메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 166, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 7-20

Botulinum neurotoxin;La neurotoxine botulinique

Author keywords

Botulinum toxin; Central nervous system; Dissemination; Myorelaxing action; Neuromuscular junction

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCHOLINE; ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE; BOTULINUM TOXIN;

EID: 76349088984     PISSN: 00353787     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2009.09.004     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (9)

References (121)
  • 4
    • 33748769520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A structural perspective of the sequence variability within botulinum neurotoxin subtypes A1-A4
    • J.W. Arndt, M.J. Jacobson, E.E. Abola, C.M. Forsyth, W.H. Tepp, J.D. Marks, et al. A structural perspective of the sequence variability within botulinum neurotoxin subtypes A1-A4 J Mol Biol 362 2006 733 742
    • (2006) J Mol Biol , vol.362 , pp. 733-742
    • Arndt, J.W.1    Jacobson, M.J.2    Abola, E.E.3    Forsyth, C.M.4    Tepp, W.H.5    Marks, J.D.6
  • 6
    • 3042774054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Basic immunological aspects of botulinum toxin therapy
    • M.Z. Atassi Basic immunological aspects of botulinum toxin therapy Mov Disord 19 Suppl. 8 2004 S68 84
    • (2004) Mov Disord , vol.19 , Issue.SUPPL. 8
    • Atassi, M.Z.1
  • 7
    • 84882884204 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Properties of pharmaceutical products of botulinum neurotoxins
    • J. Jankovic A. Albanese M.Z. Atassi J.O. Dolly M. Hallett N.H. Mayer, editors. Saunders Elsevier
    • H. Bigalke Properties of pharmaceutical products of botulinum neurotoxins J. Jankovic A. Albanese M.Z. Atassi J.O. Dolly M. Hallett N.H. Mayer, editors. Botulinum toxin - Therapeutic clinical practice and science 2009 Saunders Elsevier 389 397
    • (2009) Botulinum Toxin - Therapeutic Clinical Practice and Science , pp. 389-397
    • Bigalke, H.1
  • 9
    • 65949090949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cell entry strategy of clostridial neurotoxins
    • T. Binz, and A. Rummel Cell entry strategy of clostridial neurotoxins J Neurochem 109 2009 1584 1595
    • (2009) J Neurochem , vol.109 , pp. 1584-1595
    • Binz, T.1    Rummel, A.2
  • 11
    • 34047201026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative antigenicity of employees of Merz Pharmaceuticals which sponsored all the three preparations of botulinum neurotoxin type A in the rabbit
    • J. Blümel, J. Frevert, and A. Schwaier Comparative antigenicity of employees of Merz Pharmaceuticals which sponsored all the three preparations of botulinum neurotoxin type A in the rabbit Neurotox Res 9 2006 238
    • (2006) Neurotox Res , vol.9 , pp. 238
    • Blümel, J.1    Frevert, J.2    Schwaier, A.3
  • 12
    • 0026642233 scopus 로고
    • Effects of repeated botulinum toxin injections on orbicularis oculi muscle
    • G.E. Borodic, and R. Ferrante Effects of repeated botulinum toxin injections on orbicularis oculi muscle J Clin Neuroophthalmol 12 1992 121 127
    • (1992) J Clin Neuroophthalmol , vol.12 , pp. 121-127
    • Borodic, G.E.1    Ferrante, R.2
  • 13
    • 11144341950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Substrate recognition strategy for butulinum neurotoxin serotype A
    • DOI 10.1038/nature03123
    • M.A. Breidenbach, and A.T. Brunger Substrate recognition strategy for botulinum neurotoxin serotype A Nature 432 2004 925 929 (Pubitemid 40037157)
    • (2004) Nature , vol.432 , Issue.7019 , pp. 925-929
    • Breidenbach, M.A.1    Brunger, A.T.2
  • 14
    • 0002301979 scopus 로고
    • The action of botulinum toxin on the neuromuscular junction
    • (Lond)
    • A.S.V. Burgen, F. Dickens, and L.T. Zatman The action of botulinum toxin on the neuromuscular junction J Physiol (Lond) 109 1949 10 24
    • (1949) J Physiol , vol.109 , pp. 10-24
    • Burgen, A.S.V.1    Dickens, F.2    Zatman, L.T.3
  • 15
    • 61849158286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A reappraisal of the central effects of botulinum neurotoxin type A: By what mechanism?
    • M. Caleo, F. Antonucci, L. Restani, and R. Mazzocchio A reappraisal of the central effects of botulinum neurotoxin type A: by what mechanism? J Neurochem 109 2009 15 24
    • (2009) J Neurochem , vol.109 , pp. 15-24
