Exploring the therapeutic role of creatine supplementation

Amino Acids

Volumn 38, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 31-44

  Gualano, Bruno ^a,c   Artioli, Guilherme Giannini ^a   Poortmans, Jacques R ^b   Lancha Junior, Antonio Herbert ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO   (Brazil)

^b FREE UNIVERSITY OF BRUSSELS   (Belgium)

^c NONE   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Creatine; Nutritional supplementation; Therapeutic effects

Indexed keywords

CREATINE; CREATINE KINASE; CREATINE PHOSPHATE; PLACEBO;

ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS; BECKER MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY; ENERGY METABOLISM; FACIOSCAPULOHUMERAL MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY; HEREDITARY MOTOR SENSORY NEUROPATHY; HUMAN; HUNTINGTON CHOREA; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; LIMB GIRDLE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY; MUSCLE ATROPHY; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OSTEOPOROSIS; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PAIN; PARKINSON DISEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; X CHROMOSOME LINKED MUSCULAR DYSTROPHIC MOUSE;

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; CREATINE; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; HUMANS; METABOLIC DISEASES; MUSCULAR DISEASES; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC;

EID: 76449109380     PISSN: 09394451     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00726-009-0263-6     Document Type: Review

References (131)

1. KH Adcock J Nedelcu T Loenneker E Martin T Wallimann BP Wagner 2002 Neuroprotection of creatine supplementation in neonatal rats with transient cerebral hypoxia-ischemia Dev Neurosci 24 382 388 10.1159/000069043 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXitFartLo%3D 12640176 (Pubitemid 36359369)
2. MY Aksenov MV Aksenova RM Payne CD Smith WR Markesbery JM Carney 1997 The expression of creatine kinase isoenzymes in neocortex of patients with neurodegenerative disorders: Alzheimer's and Pick's disease Exp Neurol 146 458 465 10.1006/exnr.1997.6550 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXls1Oqsb8%3D 9270056 (Pubitemid 27381852)
3. M Alam WJ Schmidt 2002 Rotenone destroys dopaminergic neurons and induces parkinsonian symptoms in rats Behav Brain Res 136 317 324 10.1016/S0166- 4328(02)00180-8 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XnvVOltbs%3D 12385818 (Pubitemid 35246417)
4. LS Almeida GS Salomons F Hogenboom C Jakobs AN Schoffelmeer 2006 Exocytotic release of creatine in rat brain Synapse 60 118 123 10.1002/syn.20280 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XlvFChu7o%3D 16715490 (Pubitemid 43878120)
5. D Amital T Vishne S Roitman M Kotler J Levine 2006 Open study of creatine monohydrate in treatment-resistant posttraumatic stress disorder J Clin Psychiatry 67 836 837 16841637
6. D Amital T Vishne A Rubinow J Levine 2006 Observed effects of creatine monohydrate in a patient with depression and fibromyalgia Am J Psychiatry 163 1840 1841 10.1176/appi.ajp.163.10.1840-b 17012702
7. RH Andres AD Ducray U Schlattner T Wallimann HR Widmer 2008 Functions and effects of creatine in the central nervous system Brain Res Bull 76 329 343 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2008.02.035 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXmtlWht70%3D 18502307
8. R Andrews P Greenhaff S Curtis A Perry AJ Cowley 1998 The effect of dietary creatine supplementation on skeletal muscle metabolism in congestive heart failure Eur Heart J 19 617 622 10.1053/euhj.1997.0767 1:CAS:528: DyaK1cXjvVCrs7s%3D 9597411 (Pubitemid 28224684)
9. R Battini MG Alessandri V Leuzzi F Moro M Tosetti MC Bianchi G Cioni 2006 Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) deficiency in a newborn: early treatment can prevent phenotypic expression of the disease J Pediatr 148 828 830 10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.01.043 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XlsFGks74%3D 16769397 (Pubitemid 43870091)
10. A Bender DP Auer T Merl R Reilmann P Saemann A Yassouridis J Bender A Weindl M Dose T Gasser T Klopstock 2005 Creatine supplementation lowers brain glutamate levels in Huntington's disease J Neurol 252 36 41 10.1007/s00415-005- 0595-4 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXpslWgu7k%3D 15672208 (Pubitemid 40179016)
11. A Bender W Koch M Elstner Y Schombacher J Bender M Moeschl F Gekeler B Muller-Myhsok T Gasser K Tatsch T Klopstock 2006 Creatine supplementation in Parkinson disease: a placebo-controlled randomized pilot trial Neurology 67 1262 1264 10.1212/01.wnl.0000238518.34389.12 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtFyqtLfF 17030762 (Pubitemid 44563840)
