Creation, electronic properties, disorder, and melting of two-dimensional surface-state-mediated adatom superlattices

Progress in Surface Science

Volumn 85, Issue 1-4, 2010, Pages 1-27

  Ternes, Markus ^a,b   Pivetta, Marina ^a   Patthey, François ^a   Schneider, Wolf Dieter ^a  

^a EPFL   (Switzerland)

^b MAX PLANCK INSTITUT FÜR FESTKÖRPERFORSCHUNG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Adatom interaction; Scanning tunneling microscopy; Scanning tunneling spectroscopy; Surface state mediated interactions; Two dimensional melting; Two dimensional superlattice

Indexed keywords

MEDIATED INTERACTION; SCANNING TUNNELING SPECTROSCOPY; TWO-DIMENSIONAL MELTING; TWO-DIMENSIONAL SUPERLATTICES;

ADATOMS; CERIUM; CERIUM COMPOUNDS; ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES; ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE; MELTING; SCANNING; SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPY; SILVER; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; SPECTROSCOPY; SUPERLATTICES; WIND TUNNELS;

TWO DIMENSIONAL;

EID: 77549088454     PISSN: 00796816     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.progsurf.2009.09.001     Document Type: Review

References (105)

1. In: Mahalik N.P. (Ed). Micromanufacturing and Nanotechnology (2006), Springer, Berlin
2. Eigler D.M., and Schweizer E.K. Positioning single atoms with a scanning tunnelling microscope. Nature 344 (1990) 524
3. Manoharan H.C., Lutz C.P., and Eigler D.M. Quantum mirages formed by coherent projection of electronic structure. Nature 403 (2000) 512
4. Heinrich A.J., Lutz C.P., Gupta J.A., and Eigler D.M. Molecule cascades. Science 298 (2002) 1381
5. Nilius N., Wallis T.M., and Ho W. Development of one-dimensional band structure in artificial gold chains. Science 297 (2002) 1853
6. Oyabu N., Sugimoto Y., Abe M., Custance O., and Morita S. Lateral manipulation of single atoms at semiconductor surfaces using atomic force microscopy. Nanotechnology 16 (2005) S112
7. Ternes M., Lutz C.P., Hirjibehedin C.F., Giessibl F.J., and Heinrich A.J. The force needed to move an atom on a surface. Science 319 (2008) 1066
8. Whitesides G.M., and Grzybowski B. Self-assembly at all scales. Science 295 (2002) 2418
9. Zeng H., Li J., Liu J.P., Wang Z.L., and Sun S. Exchange-coupled nanocomposite magnets by nanoparticle self-assembly. Nature 420 (2002) 395
10. Black C.T., Murray C.B., Sandstrom R.L., and Sun S. Spin-dependent tunneling in self-assembled cobalt-nanocrystal superlattices. Science 290 (2000) 5494
11. Brune H. Superlattices of atoms, molecules and islands. Single Molecules at Surfaces (2006), Springer, New York 247-267
12. Becker M., and Wandelt K. Surfaces: Two-Dimensional Templates (2008), Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
13. Einstein T.L., and Schrieffer J.R. Indirect interaction between adatoms on a tight-binding solid. Phys. Rev. B 7 (1973) 3629
14. Lau K.H., and Kohn W. Elastic interaction of two atoms adsorbed on a solid surface. Surf. Sci. 65 (1977) 607
15. Braun O.M., and Medvedev V.K. Interaction between particles adsorbed on metal surfaces. Sov. Phys. Usp. 32 (1989) 328
16. Fichthorn K.A., and Scheffler M. Island nucleation in thin-film epitaxy: a first-principles investigation. Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 (2000) 5371
17. Bogicevic A., Ovesson S., Hyldgaard P., Lundqvist B.I., Brune H., and Jennison D.R. Nature, strength, and consequences of indirect adsorbate interactions on metals. Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 (2000) 1910