    • Caleo, M.1    Antonucci, F.2    Restani, L.3    Mazzocchio, R.4
  • 16
    • 68849129297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Central effects of tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins
    • M. Caleo, and G. Schiavo Central effects of tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins Toxicon 54 2009 593 599
    • (2009) Toxicon , vol.54 , pp. 593-599
    • Caleo, M.1    Schiavo, G.2
  • 17
    • 33845885528 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structural basis of cell surface receptor recognition by botulinum neurotoxin B
    • DOI 10.1038/nature05411, PII NATURE05411
    • Q. Chai, J.W. Arndt, M. Dong, W.H. Tepp, E.A. Johnson, and E.R. Chapman Structural basis of cell surface receptor recognition by botulinum neurotoxin B Nature 444 2006 1096 1100 (Pubitemid 46018532)
    • (2006) Nature , vol.444 , Issue.7122 , pp. 1096-1100
    • Chai, Q.1    Arndt, J.W.2    Dong, M.3    Tepp, W.H.4    Johnson, E.A.5    Chapman, E.R.6    Stevens, R.C.7
  • 18
    • 0031866118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biophysical characterization of the stability of the 150-kilodalton botulinum toxin, the nontoxic component, and the 900-kilodalton botulinum toxin complex species
    • F. Chen, G.M. Kuziemko, and R.C. Stevens Biophysical characterization of the stability of the 150-kilodalton botulinum toxin, the nontoxic component, and the 900-kilodalton botulinum toxin complex species Infect Immun 66 1998 2420 2425 (Pubitemid 28261733)
    • (1998) Infection and Immunity , vol.66 , Issue.6 , pp. 2420-2425
    • Chen, F.1    Kuziemko, G.M.2    Stevens, R.C.3
  • 20
    • 38949200265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Different formulations of botulinum toxin type A have different migration characteristics: A double-blind, randomized study
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1473-2165.2008.00361.x
    • S.H. Cliff, H. Judodihardjo, and E. Eltringham Different formulations of botulinum toxin type A have different migration characteristics: a double-blind, randomized study J Cosmet Dermatol 7 2008 50 54 (Pubitemid 351228167)
    • (2008) Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology , vol.7 , Issue.1 , pp. 50-54
    • Cliff, S.H.1    Judodihardjo, H.2    Eltringham, E.3
  • 21
    • 38049148290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Receptor-mediated transcytosis of botulinum neurotoxin a through intestinal cell monolayers
    • A. Couesnon, Y. Pereira, and M.R. Popoff Receptor-mediated transcytosis of botulinum neurotoxin A through intestinal cell monolayers Cell Microbiol 10 2008 375 387
    • (2008) Cell Microbiol , vol.10 , pp. 375-387
    • Couesnon, A.1    Pereira, Y.2    Popoff, M.R.3
  • 22
    • 2942581451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Central effects of botulinum toxin type A: Evidence and supposition
    • A. Curra, C. Trompetto, G. Abbruzzese, and A. Berardelli Central effects of botulinum toxin type A: evidence and supposition Mov Disord 19 Suppl 8 2004 S60 S64
    • (2004) Mov Disord , vol.19 , Issue.SUPPL. 8
    • Curra, A.1    Trompetto, C.2    Abbruzzese, G.3    Berardelli, A.4
  • 23
    • 0014024752 scopus 로고
    • Chromatographic fractionation of the crystalline toxin of Clostridium botulinum type A
    • B.R. DasGupta, D.A. Boroff, and E. Rothstein Chromatographic fractionation of the crystalline toxin of Clostridium botulinum type A Biochem Biophys Res Commun 22 1966 750 756
    • (1966) Biochem Biophys Res Commun , vol.22 , pp. 750-756
    • DasGupta, B.R.1    Boroff, D.A.2    Rothstein, E.3
  • 24
    • 0033055065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional repair of motor endplates after botulinum neurotoxin type a poisoning: Biphasic switch of synaptic activity between nerve sprouts and their parent terminals
    • DOI 10.1073/pnas.96.6.3200
    • A. de Paiva, F. Meunier, J. Molgó, K.R. Aoki, and J.O. Dolly Functional repair of motor endpates after botulinum neurotoxin type A poisoning: biphasic switch of synaptic activity between nerve sprouts and their parent terminals Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96 1999 3200 3205 (Pubitemid 29148868)
    • (1999) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , vol.96 , Issue.6 , pp. 3200-3205
    • De Paiva, A.1    Meunier, F.A.2    Molgo, J.3    Aoki, K.R.4    Dolly, J.O.5
  • 25