12. A Bender J Beckers I Schneider SM Holter T Haack T Ruthsatz DM Vogt-Weisenhorn L Becker J Genius D Rujescu M Irmler T Mijalski M Mader L Quintanilla-Martinez H Fuchs V Gailus-Durner MH de Angelis W Wurst J Schmidt T Klopstock 2008 Creatine improves health and survival of mice Neurobiol Aging 29 1404 1411 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.03.001 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXoslClsLo%3D 17416441 (Pubitemid 351970598)
13. JM Bourgeois K Nagel E Pearce M Wright RD Barr MA Tarnopolsky 2008 Creatine monohydrate attenuates body fat accumulation in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia during maintenance chemotherapy Pediatr Blood Cancer 51 183 187 10.1002/pbc.21571 18421708 (Pubitemid 351874410)
14. Braissant O, Henry H (2008) AGAT, GAMT and SLC6A8 distribution in the central nervous system, in relation to creatine deficiency syndromes: a review. J Inherit Metab Dis (Epub ahead of print)
15. O Braissant H Henry AM Villard MG Zurich M Loup B Eilers G Parlascino E Matter O Boulat P Honegger C Bachmann 2002 Ammonium-induced impairment of axonal growth is prevented through glial creatine J Neurosci 22 9810 9820 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XovF2ks7Y%3D 12427837
16. GJ Brewer TW Wallimann 2000 Protective effect of the energy precursor creatine against toxicity of glutamate and beta-amyloid in rat hippocampal neurons J Neurochem 74 1968 1978 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.0741968.x 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXis12rtbk%3D 10800940 (Pubitemid 30217652)
17. A Brose G Parise MA Tarnopolsky 2003 Creatine supplementation enhances isometric strength and body composition improvements following strength exercise training in older adults J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 58 11 19 12560406
18. SE Browne L Yang JP DiMauro SW Fuller SC Licata MF Beal 2006 Bioenergetic abnormalities in discrete cerebral motor pathways presage spinal cord pathology in the G93A SOD1 mouse model of ALS Neurobiol Dis 22 599 610 10.1016/j.nbd.2006.01.001 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xls1aksr4%3D 16616851 (Pubitemid 43832131)
19. L Cagnon O Braissant 2007 Hyperammonemia-induced toxicity for the developing central nervous system Brain Res Rev 56 183 197 10.1016/j. brainresrev.2007.06.026 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtlalsrvO 17881060 (Pubitemid 350100868)
20. Candow DG, Little JP, Chilibeck PD, Abeysekara S, Zello GA, Kazachkov M, Cornish SM, Yu PH (2008) Low-dose creatine combined with protein during resistance training in older men. Med Sci Sports Exerc (Epub ahead of print)
21. PD Chilibeck MJ Chrusch KE Chad K Shawn Davison DG Burke 2005 Creatine monohydrate and resistance training increase bone mineral content and density in older men J Nutr Health Aging 9 352 353 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XlsFWjt7s%3D 16222402
22. YL Chung H Alexanderson N Pipitone C Morrison M Dastmalchi C Stahl-Hallengren S Richards EL Thomas G Hamilton JD Bell IE Lundberg DL Scott 2007 Creatine supplements in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies who are clinically weak after conventional pharmacologic treatment: 6-month, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial Arthritis Rheum 57 694 702 10.1002/art.22687 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXmtFKhs70%3D 17471547 (Pubitemid 46764062)
23. JD Coplan SJ Mathew X Mao EL Smith PR Hof PM Coplan LA Rosenblum JM Gorman DC Shungu 2006 Decreased choline and creatine concentrations in centrum semiovale in patients with generalized anxiety disorder: relationship to IQ and early trauma Psychiatry Res 147 27 39 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2005.12.011 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XpslSrurc%3D 16797939 (Pubitemid 44088606)
24. PP De Deyn RL Macdonald 1990 Guanidino compounds that are increased in cerebrospinal fluid and brain of uremic patients inhibit GABA and glycine responses on mouse neurons in cell culture Ann Neurol 28 627 633 10.1002/ana.410280505 2135950
25. PP De Deyn WC Wirshing 2001 Scales to assess efficacy and safety of pharmacologic agents in the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia J Clin Psychiatry 62 Suppl 21 19 22 11584983
26. SJ Deacon EE Vincent PL Greenhaff J Fox MC Steiner SJ Singh MD Morgan 2008 Randomized controlled trial of dietary creatine as an adjunct therapy to physical training in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Am J Respir Crit Care Med 178 233 239 10.1164/rccm.200710-1508OC 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhtVeisL3L 18420964
