, R. A. Serine 269 phosphorylated aquaporin-2 is targeted to the apical membrane of collecting duct principal cells. Kidney Int. 75, 295-303 (2009).
24. Moeller, H. B., MacAulay, N., Knepper, M. A. & Fenton, R. A. Role of multiple phosphorylation sites in the COOH-terminal tail of aquaporin-2 for water transport: evidence against channel gating. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 296, F649-F657 (2009).
25. Balasubramanian, L., Sham, J. S. & Yip, K. P. Calcium signaling in vasopressin-induced aquaporin-2 trafficking. Pflugers Arch. 456, 747-754 (2008).
26. Noda, Y., Horikawa, S., Katayama, Y. & Sasaki, S. Identification of a multiprotein "motor" complex binding to water channel aquaporin-2. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 330, 1041-1047 (2005).
27. Lorenz, D. et al. Cyclic AMP is sufficient for triggering the exocytic recruitment of aquaporin-2 in renal epithelial cells. EMBO Rep. 4, 88-93 (2003).
28. Procino, G. et al. extracellular calcium antagonizes forskolin-induced aquaporin 2 trafficking in collecting duct cells. Kidney Int. 66, 2245-2255 (2004).
29. Nejsum, L. N., Zelenina, M., Aperia, A., Frøkiaer, J. & Nielsen, S. Bidirectional regulation of AQP2 trafficking and recycling: involvement of AQP2-S256 phosphorylation. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 288, F930-F938 (2005).
30. de Seigneux, S. et al. Long-term aldosterone treatment induces decreased apical but increased basolateral expression of AQP2 in CCD of rat kidney. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 293, F87-F99 (2007).
31. Tamma, G. et al. Rho inhibits cAMP-induced translocation of aquaporin-2 into the apical membrane of renal cells. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 281, F1092-F1101 (2001).
32. Tamma, G. et al. The prostaglandin e2 analogue sulprostone antagonizes vasopressin-induced antidiuresis through activation of Rho. J. Cell Sci. 116, 3285-3294 (2003).
33. Tamma, G., Carmosino, M., Svelto, M. & valenti, G. Bradykinin signaling counteracts cAMP-elicited aquaporin 2 translocation in renal cells. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 16, 2881-2889 (2005).
34. Noda, Y. et al. Aquaporin-2 trafficking is regulated by PDZ-domain containing protein SPA-1. FEBS Lett. 568, 139-145 (2004).
35. Harazaki, M. et al. Specific recruitment of SPA-1 to the immunological synapse: involvement of actin-bundling protein actinin. Immunol. Lett. 92, 221-226 (2004).
36. Kometani, K. et al. Role of SPA-1 in phenotypes of chronic myelogenous leukemia induced by BCR-ABL-expressing hematopoietic progenitors in a mouse model. Cancer Res. 66, 9967-9976 (2006).
37. Kuwahara, M. et al. Three families with autosomal dominant nephrogenic diabetes insipidus caused by aquaporin-2 mutations in the C-terminus. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 69, 738-748 (2001).
38. Kuwahara, M., Asai, T., Terada, Y. & Sasaki, S. The C-terminal tail of aquaporin-2 determines apical trafficking. Kidney Int. 68, 1999-2009 (2005).
39. Noda, Y., Horikawa, S., Katayama, Y. & Sasaki, S. water channel aquaporin-2 directly binds to actin. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 322, 740-745 (2004).
40. Noda, Y. et al. Reciprocal interaction with G-actin and tropomyosin is essential for aquaporin-2 trafficking. J. Cell Biol. 182, 587-601 (2008).
41. Noda, Y. & Sasaki, S. The role of actin remodeling in the trafficking of intracellular vesicles, transporters, and channels: focusing on aquaporin-2. Pflugers Arch. 456, 737-745 (2008).
42. Noda, Y. & Sasaki, S. Actin-binding channels. Prog. Brain Res. 170, 551-557 (2008).
43. Tajika, Y. et al. Differential regulation of AQP2 trafficking in endosomes by microtubules and actin filaments. Histochem. Cell Biol. 124, 1-12 (2005).