18. Fichthorn K.A., Merrick M.L., and Scheffler M. Nanostructures at surfaces from substrate-mediated interactions. Phys. Rev. B 68 (2003) 041404
19. Merrick M.L., Luo W., and Fichthorn K.A. Substrate-mediated interactions on solid surfaces: theory, experiment, and consequences for thin-film morphology. Prog. Surf. Sci. 72 (2003) 117
20. Kohn W., and Lau K.H. Adatom dipole moments on metals and their interactions. Solid State Commun. 18 (1976) 553
21. Lau K.H., and Kohn W. Indirect long-range oscillatory interaction between adsorbed atoms. Surf. Sci. 75 (1978) 69
22. Koutecký J. A contribution to the molecular-orbital theory of chemisorption. Trans. Faraday Soc. 54 (1958) 1038
23. Friedel J. Metallic alloys. Nuovo Cim. Suppl. 7 (1958) 287
24. Grimley T.B. The indirect interaction between atoms or molecules adsorbed on metals. Proc. Phys. Soc. 90 (1967) 751
25. Grimley T.B. The electron density in a metal near a chemisorbed atom or molecule. Proc. Phys. Soc. 92 (1967) 776
26. T.L. Einstein, Comment on 'oscillatory indirect interaction between adsorbed atoms - non-asymptotic behavior in tight-binding models at realistic parameters', in: K.H. Lau, W. Kohn (Eds.), Surf. Sci. 75 (1978) 161.
27. Tsong T.T. Field-ion microscope observations of indirect interaction between adatoms on metal surfaces. Phys. Rev. Lett. 31 (1973) 1207
28. Fan W.C., and Ignatiev A. Ordered phases and phase transitions of cesium on the Cu(1 1 1) surface. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 6 (1988) 735
29. Alexandrowicz G., Jardine A.P., Hedgeland H., Allison W., and Ellis J. Onset of 3d collective surface diffusion in the presence of lateral interactions: Na/Cu(0 0 1). Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 (2006) 156103
30. Shockley W. On the surface states associated with a periodic potential. Phys. Rev. 56 (1939) 317
31. Zangwill A. Physics at Surfaces (1988), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
32. Li J.T., Schneider W.D., and Berndt R. Local density of states from spectroscopic scanning-tunneling-microscope images: Ag(1 1 1). Phys. Rev. B 56 (1997) 7656
33. Li J.T., Schneider W.D., Berndt R., Bryant O.R., and Crampin S. Surface-state lifetime measured by scanning tunneling spectroscopy. Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 (1998) 4464
34. Kliewer J., Berndt R., Chulkov E.V., Silkin V.M., Echenique P.M., and Crampin S. Dimensionality effects in the lifetime of surface states. Science 288 (2000) 1399
35. Pivetta M., Silly F., Patthey F., Pelz J.P., and Schneider W.D. Reading the ripples of confined surface-state electrons: profiles of constant integrated local density of states. Phys. Rev. B 67 (2003) 193402
36. Echenique P.M., Berndt R., Chulkov E.V., Fauster Th., Goldmann A., and Hofer U. Decay of electronic excitations at metal surfaces. Surf. Sci. Rep. 52 (2004) 219
37. Tersoff J., and Hamann D.R. Theory of the scanning tunneling microscope. Phys. Rev. B 31 (1985) 805
38. Lang N.D. Spectroscopy of single atoms in the scanning tunneling microscope. Phys. Rev. B 34 (1986) 5947
39. Bürgi L., Jeandupeux O., Brune H., and Kern K. Probing hot-electron dynamics at surfaces with a cold scanning tunneling microscope. Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 (1999) 4516
40. Davis L.C., Everson M.P., and Jaklevic R.C. Theory of the local density of surface states on a metal: comparison with scanning tunneling spectroscopy of a Au(1 1 1) surface. Phys. Rev. B 43 (1991) 3821
41. Crommie M.F., Lutz C.P., and Eigler D.M. Imaging standing waves in a 2-dimensional electron gas. Nature 363 (1993) 524
42. Avouris P., and Lyo I.W. Observation of quantum-size effects at room temperature on metal surfaces with STM. Science 264 (1994) 942