27. L Deldicque P Atherton R Patel D Theisen H Nielens MJ Rennie M Francaux 2008 Effects of resistance exercise with and without creatine supplementation on gene expression and cell signaling in human skeletal muscle J Appl Physiol 104 371 378 10.1152/japplphysiol.00873.2007 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXjtlelt7Y%3D 18048590 (Pubitemid 351231483)
28. RL Dempsey MF Mazzone LN Meurer 2002 Does oral creatine supplementation improve strength? A meta-analysis J Fam Pract 51 945 951 12485548
29. VE Drory D Gross 2002 No effect of creatine on respiratory distress in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Amyotroph Lateral Scler Other Motor Neuron Disord 3 43 46 10.1080/146608202317576534 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XmtFWgt7s%3D 12061948 (Pubitemid 34705126)
30. L Dupuis H Oudart F Rene JL Gonzalez de Aguilar JP Loeffler 2004 Evidence for defective energy homeostasis in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: benefit of a high-energy diet in a transgenic mouse model Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101 11159 11164 10.1073/pnas.0402026101 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXmsVCmtbk%3D 15263088 (Pubitemid 38989600)
31. CP Earnest AL Almada TL Mitchell 1996 High-performance capillary electrophoresis-pure creatine monohydrate reduces blood lipids in men and women Clin Sci (Lond) 91 113 118 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XltVaisbs%3D
32. DM Escolar G Buyse E Henricson R Leshner J Florence J Mayhew C Tesi-Rocha K Gorni L Pasquali KM Patel R McCarter J Huang T Mayhew T Bertorini J Carlo AM Connolly PR Clemens N Goemans ST Iannaccone M Igarashi Y Nevo A Pestronk SH Subramony VV Vedanarayanan H Wessel 2005 CINRG randomized controlled trial of creatine and glutamine in Duchenne muscular dystrophy Ann Neurol 58 151 155 10.1002/ana.20523 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXntVWrsb8%3D 15984021 (Pubitemid 40962472)
33. G Faager K Soderlund CM Skold S Rundgren A Tollback P Jakobsson 2006 Creatine supplementation and physical training in patients with COPD: a double blind, placebo-controlled study Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 1 445 453 10.2147/copd.2006.1.4.445 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXjtlKiur0%3D 18044100
34. RJ Ferrante OA Andreassen BG Jenkins A Dedeoglu S Kuemmerle JK Kubilus R Kaddurah-Daouk SM Hersch MF Beal 2000 Neuroprotective effects of creatine in a transgenic mouse model of Huntington's disease J Neurosci 20 4389 4397 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXktVCkt7Y%3D 10844007
35. M Francaux JR Poortmans 1999 Effects of training and creatine supplement on muscle strength and body mass Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 80 165 168 10.1007/s004210050575 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXjtlKnsbo%3D 10408330 (Pubitemid 29296552)
36. JP Fuld LP Kilduff JA Neder Y Pitsiladis ME Lean SA Ward MM Cotton 2005 Creatine supplementation during pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Thorax 60 531 537 10.1136/thx.2004.030452 1:STN:280: DC%2BD2MzksVemtg%3D%3D 15994258 (Pubitemid 40966204)
37. VL Funanage P Carango IM Shapiro T Tokuoka RS Tuan 1992 Creatine kinase activity is required for mineral deposition and matrix synthesis in endochondral growth cartilage Bone Miner 17 228 236 10.1016/0169-6009(92)90742-V 1:CAS:528:DyaK38XksVGhtbs%3D 1611312
38. RA Galbraith M Furukawa M Li 2006 Possible role of creatine concentrations in the brain in regulating appetite and weight Brain Res 1101 85 91 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.05.032 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XntVWju78%3D 16781683 (Pubitemid 44041003)
39. I Gerber I ap Gwynn M Alini T Wallimann 2005 Stimulatory effects of creatine on metabolic activity, differentiation and mineralization of primary osteoblast-like cells in monolayer and micromass cell cultures Eur Cell Mater 10 8 22 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtV2ktbbM 16025431
40. A Gordon E Hultman L Kaijser S Kristjansson CJ Rolf O Nyquist C Sylven 1995 Creatine supplementation in chronic heart failure increases skeletal muscle creatine phosphate and muscle performance Cardiovasc Res 30 413 418 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXpslWrsrw%3D 7585833
41. HJ Green ME Burnett CL D'Arsigny DE O'Donnell J Ouyang KA Webb 2008 Altered metabolic and transporter characteristics of vastus lateralis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease J Appl Physiol 105 879 886 10.1152/japplphysiol. 90458.2008 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhtFygs7fI 18635880