44. Chou, C. L. et al. Non-muscle myosin II and myosin light chain kinase are downstream targets for vasopressin signaling in the renal collecting duct. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 49026-49035 (2004).
45. Nedvetsky, P. I. et al. A role of myosin Vb and Rab11-FIP2 in the aquaporin-2 shuttle. Traffic 8, 110-123 (2007).
46. Procino, G. et al. AQP2 exocytosis in the renal collecting duct - involvement of SNARE isoforms and the regulatory role of Munc18b. J. Cell Sci. 121, 2097-2106 (2008).
47. Lu, H. A. et al. Heat shock protein 70 interacts with aquaporin-2 and regulates its trafficking. J. Biol. Chem. 282, 28721-28732 (2007).
48. Kamsteeg, E. J. et al. MAL decreases the internalization of the aquaporin-2 water channel. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 104, 16696-16701 (2007).
49. Klumperman, J. & Deen, P. M. Short-chain ubiquitination mediates the regulated endocytosis of the aquaporin-2 water channel. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103, 18344-18349 (2006).
50. van Balkom, B. W. et al. LIP5 Interacts with aquaporin 2 and facilitates its lysosomal degradation. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 20, 990-1001 (2009).
51. Kasono, K. et al. Hypertonicity regulates the aquaporin-2 promoter independently of arginine vasopressin. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 20, 509-515 (2005).
52. Saito, T. et al. Hypotonicity reduces the activity of murine aquaporin-2 promoter induced by dibutyryl cAMP. Exp. Physiol. 93, 1147-1156 (2008).
53. Hasler, U. et al. Acute hypertonicity alters aquaporin-2 trafficking and induces a MAPK-dependent accumulation at the plasma membrane of renal epithelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 283, 26643-26661 (2008).
54. van Balkom, B. W. et al. Hypertonicity is involved in redirecting the aquaporin-2 water channel into the basolateral, instead of the apical, plasma membrane of renal epithelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 1101-1107 (2003).
55. Okada, Y. et al. Receptor-mediated control of regulatory volume decrease (RVD) and apoptotic volume decrease (AVD). J. Physiol. 532, 3-16 (2001).
56. Tamma, G. et al. Hypotonicity induces aquaporin-2 internalization and cytosol-to-membrane translocation of ICln in renal cells. Endocrinology 148, 1118-1130 (2007).
57. Li, Y. H. et al. Aquaporin-2 regulates cell volume recovery via tropomyosin. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 41, 2466-2476 (2009).
58. Loonen, A. J., Knoers, N. v., van Os, C. H. & Deen, P. M. Aquaporin 2 mutations in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Semin. Nephrol. 28, 252-265 (2008).
59. Savelkoul, P. J. et al. p.R254Q mutation in the aquaporin-2 water channel causing dominant nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is due to a lack of arginine vasopressin-induced phosphorylation. Hum. Mutat. 30, e891-e903 (2009).
60. de Mattia, F. et al. Lack of arginine vasopressin-induced phosphorylation of aquaporin-2 mutant AQP2-R254L explains dominant nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 16, 2872-2880 (2005).
61. Kamsteeg, E. J. et al. Missorting of the Aquaporin-2 mutant e258K to multivesicular bodies/lysosomes in dominant NDI is associated with its monoubiquitination and increased phosphorylation by PKC but is due to the loss of e258. Pflugers Arch. 455, 1041-1054 (2008).
62. Asai, T. et al. Pathogenesis of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus by aquaporin-2 C-terminus mutations. Kidney Int. 64, 2-10 (2003).
63. Sohara, e. et al. Pathogenesis and treatment of autosomal-dominant nephrogenic diabetes insipidus caused by an aquaporin 2 mutation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103, 14217-14222 (2006).
64. Grünfeld, J. P. & Rossier, B. C. Lithium nephrotoxicity revisited. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 5, 270-276 (2009).