43. Hasegawa Y., and Avouris Ph. Direct observation of standing wave formation at surface steps using scanning tunneling spectroscopy. Phys. Rev. Lett. 71 (1993) 1071
44. Ashcroft N.W., and Mermin N.D. Solid State Physics (1976), HRW, Philadephia
45. Silly F., Pivetta M., Ternes M., Patthey F., Pelz J.P., and Schneider W.D. Creation of an atomic superlattice by immersing metallic adatoms in a two-dimensional electron sea. Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 1 (2004) 016101
46. Hyldgaard P., and Persson M. Long-ranged adsorbate-adsorbate interactions mediated by a surface-state band. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 12 (2000) L13
47. Wahlstrom E., Ekvall I., Olin H., and Wallden L. Long-range interaction between adatoms at the Cu(1 1 1) surface imaged by scanning tunnelling microscopy. Appl. Phys. A 66 (1998) S1107
48. Repp J., Moresco F., Meyer G., Rieder K.H., Hyldgaard P., and Persson M. Substrate mediated long-range oscillatory interaction between adatoms: Cu/Cu(1 1 1). Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 (2000) 2981
49. Knorr N., Brune H., Epple M., Hirstein A., Schneider M.A., and Kern K. Long-range adsorbate interactions mediated by a two-dimensional electron gas. Phys. Rev. B 65 (2002) 115420
50. Silly F., Pivetta M., Ternes M., Patthey F., Pelz J.P., and Schneider W.D. Coverage-dependent self-organization: from individual adatoms to adatom superlattices. New J. Phys. 6 (2004) 16
51. Harris J. Simplified method for calculating the energy of weakly interacting fragments. Phys. Rev. B 31 (1985) 1770
52. Schmidt L.D., and Gomer R. Adsorption of potassium on tungsten: measurements on single-crystal planes. J. Chem. Phys. 45 (1966) 1605
53. Ziegler M., Kröger J., Berndt R., Filinov A., and Bonitz M. Scanning tunneling microscopy and kinetic Monte Carlo investigation of cesium superlattices on Ag(1 1 1). Phys. Rev. B 78 (2008) 245427
54. Zhao J., Pontius M., Winkelmann A., Sametoglu V., Kubo A., Borisov A.G., Sánchez-Portal D., Silkin V.M., Chulkov E.V., Echenique P.M., and Petek H. Electronic potential of a chemisorption interface. Phys. Rev. B 78 (2008) 085419
55. Hyldgaard P., and Einstein T.L. Surface-state-mediated three-adsorbate interaction. Europhys. Lett. 59 (2002) 265
56. Stepanyuk V.S., Baranov A.N., Tsivlin D.V., Hergert W., Bruno P., Knorr N., Schneider M.A., and Kern K. Quantum interference and long-range adsorbate-adsorbate interactions. Phys. Rev. B 68 (2003) 205410
57. Negulyaev N.N., Stepanyuk V.S., Hergert W., Fangohr H., and Bruno P. Effect of the long-range adsorbate interactions on the atomic self-assembly on metal surfaces. Surf. Sci. 600 (2006) L58
58. Rogowska J.M., and Maciejewski M. Dilute Cu nanostructure stabilized by substrate-mediated interactions on Cu(1 1 1): kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. Phys. Rev. B 74 (2006) 235402
59. Hu J., Teng B., Wu F., and Fang Y. Fe nanostructures stabilized by long-range interactions on Cu(1 1 1): kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. New J. Phys. 10 (2008) 023033
60. Kulawik M., Rust H.P., Heyde M., Nilius N., Mantooth B.A., Weiss P.S., and Freund H.J. Interaction of CO molecules with surface state electrons on Ag(1 1 1). Surf. Sci. 590 (2005) L253
61. Nanayakkara S.U., Sykes E.C.H., Blake M.M., Fernandez-Torres L.C., and Weiss P.S. Long-range electronic interactions at a high temperature: bromine adatom islands on Cu(1 1 1). Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 (2007) 206108