42. PL Greenhaff 2001 The creatine-phosphocreatine system: there's more than one song in its repertoire J Physiol 537 657 10.1113/jphysiol.2001.013478 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XntVGmsA%3D%3D 11744744 (Pubitemid 34026597)
43. GJ Groeneveld JH Veldink I van der Tweel S Kalmijn C Beijer M de Visser JH Wokke H Franssen LH van den Berg 2003 A randomized sequential trial of creatine in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Ann Neurol 53 437 445 10.1002/ana.10554 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXjtFGitbk%3D 12666111 (Pubitemid 36373255)
44. T Grunewald MF Beal 1999 Bioenergetics in Huntington's disease Ann N Y Acad Sci 893 203 213 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb07827.x 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD3cXms1Gnug%3D%3D 10672239
45. B Gualano RB Novaes GG Artioli TO Freire DF Coelho FB Scagliusi PS Rogeri H Roschel C Ugrinowitsch AH Lancha Jr 2008 Effects of creatine supplementation on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in sedentary healthy males undergoing aerobic training Amino Acids 34 245 250 10.1007/s00726-007-0508-1 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXkvFWmsbY%3D 17396216 (Pubitemid 351238269)
46. B Gualano C Ugrinowitsch GG Artioli FB Benatti FB Scagliusi RC Harris AH Lancha Jr 2008 Does creatine supplementation improve the plasma lipid profile in healthy male subjects undergoing aerobic training? J Int Soc Sports Nutr 5 16 10.1186/1550-2783-5-16 18831767
47. B Gualano C Ugrinowitsch RB Novaes GG Artioli MH Shimizu AC Seguro RC Harris AH Lancha Jr 2008 Effects of creatine supplementation on renal function: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial Eur J Appl Physiol 103 33 40 10.1007/s00421-007-0669-3 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhvF2qt7k%3D 18188581
48. ML Guerrero-Ontiveros T Wallimann 1998 Creatine supplementation in health and disease. Effects of chronic creatine ingestion in vivo: down-regulation of the expression of creatine transporter isoforms in skeletal muscle Mol Cell Biochem 184 427 437 10.1023/A:1006895414925 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXlslens7Y%3D 9746337
49. RC Harris K Soderlund E Hultman 1992 Elevation of creatine in resting and exercised muscle of normal subjects by creatine supplementation Clin Sci (Lond) 83 367 374 1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXlvVKjtQ%3D%3D
50. CJ Hass MA Collins JL Juncos 2007 Resistance training with creatine monohydrate improves upper-body strength in patients with Parkinson disease: a randomized trial Neurorehabil Neural Repair 21 107 115 10.1177/1545968306293449 17312085 (Pubitemid 46257349)
51. ON Hausmann K Fouad T Wallimann ME Schwab 2002 Protective effects of oral creatine supplementation on spinal cord injury in rats Spinal Cord 40 449 456 10.1038/sj.sc.3101330 1:STN:280:DC%2BD38vivV2itg%3D%3D 12185606 (Pubitemid 35001733)
52. SM Hersch S Gevorkian K Marder C Moskowitz A Feigin M Cox P Como C Zimmerman M Lin L Zhang AM Ulug MF Beal W Matson M Bogdanov E Ebbel A Zaleta Y Kaneko B Jenkins N Hevelone H Zhang H Yu D Schoenfeld R Ferrante HD Rosas 2006 Creatine in Huntington disease is safe, tolerable, bioavailable in brain and reduces serum 8OH2'dG Neurology 66 250 252 10.1212/01.wnl.0000194318.74946.b6 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XpsFGj 16434666 (Pubitemid 43970166)
53. GM Hobson VL Funanage J Elsemore M Yagami R Rajpurohit JC Perriard NJ Hickok IM Shapiro RS Tuan 1999 Developmental expression of creatine kinase isoenzymes in chicken growth cartilage J Bone Miner Res 14 747 756 10.1359/jbmr.1999.14.5.747 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXjtFKrtL4%3D 10320523 (Pubitemid 29210601)
54. HJ in't Zandt WK Renema F Streijger C Jost DW Klomp F Oerlemans CE Van der Zee B Wieringa A Heerschap 2004 Cerebral creatine kinase deficiency influences metabolite levels and morphology in the mouse brain: a quantitative in vivo 1H and 31P magnetic resonance study J Neurochem 90 1321 1330
55. CB Item S Stockler-Ipsiroglu C Stromberger A Muhl MG Alessandri MC Bianchi M Tosetti F Fornai G Cioni 2001 Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase deficiency: the third inborn error of creatine metabolism in humans Am J Hum Genet 69 1127 1133 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXotlGitLY%3D 11555793
56. P Kaldis W Hemmer E Zanolla D Holtzman T Wallimann 1996 'Hot spots' of creatine kinase localization in brain: cerebellum, hippocampus and choroid plexus Dev Neurosci 18 542 554 1:CAS:528:DyaK28Xntl2ntrk%3D 8940630