65. Rao, R. et al. Lithium treatment inhibits renal GSK-3 activity and promotes cyclooxygenase 2-dependent polyuria. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 288, F642-F649 (2005).
66. Nielsen, J. et al. Proteomic analysis of lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus: mechanisms for aquaporin 2 down-regulation and cellular proliferation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 3634-3639 (2008).
67. Li, C., wang, W., Knepper, M. A., Nielsen, S. & Frøkiaer, J. Downregulation of renal aquaporins in response to unilateral ureteral obstruction. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 284, F1066-F1079 (2003).
68. Mouri, T. et al. Acute and chronic metabolic acidosis interferes with aquaporin-2 translocation in the rat kidney collecting ducts. Hypertens. Res. 32, 358-363 (2009).
69. Robben, J. H., Knoers, N. V. & Deen, P. M. Cell biological aspects of the vasopressin type-2 receptor and aquaporin 2 water channel in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 291, F257-F270 (2006).
70. Kim, G. H. et al. Antidiuretic effect of hydrochlorothiazide in lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is associated with upregulation of aquaporin-2, Na-Cl cotransporter, and epithelial sodium channel. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 15, 2836-2843 (2004).
71. Li, J. H. et al. A selective eP4 PGe2 receptor agonist alleviates disease in a new mouse model of X-linked nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. J. Clin. Invest. 119, 3115-3126 (2009).
72. Suga, H. et al. Novel treatment for lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus rat model using the Sendai-virus vector carrying aquaporin 2 gene. Endocrinology 149, 5803-5810 (2008).
73. Szatalowicz, V. L. et al. Radioimmunoassay of plasma arginine vasopressin in hyponatremic patients with congestive heart failure. N. Engl. J. Med. 305, 263-266 (1981).
74. Schrier, R. W. vasopressin and aquaporin 2 in clinical disorders of water homeostasis. Semin. Nephrol. 28, 289-296 (2008).
75. Nielsen, S. et al. Congestive heart failure in rats is associated with increased expression and targeting of aquaporin-2 water channel in collecting duct. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 94, 5450-5455 (1997).
76. Xu, D. L. et al. Upregulation of aquaporin-2 water channel expression in chronic heart failure. J. Clin. Invest. 99, 1500-1505 (1997).
77. Gheorghiade, M. et al. effects of tolvaptan, a vasopressin antagonist, in patients hospitalized with worsening heart failure: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 291, 1963-1971 (2004).
78. Schrier, R. W. et al.; SALT Investigators. Tolvaptan, a selective oral vasopressin V2-receptor antagonist, for hyponatremia. N. Engl. J. Med. 355, 2099-2112 (2006).
79. Abraham, W. T., Shamshirsaz, A. A., McFann, K., Oren, R. M. & Schrier, R. W. Aquaretic effect of lixivaptan, an oral non-peptide, selective V2 receptor vasopressin antagonist, in the New York Heart Association functional class II and III chronic heart failure patients. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 47, 1615-1621 (2006).
80. Gheorghiade, M. et al. Short-term clinical effects of tolvaptan, an oral vasopressin antagonist, in patients hospitalized for heart failure: the EVEREST Clinical Status Trials. JAMA 297, 1332-1343 (2007).
81. Asahina, Y. et al. Increased gene expression of water channel in cirrhotic rat kidneys. Hepatology 21, 169-173 (1995).
82. Gerbes, A. L. et al. Therapy of hyponatremia in cirrhosis with a vasopressin receptor antagonist: a randomized double-blind multicenter trial. Gastroenterology 124, 933-939 (2003).
83. Ohara, M. et al. Upregulation of aquaporin 2 water channel expression in pregnant rats. J. Clin. Invest. 101, 1076-1083 (1998).
84. Chapman, A. B. et al. Temporal relationships between hormonal and hemodynamic changes in early human pregnancy. Kidney Int. 54, 2056-2063 (1998).
85. Apostol, E. et al. Reduced renal medullary water channel expression in puromycin aminonucleoside-induced nephrotic syndrome. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 8, 15-24 (1997).