62. Manai G., Radican K., Delogu F., and Shvets I.V. Room-temperature self-assembly of equilateral triangular clusters via Friedel oscillations. Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 (2008) 165701
63. Negulyaev N.N., Stepanyuk V.S., Niebergall L., Hergert W., Fangohr H., and Bruno P. Self-organization of Ce adatoms on Ag(1 1 1): a kinetic Monte Carlo study. Phys. Rev. B 74 (2006) 035421
64. Stepanyuk V.S., Niebergall L., Longo R.C., Hergert W., and Bruno P. Magnetic nanostructures stabilized by surface-state electrons. Phys. Rev. B 70 (2004) 075414
65. M. Ternes. Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy at the Single Atom Scale. PhD thesis, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 2006. %3chttp://library.epfl.ch/en/theses/?nr=3465%3e.
66. Negulyaev N.N., Stepanyuk V.S., Niebergall L., Bruno P., Pivetta M., Ternes M., Patthey F., and Schneider W.D. Melting of two-dimensional adatom superlattices stabilized by long-range electronic interactions. Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 (2009) 246102
67. von Hofe Th., Kroger J., and Berndt R. Adsorption geometry of Cu(1 1 1)-Cs studied by scanning tunneling microscopy. Phys. Rev. B 73 (2006) 245434
68. Ziegler M., Kröger J., Berndt R., Borisov A.G., and Gauyacq J.P. Linewidth of a cesium adatom resonance on Ag(1 1 1). Phys. Rev. B 79 (2009) 075401
69. Yokoyama T., Takahashi T., and Shinozaki K. Quantitative analysis of long-range interactions between adsorbed dipolar molecules on Cu(1 1 1). Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 (2007) 206102
70. Fernandez-Torrente I., Monturet S., Franke K.J., Fraxedas J., Lorente N., and Pascual J.I. Long-range repulsive interaction between molecules on a metal surface induced by charge transfer. Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 (2007) 176103
71. Negulyaev N.N., Stepanyuk V.S., Niebergall L., Bruno P., Auwärter W., Pennec Y., Jahnz G., and Barth J.V. Effect of strain relaxations on heteroepitaxial metal-on-metal island nucleation and superlattice formation: Fe on Cu(1 1 1). Phys. Rev. B 79 (2009) 195411
72. Pick S., Stepanyuk V.S., Klavsyuk A.L., Niebergall L., Hergert W., Kirschner J., and Bruno P. Magnetism and structure on the atomic scale: small cobalt clusters in Cu(0 0 1). Phys. Rev. B 70 (2005) 224419
73. Stepanyuk V.S., Baranov A.N., Hergert W., and Bruno P. Ab initio study of interaction between magnetic adatoms on metal surfaces. Phys. Rev. B 68 (2003) 205422
74. Stepanyuk V.S., Negulyaev N.N., Niebergall L., and Bruno P. Effect of quantum confinement of surface electrons on adatom-adatom interactions. New J. Phys. 9 (2007) 388
75. Crommie M.F., Lutz C.P., and Eigler D.M. Confinement of electrons to quantum corrals on a metal surface. Science 262 (1993) 218
76. Stepanyuk V.S., Negulyaev N.N., Niebergall L., Longo R.C., and Bruno P. Adatom self-organization induced by quantum confinement of surface electrons. Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 (2006) 186403
77. Schiffrin A., Reichert J., Auwärter W., Jahnz G., Pennec Y., Weber-Bargioni A., Stepanyuk V.S., Niebergall L., Bruno P., and Barth J.V. Self-aligning atomic strings in surface-supported biomolecular gratings. Phys. Rev. B 78 (2008) 035424
78. Liu C., Uchihashi T., and Nakayama T. Self-alignment of Co adatoms on in atomic wires by quasi-one-dimensional electron-gas-meditated interactions. Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 (2008) 146104
79. Ternes M., Weber C., Pivetta M., Patthey F., Pelz J.P., Giamarchi T., Mila F., and Schneider W.D. Scanning-tunneling spectroscopy of surface-state electrons scattered by a slightly disordered two-dimensional dilute solid: Ce on Ag(1 1 1). Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 (2004) 146805