57. Kley RA, Vorgerd M, Tarnopolsky MA (2007) Creatine for treating muscle disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD004760
58. T Klopstock V Querner F Schmidt F Gekeler M Walter M Hartard M Henning T Gasser D Pongratz A Straube M Dieterich W Muller-Felber 2000 A placebo-controlled crossover trial of creatine in mitochondrial diseases Neurology 55 1748 1751 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXhtFOmtw%3D%3D 11113239
59. Y Koga H Takahashi D Oikawa T Tachibana DM Denbow M Furuse 2005 Brain creatine functions to attenuate acute stress responses through GABAnergic system in chicks Neuroscience 132 65 71 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXisVCnsbs%3D 15780467
60. C Kornblum R Schroder K Muller M Vorgerd J Eggers M Bogdanow A Papassotiropoulos K Fabian T Klockgether J Zange 2005 Creatine has no beneficial effect on skeletal muscle energy metabolism in patients with single mitochondrial DNA deletions: a placebo-controlled, double-blind 31P-MRS crossover study Eur J Neurol 12 300 309 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2M7nt1Oitg%3D%3D 15804248
61. RB Kreider C Melton CJ Rasmussen M Greenwood S Lancaster EC Cantler P Milnor AL Almada 2003 Long-term creatine supplementation does not significantly affect clinical markers of health in athletes Mol Cell Biochem 244 95 104 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXht12jsb8%3D 12701816
62. K Kuehl L Goldberg D Elliot 1998 Renal insufficiency after creatine supplementation in a college football athlete (abstract) Med Sci Sports Exerc 30 S235
63. F Kuethe A Krack BM Richartz HR Figulla 2006 Creatine supplementation improves muscle strength in patients with congestive heart failure Pharmazie 61 218 222 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xis1ajs7w%3D 16599263
64. M Lensman DE Korzhevskii VO Mourovets VB Kostkin N Izvarina L Perasso C Gandolfo VA Otellin SA Polenov M Balestrino 2006 Intracerebroventricular administration of creatine protects against damage by global cerebral ischemia in rat Brain Res 1114 187 194 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XpvFeltbc%3D 16949559
65. M Louis J Lebacq JR Poortmans MC Belpaire-Dethiou JP Devogelaer P Van Hecke F Goubel M Francaux 2003 Beneficial effects of creatine supplementation in dystrophic patients Muscle Nerve 27 604 610 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXktVSqtbs%3D 12707981
66. M Louis JR Poortmans M Francaux J Berre N Boisseau E Brassine DJ Cuthbertson K Smith JA Babraj T Waddell MJ Rennie 2003 No effect of creatine supplementation on human myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic protein synthesis after resistance exercise Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 285 E1089 E1094
67. DM Mancini N Ferraro M Tuchler B Chance JR Wilson 1988 Detection of abnormal calf muscle metabolism in patients with heart failure using phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance Am J Cardiol 62 1234 1240
68. K Marquis R Debigare Y Lacasse P LeBlanc J Jobin G Carrier F Maltais 2002 Midthigh muscle cross-sectional area is a better predictor of mortality than body mass index in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Am J Respir Crit Care Med 166 809 813
69. L Mazzini C Balzarini R Colombo G Mora I Pastore R De Ambrogio M Caligari 2001 Effects of creatine supplementation on exercise performance and muscular strength in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: preliminary results J Neurol Sci 191 139 144 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXnslCitbc%3D 11677005
70. T McMorris RC Harris J Swain J Corbett K Collard RJ Dyson L Dye C Hodgson N Draper 2006 Effect of creatine supplementation and sleep deprivation, with mild exercise, on cognitive and psychomotor performance, mood state, and plasma concentrations of catecholamines and cortisol Psychopharmacology (Berl) 185 93 103 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhslWnsro%3D
71. T McMorris RC Harris AN Howard G Langridge B Hall J Corbett M Dicks C Hodgson 2007 Creatine supplementation, sleep deprivation, cortisol, melatonin and behavior Physiol Behav 90 21 28 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhvVSmtA%3D%3D 17046034
72. T McMorris G Mielcarz RC Harris JP Swain A Howard 2007 Creatine supplementation and cognitive performance in elderly individuals Neuropsychol Dev Cogn B Aging Neuropsychol Cogn 14 517 528 17828627
73. LG Menezes C Sobreira L Neder AL Rodrigues-Junior JA Martinez 2007 Creatine supplementation attenuates corticosteroid-induced muscle wasting and impairment of exercise performance in rats J Appl Physiol 102 698 703 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXjtFyrsLc%3D 17053101