86. Bohlin, A. B. & Berg, U. Renal water handling in minimal change nephrotic syndrome. Int. J. Pediat. Nephrol. 5, 93-98 (1984).
87. Fernández-Llama, P. et al. Concentrating defect in experimental nephrotic syndrome: altered expression of aquaporins and thick ascending limb Na+ transporters. Kidney Int. 54, 170-179 (1998).
88. Ishikawa, S. E., Saito, T., Saito, T., Kasono, K. & Funayama, H. Pathophysiological role of aquaporin-2 in impaired water excretion. Prog. Brain Res. 170, 581-588 (2008).
89. Saito, T. et al. Acute aquaresis by the nonpeptide arginine vasopressin (AVP) antagonist OPC-31260 improves hyponatremia in patients with syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 82, 1054-1057 (1997).
90. Kazama, I. et al. BSC1 inhibition complements effects of vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist on hyponatremia in SIADH rats. Kidney Int. 67, 1855-1867 (2005).
91. Kanno, K. et al. Urinary excretion of aquaporin-2 in patients with diabetes insipidus. N. Engl. J. Med. 332, 1540-1545 (1995).
92. Pisitkun, T., Shen, R. F. & Knepper, M. A. Identification and proteomic profiling of exosomes in human urine. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 101, 13368-13373 (2004).
93. Martin, P. Y. et al. Selective V2-receptor vasopressin antagonism decreases urinary aquaporin-2 excretion in patients with chronic heart failure. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 10, 2165-2170 (1999).
94. Ivarsen, P. et al. Increased urinary excretion of aquaporin 2 in patients with liver cirrhosis. Gut 52, 1194-1199 (2003).
95. Buemi, M. et al. Urinary excretion of aquaporin-2 water channel during pregnancy. Cell. Physiol. Biochem. 11, 203-208 (2001).
96. Ishikawa, S. et al. Close association of urinary excretion of aquaporin-2 with appropriate and inappropriate arginine vasopressin-dependent antidiuresis in hyponatremia in elderly subjects. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86, 1665-1671 (2001).
97. Verkman, A. S. Dissecting the roles of aquaporins in renal pathophysiology using transgenic mice. Semin. Nephrol. 28, 217-226 (2008).
98. Pallone, T. L., edwards, A., Ma, T., Silldorff, E. P. & Verkman, A. S. Requirement of aquaporin-1 for NaCl-driven water transport across descending vasa recta. J. Clin. Invest. 105, 215-222 (2000).
99. King, L. S., Choi, M., Fernandez, P. C., Cartron, J. P. & Agre, P. Defective urinary-concentrating ability due to a complete deficiency of aquaporin-1. N. Engl. J. Med. 345, 175-179 (2001).
100. Schrier, R. W. & Cadnapaphornchai, M. A. Renal aquaporin water channels: from molecules to human disease. Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 81, 117-131 (2003).
101. Saadoun, S., Papadopoulos, M. C., Hara-Chikuma, M. & Verkman, A. S. Impairment of angiogenesis and cell migration by targeted aquaporin-1 gene disruption. Nature 434, 786-792 (2005).
102. Hara-Chikuma, M. & Verkman, A. S. Aquaporin-1 facilitates epithelial cell migration in kidney proximal tubule. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 17, 39-45 (2006).
103. Wang, W. et al. Role of AQP1 in endotoxemia-induced acute kidney injury. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 294, F1473-F1480 (2008).
104. Kwon, T. H. et al. Regulation of collecting duct AQP3 expression: response to mineralocorticoid. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 283, F1403-F1421 (2002).
105. Roudier, N. et al. AQP3 deficiency in humans and the molecular basis of a novel blood group system, GIL. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 45854-45859 (2002).
106. Yang, B., van Hoek, A. N. & Verkman, A. S. Very high single channel water permeability of aquaporin-4 in baculovirus-infected insect cells and liposomes reconstituted with purified aquaporin-4. Biochemistry 36, 7625-7632 (1997).