80. Li J.T., Schneider W.D., Berndt R., Bryant O.R., and Crampin S. Electron confinement to nanoscale Ag islands on Ag(1 1 1): a quantitative study. Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 (1998) 3332
81. In: Gor'kov L.R., and Grüner G. (Eds). Charge Density Waves in Solids (1989), Elsevier, Amsterdam
82. Mermin N.D., and Wagner H. Absence of ferromagnetism or antiferromagnetism in one- or two-dimensional isotropic Heisenberg models. Phys. Rev. Lett. 17 (1966) 1133
83. Mermin N.D. Crystalline order in two dimensions. Phys. Rev. 176 (1968) 250
84. Kosterlitz J.M., and Thouless N.J. Ordering, metastability and phase transitions in two-dimensional systems. J. Phys. C 6 (1973) 1181
85. Halperin B.I., and Nelson D.R. Theory of two-dimensional melting. Phys. Rev. Lett. 41 (1978) 121
86. Nelson D.R., and Halperin B.I. Dislocation-mediated melting in two dimensions. Phys. Rev. B 19 (1979) 2484
87. Young A.P. Melting and the vector Coulomb gas in two dimensions. Phys. Rev. B 19 (1979) 1855
88. Strandburg K.J. Two-dimensional melting. Rev. Mod. Phys. 60 (1988) 161
89. Bendounan A., Cercellier H., Fagot-Revurat Y., Kierren B., Yurov V., and Malterre D. Modification of Shockley states induced by surface reconstruction in epitaxial Ag films on Cu(1 1 1). Phys. Rev. B 67 (2003) 165412
90. 0.1: bulk and surface electronic structure of the alloy. Phys. Rev. B 25 (1982) 7075
91. Ruderman M.A., and Kittel C. Indirect exchange coupling of nuclear magnetic moments by conduction electrons. Phys. Rev. 96 (1954) 99
92. Kasuya T. A theory of metallic ferro- and antiferromagnetism on Zener's model. Prog. Theor. Phys. 16 (1956) 45
93. Yosida K. Magnetic properties of Cu-Mn alloys. Phys. Rev. 106 (1957) 893
94. Fischer B., and Klein M.W. Magnetic and nonmagnetic impurities in two-dimensional metals. Phys. Rev. B 11 (1975) 2025
95. Beal-Monod M.T. Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida indirect interaction in two dimensions. Phys. Rev. B 36 (1987) 8835
96. Litvinov V.I., and Dugaev V.K. RKKY interaction in one- and two-dimensional electron gases. Phys. Rev. B 58 (1998) 3584
97. Meier F., Zhou L., Wiebe J., and Wiesendanger R. Revealing magnetic interactions from single-atom magnetization curves. Science 320 (2008) 82
98. C.F. Hirjibehedin, C.P. Lutz, Private communication.
99. Harmon B.N., and Freeman A.J. Spin-polarized energy-band structure, conduction-electron polarization, spin densities, and the neutron magnetic form factor of ferromagnetic gadolinium. Phys. Rev. B 10 (1974) 1979
100. Kondo J. Resistance minimum in dilute magnetic alloys. Prog. Theor. Phys. 32 (1964) 37
101. Li J.T., Schneider W.D., Berndt R., and Delley B. Kondo scattering observed at a single magnetic impurity. Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 (1998) 2893
102. Madhavan V., Chen W., Jamneala T., Crommie M.F., and Wingreen N.S. Tunneling into a single magnetic atom: spectroscopic evidence of the Kondo resonance. Science 280 (1998) 567
103. Ternes M., Heinrich A.J., and Schneider W.D. Spectroscopic manifestations of the Kondo effect on single adatoms. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 21 (2009) 053001
104. Tsunetsugu H., Sigrist M., and Ueda K. The ground-state phase diagram of the one-dimensional Kondo lattice model. Rev. Mod. Phys. 69 (1997) 809
105. Weber C., Laeuchli A., Mila F., and Giamarchi T. Magnetism and superconductivity of strongly correlated electrons on the triangular lattice. Phys. Rev. B 73 (2006) 014519