74. NET-PD N 2006 A randomized, double-blind, futility clinical trial of creatine and minocycline in early Parkinson disease Neurology 66 664 671
75. SL Nissen RL Sharp 2003 Effect of dietary supplements on lean mass and strength gains with resistance exercise: a meta-analysis J Appl Physiol 94 2 651 659 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXhsFelsrc%3D 12433852
76. S Olsen P Aagaard F Kadi G Tufekovic J Verney JL Olesen C Suetta M Kjaer 2006 Creatine supplementation augments the increase in satellite cell and myonuclei number in human skeletal muscle induced by strength training J Physiol 573 525 534 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XmtVait74%3D 16581862
77. B Op't Eijnde EA Richter JC Henquin B Kiens P Hespel 2001 Effect of creatine supplementation on creatine and glycogen content in rat skeletal muscle Acta Physiol Scand 171 169 176 (Pubitemid 33757151)
78. B Op't Eijnde H Jijakli P Hespel WJ Malaisse 2006 Creatine supplementation increases soleus muscle creatine content and lowers the insulinogenic index in an animal model of inherited type 2 diabetes Int J Mol Med 17 1077 1084 16685419
79. O Ozkan O Duman S Haspolat HE Ozgentas MB Dikici I Gurer HA Gungor A Guzide Gokhan 2005 Effect of systemic creatine monohydrate supplementation on denervated muscle during reinnervation: experimental study in the rat J Reconstr Microsurg 21 573 579 16292735
80. G Parise S Mihic D MacLennan KE Yarasheski MA Tarnopolsky 2001 Effects of acute creatine monohydrate supplementation on leucine kinetics and mixed-muscle protein synthesis J Appl Physiol 91 1041 1047 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXmvV2qsb4%3D 11509496
81. AC Passaquin M Renard L Kay C Challet A Mokhtarian T Wallimann UT Ruegg 2002 Creatine supplementation reduces skeletal muscle degeneration and enhances mitochondrial function in mdx mice Neuromuscul Disord 12 174 182 11738360
82. BK Pedersen B Saltin 2006 Evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in chronic disease Scand J Med Sci Sports 16 Suppl 1 3 63 16451303
83. JR Poortmans 1998 Renal dysfunction accompanying oral creatine supplements: reply Lancet 352 234 1:STN:280:DyaK1czks1OltA%3D%3D 9683236
84. JR Poortmans M Francaux 1999 Long-term oral creatine supplementation does not impair renal function in healthy athletes Med Sci Sports Exerc 31 1108 1110 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXlsVCqsr4%3D 10449011
85. JR Poortmans M Francaux 2000 Adverse effects of creatine supplementation: fact or fiction? Sports Med 30 155 170 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3cvks1ynuw%3D%3D 10999421
86. Poortmans JR, Francaux M (2008) Creatine consumption in health. In: Stout JR, Antonio J, Kalman D (eds) Essentials of creatine in sports and health. Humana Press, Totawa, pp 127-172
87. JR Poortmans H Auquier V Renaut A Durussel M Saugy GR Brisson 1997 Effect of short-term creatine supplementation on renal responses in men Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 76 566 567 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXnslSms70%3D 9404870
88. JR Poortmans A Kumps P Duez A Fofonka A Carpentier M Francaux 2005 Effect of oral creatine supplementation on urinary methylamine, formaldehyde, and formate Med Sci Sports Exerc 37 1717 1720 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtFKmsbzJ 16260971
89. NR Pritchard PA Kalra 1998 Renal dysfunction accompanying oral creatine supplements Lancet 351 1252 1253 1:STN:280:DyaK1czgsF2jtw%3D%3D 9643752
90. AG Rabchevsky PG Sullivan I Fugaccia SW Scheff 2003 Creatine diet supplement for spinal cord injury: influences on functional recovery and tissue sparing in rats J Neurotrauma 20 659 669 12908927
91. ES Rawson PM Clarkson TB Price MP Miles 2002 Differential response of muscle phosphocreatine to creatine supplementation in young and old subjects Acta Physiol Scand 174 57 65 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xlt1Kltg%3D%3D 11851597
92. TM Robinson DA Sewell A Casey G Steenge PL Greenhaff 2000 Dietary creatine supplementation does not affect some haematological indices, or indices of muscle damage and hepatic and renal function Br J Sports Med 34 284 288 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M%2FktlSksQ%3D%3D 10953902
93. H Ryu HD Rosas SM Hersch RJ Ferrante 2005 The therapeutic role of creatine in Huntington's disease Pharmacol Ther 108 193 207 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD2MXhtFKhsrrJ 16055197