107. Zelenina, M., Zelenin, S., Bondar, A. A., Brismar, H. & Aperia, A. water permeability of aquaporin-4 is decreased by protein kinase C and dopamine. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 283, F309-F318 (2002).
108. van Hoek, A. N. et al. Vasopressin-induced differential stimulation of AQP4 splice variants regulates the in-membrane assembly of orthogonal arrays. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 296, F1396-F1404 (2009).
109. Hiroaki, Y. et al. Implications of the aquaporin-4 structure on array formation and cell adhesion. J. Mol. Biol. 355, 628-639 (2006).
110. Ho, J. D. et al. Crystal structure of human aquaporin 4 at 1.8 A and its mechanism of conductance. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 7437-7442 (2009).
111. Yasui, M. pH regulated anion permeability of aquaporin-6. Handb. Exp. Pharmacol. 190, 299-308 (2009).
112. Yasui, M. et al. Rapid gating and anion permeability of an intracellular aquaporin. Nature 402, 184-187 (1999).
113. Yasui, M., Kwon, T. H., Knepper, M. A., Nielsen, S. & Agre, P. Aquaporin-6: an intracellular vesicle water channel protein in renal epithelia. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96, 5808-5813 (1999).
114. Ohshiro, K. et al. expression and immunolocalization of AQP6 in intercalated cells of the rat kidney collecting duct. Arch. Histol. Cytol. 64, 329-338 (2001).
115. Ikeda, M. et al. Characterization of aquaporin-6 as a nitrate channel in mammalian cells. Requirement of pore-lining residue threonine 63. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 39873-39879 (2002).
116. Günther, W., Lüchow, A., Cluzeaud, F., Vandewalle, A. & Jentsch, T. J. CIC-5, the chloride channel mutated in Dent's disease, colocalizes with the proton pump in endocytotically active kidney cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 95, 8075-8080 (1998).
117. Friedrich, T., Breiderhoff, T. & Jentsch, T. J. Mutational analysis demonstrates that CIC-4 and CIC-5 directly mediate plasma membrane currents. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 896-902 (1999).
118. Liu, K. et al. Conversion of aquaporin 6 from an anion channel to a water-selective channel by a single amino acid substitution. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 102, 2192-2197 (2005).
119. Hara-Chikuma, M. et al. Progressive adipocyte hypertrophy in aquaporin-7-deficient mice: adipocyte glycerol permeability as a novel regulator of fat accumulation. J. Biol. Chem. 280, 15493-15496 (2005).
120. Nejsum, L. N. et al. Localization of aquaporin-7 in rat and mouse kidney using RT-PCR, immunoblotting, and immunocytochemistry. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 277, 164-170 (2000).
121. Sohara, E. et al. Defective water and glycerol transport in the proximal tubules of AQP7 knockout mice. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 289, F1195-F1200 (2005).
122. Sohara, E., Rai, T., Sasaki, S. & Uchida, S. Physiological roles of AQP7 in the kidney: lessons from AQP7 knockout mice. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1758, 1106-1110 (2006).
123. Kondo, H. et al. Human aquaporin adipose (AQPap) gene. Genomic structure, promoter analysis and functional mutation. Eur. J. Biochem. 269, 1814-1826 (2002).
124. Morishita, Y., Sakube, Y., Sasaki, S. & Ishibashi, K. Molecular mechanisms and drug development in aquaporin water channel diseases: aquaporin superfamily (superaquaporins): expansion of aquaporins restricted to multicellular organisms. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 96, 276-279 (2004).
125. Itoh, T. et al. Identification of a novel aquaporin, AQP12, expressed in pancreatic acinar cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 330, 832-838 (2005).
126. Ishibashi, K. Aquaporin subfamily with unusual NPA boxes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1758, 989-993 (2006).
127. Morishita, Y. et al. Disruption of aquaporin-11 produces polycystic kidneys following vacuolization of the proximal tubule. Mol. Cell. Biol. 25, 7770-7779 (2005).