94. A Safdar NJ Yardley R Snow S Melov MA Tarnopolsky 2008 Global and targeted gene expression and protein content in skeletal muscle of young men following short-term creatine monohydrate supplementation Physiol Genomics 32 219 228 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXmt1Wjtbc%3D 17957000
95. G Sakellaris M Kotsiou M Tamiolaki G Kalostos E Tsapaki M Spanaki M Spilioti G Charissis A Evangeliou 2006 Prevention of complications related to traumatic brain injury in children and adolescents with creatine administration: an open label randomized pilot study J Trauma 61 322 329 1:STN:280: DC%2BD28rhtlOgtw%3D%3D 16917445
96. GS Salomons SJ van Dooren NM Verhoeven KM Cecil WS Ball TJ Degrauw C Jakobs 2001 X-linked creatine-transporter gene (SLC6A8) defect: a new creatine-deficiency syndrome Am J Hum Genet 68 1497 1500 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD3MXltFeqsbg%3D 11326334
97. AH Schapira JM Cooper D Dexter JB Clark P Jenner CD Marsden 1990 Mitochondrial complex I deficiency in Parkinson's disease J Neurochem 54 823 827 1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXhsFKiur4%3D 2154550
98. SW Scheff HS Dhillon 2004 Creatine-enhanced diet alters levels of lactate and free fatty acids after experimental brain injury Neurochem Res 29 469 479 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXosFGhsQ%3D%3D 15002746
99. C Schneider-Gold M Beck C Wessig A George H Kele K Reiners KV Toyka 2003 Creatine monohydrate in DM2/PROMM: a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical study. Proximal myotonic myopathy Neurology 60 500 502 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD3sXlt1SrtQ%3D%3D 12578937
100. A Schulze 2003 Creatine deficiency syndromes Mol Cell Biochem 244 143 150 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXht12jtrk%3D 12701824
101. DA Sewell RC Harris 1995 Effect of creatine supplementation in the thoroughbred horse Equine Vet J 18 239 242
102. JM Shefner ME Cudkowicz D Schoenfeld T Conrad J Taft M Chilton L Urbinelli M Qureshi H Zhang A Pestronk J Caress P Donofrio E Sorenson W Bradley C Lomen-Hoerth E Pioro K Rezania M Ross R Pascuzzi T Heiman-Patterson R Tandan H Mitsumoto J Rothstein T Smith-Palmer D MacDonald D Burke 2004 A clinical trial of creatine in ALS Neurology 63 1656 1661 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2crmt1egtA%3D%3D 15534251
103. CA Smith RD Chetlin L Gutmann RA Yeater SE Alway 2006 Effects of exercise and creatine on myosin heavy chain isoform composition in patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease Muscle Nerve 34 586 594 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xht1Cms7jM 16881064
104. D Somjen AM Kaye 1994 Stimulation by insulin-like growth factor-I of creatine kinase activity in skeletal-derived cells and tissues of male and female rats J Endocrinol 143 251 259 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXit1ymtrg%3D 7829990
105. D Somjen AM Kaye GA Rodan I Binderman 1985 Regulation of creatine kinase activity in rat osteogenic sarcoma cell clones by parathyroid hormone, prostaglandin E2, and vitamin D metabolites Calcif Tissue Int 37 635 638 1:CAS:528:DyaL28Xmt1ymsA%3D%3D 3937588
106. S Stockler U Holzbach F Hanefeld I Marquardt G Helms M Requart W Hanicke J Frahm 1994 Creatine deficiency in the brain: a new, treatable inborn error of metabolism Pediatr Res 36 409 413 1:STN:280:DyaK2M7gslOgsA%3D%3D 7808840
107. S Stockler F Hanefeld J Frahm 1996 Creatine replacement therapy in guanidinoacetate methyltransferase deficiency, a novel inborn error of metabolism Lancet 348 789 790 1:STN:280:DyaK28vgvFSjsQ%3D%3D 8813986 (Pubitemid 26308483)
108. JR Stout B Sue Graves JT Cramer ER Goldstein PB Costa AE Smith AA Walter 2007 Effects of creatine supplementation on the onset of neuromuscular fatigue threshold and muscle strength in elderly men and women (64-86 years) J Nutr Health Aging 11 459 464 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXntlWquw%3D%3D 17985060
109. SJ Tabrizi AM Blamire DN Manners B Rajagopalan P Styles AH Schapira TT Warner 2003 Creatine therapy for Huntington's disease: clinical and MRS findings in a 1-year pilot study Neurology 61 141 142 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3szhvVSrsw%3D%3D 12847181
110. SJ Tabrizi AM Blamire DN Manners B Rajagopalan P Styles AH Schapira TT Warner 2005 High-dose creatine therapy for Huntington disease: a 2-year clinical and MRS study Neurology 64 1655 1656 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXjsVCjsbY%3D 15883340
111. MA Tarnopolsky 2007 Clinical use of creatine in neuromuscular and neurometabolic disorders Subcell Biochem 46 183 204 18652078
112. M Tarnopolsky J Martin 1999 Creatine monohydrate increases strength in patients with neuromuscular disease Neurology 52 854 857 1:CAS:528: DyaK1MXhvFGgsbg%3D 10078740
113. MA Tarnopolsky G Parise 1999 Direct measurement of high-energy phosphate compounds in patients with neuromuscular disease Muscle Nerve 22 1228 1233 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXmtV2itbY%3D 10454718
114. MA Tarnopolsky BD Roy JR MacDonald 1997 A randomized, controlled trial of creatine monohydrate in patients with mitochondrial cytopathies Muscle Nerve 20 1502 1509 1:STN:280:DyaK1c%2FltFShug%3D%3D 9390662
115. MA Tarnopolsky G Parise NJ Yardley CS Ballantyne S Olatinji SM Phillips 2001 Creatine-dextrose and protein-dextrose induce similar strength gains during training Med Sci Sports Exerc 33 2044 2052 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XitFaqtg%3D%3D 11740297
116. MA Tarnopolsky JM Bourgeois R Snow S Keys BD Roy JM Kwiecien J Turnbull 2003 Histological assessment of intermediate- and long-term creatine monohydrate supplementation in mice and rats Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 285 R762 R769
117. M Tarnopolsky D Mahoney T Thompson H Naylor TJ Doherty 2004 Creatine monohydrate supplementation does not increase muscle strength, lean body mass, or muscle phosphocreatine in patients with myotonic dystrophy type 1 Muscle Nerve 29 51 58
118. MA Tarnopolsky DJ Mahoney J Vajsar C Rodriguez TJ Doherty BD Roy D Biggar 2004 Creatine monohydrate enhances strength and body composition in Duchenne muscular dystrophy Neurology 62 1771 1777
119. RL Terjung P Clarkson ER Eichner PL Greenhaff PJ Hespel RG Israel WJ Kraemer RA Meyer LL Spriet MA Tarnopolsky AJ Wagenmakers MH Williams 2000 American College of Sports Medicine roundtable. The physiological and health effects of oral creatine supplementation Med Sci Sports Exerc 32 706 717 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXit1yrtL0%3D 10731017
120. B Thorsteinsdottir JP Grande VD Garovic 2006 Acute renal failure in a young weight lifter taking multiple food supplements, including creatine monohydrate J Ren Nutr 16 341 345 17046619
121. P Verbessem J Lemiere BO Eijnde S Swinnen L Vanhees M Van Leemputte P Hespel R Dom 2003 Creatine supplementation in Huntington's disease: a placebo-controlled pilot trial Neurology 61 925 930 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD3sXns1Chsb8%3D 14557561
122. KA Volaklis SP Tokmakidis 2005 Resistance exercise training in patients with heart failure Sports Med 35 1085 1103 16336010
123. M Vorgerd T Grehl M Jager K Muller G Freitag T Patzold N Bruns K Fabian M Tegenthoff W Mortier A Luttmann J Zange JP Malin 2000 Creatine therapy in myophosphorylase deficiency (McArdle disease): a placebo-controlled crossover trial Arch Neurol 57 956 963 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3czltF2nuw%3D%3D 10891977
124. M Vorgerd J Zange R Kley T Grehl A Husing M Jager K Muller R Schroder W Mortier K Fabian JP Malin A Luttmann 2002 Effect of high-dose creatine therapy on symptoms of exercise intolerance in McArdle disease: double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study Arch Neurol 59 97 101 11790236
125. T Wallimann W Hemmer 1994 Creatine kinase in non-muscle tissues and cells Mol Cell Biochem 133-134 193 220 7808454
126. MC Walter H Lochmuller P Reilich T Klopstock R Huber M Hartard M Hennig D Pongratz W Muller-Felber 2000 Creatine monohydrate in muscular dystrophies: a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study Neurology 54 1848 1850 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXktVCnu7s%3D 10802796
127. MC Walter P Reilich H Lochmuller R Kohnen B Schlotter H Hautmann E Dunkl D Pongratz W Muller-Felber 2002 Creatine monohydrate in myotonic dystrophy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study J Neurol 249 1717 1722 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXhsFygt7g%3D 12529796
128. A Watanabe N Kato T Kato 2002 Effects of creatine on mental fatigue and cerebral hemoglobin oxygenation Neurosci Res 42 279 285 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD38Xjt1Srt7s%3D 11985880
129. RG Weiss G Gerstenblith PA Bottomley 2005 ATP flux through creatine kinase in the normal, stressed, and failing human heart Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102 808 813 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXis1Cqsbo%3D 15647364
130. S Wendt A Dedeoglu O Speer T Wallimann MF Beal OA Andreassen 2002 Reduced creatine kinase activity in transgenic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mice Free Radic Biol Med 32 920 926 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XjtVeisrs%3D 11978494
131. M Wyss R Kaddurah-Daouk 2000 Creatine and creatinine metabolism Physiol Rev 80 1107 1213 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXlsFWjsb8%3D 10893433