    • 33748777674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mapping of the regions on the heavy chain of botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) recognized by antibodies of cervical dystonia patients with immunoresistance to BoNT/A
    • DOI 10.1016/j.molimm.2006.03.011, PII S0161589006001088
    • B.Z. Dolimbek, K.R. Aoki, L.E. Steward, J. Jankovic, and M.Z. Atassi Mapping of the regions on the heavy chain of botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) recognized by antibodies of cervical dystonia patients with immunoresistance to BoNT/A Mol Immunol 44 2007 1029 1041 (Pubitemid 44414991)
    • (2007) Molecular Immunology , vol.44 , Issue.5 , pp. 1029-1041
    • Dolimbek, B.Z.1    Aoki, K.R.2    Steward, L.E.3    Jankovic, J.4    Atassi, M.Z.5
  • 26
    • 0021243873 scopus 로고
    • Acceptors for botulinum neurotoxin reside on motor nerve terminals and mediate its internalization
    • J.O. Dolly, J. Black, R.S. Williams, and J. Melling Acceptors for botulinum neurotoxin reside on motor nerve terminals and mediate its internalization Nature 307 1984 457 460 (Pubitemid 14132060)
    • (1984) Nature , vol.307 , Issue.5950 , pp. 457-460
    • Dolly, J.O.1    Black, J.2    Williams, R.S.3    Melling, J.4
  • 27
    • 33646248918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SV2 is the protein receptor for botulinum neurotoxin A
    • M. Dong, F. Yeh, W.H. Tepp, C. Dean, E.A. Johnson, R. Janz, et al. SV2 is the protein receptor for botulinum neurotoxin A Science 312 2006 592 596
    • (2006) Science , vol.312 , pp. 592-596
    • Dong, M.1    Yeh, F.2    Tepp, W.H.3    Dean, C.4    Johnson, E.A.5    Janz, R.6
  • 28
    • 58549094719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glycosylated SV2A and SV2B mediate the entry of botulinum neurotoxin E into neurons
    • M. Dong, H. Liu, W.H. Tepp, E.A. Johnson, R. Janz, and E.R. Chapman Glycosylated SV2A and SV2B mediate the entry of botulinum neurotoxin E into neurons Mol Biol Cell 19 2008 5226 5237
    • (2008) Mol Biol Cell , vol.19 , pp. 5226-5237
    • Dong, M.1    Liu, H.2    Tepp, W.H.3    Johnson, E.A.4    Janz, R.5    Chapman, E.R.6
  • 29
    • 38049036925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanism of botulinum neurotoxin B and G entry into hippocampal neurons
    • M. Dong, W.H. Tepp, H. Liu, E.A. Johnson, and E.R. Chapman Mechanism of botulinum neurotoxin B and G entry into hippocampal neurons J Cell Biol 179 2007 1511 1522
    • (2007) J Cell Biol , vol.179 , pp. 1511-1522
    • Dong, M.1    Tepp, W.H.2    Liu, H.3    Johnson, E.A.4    Chapman, E.R.5
  • 30
    • 17144377560 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Botulinum toxin: Mechanisms of action
    • DOI 10.1159/000083259
    • D. Dressler, and F. Adib Saberi Botulinum toxin: mechanisms of action Eur Neurol 53 2005 3 9 (Pubitemid 40522824)
    • (2005) European Neurology , vol.53 , Issue.1 , pp. 3-9
    • Dressler, D.1    Saberi, F.A.2
  • 31
    • 36549049448 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacology of therapeutic botulinum toxin preparations
    • D. Dressler, and R. Benecke Pharmacology of therapeutic botulinum toxin preparations Disabil Rehabil 29 2007 761 768
    • (2007) Disabil Rehabil , vol.29 , pp. 761-768
    • Dressler, D.1    Benecke, R.2
  • 32
    • 9244247668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibody-induced failure of botulinum toxin type B therapy in de novo patients
    • DOI 10.1159/000081463
    • D. Dressler, and H. Bigalke Antibody-induced failure of botulinum toxin type B therapy in de novo patients Eur Neurol 52 2004 132 135 (Pubitemid 39551719)
    • (2004) European Neurology , vol.52 , Issue.3 , pp. 132-135
    • Dressler, D.1    Bigalke, H.2
  • 33
    • 33645107639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunological aspects of Botox®, Dysport® and Myobloc®/NeuroBloc®
    • D. Dressler, and M. Hallett Immunological aspects of Botox®, Dysport® and Myobloc®/NeuroBloc® Eur J Neurol 13 Suppl 1 2006 11 15
    • (2006) Eur J Neurol , vol.13 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 11-15
    • Dressler, D.1    Hallett, M.2
  • 34
    • 0036044484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical features of antibody-induced complete secondary failure of botulinum toxin therapy
    • DOI 10.1159/000064953
    • D. Dressler Clinical features of antibody-induced complete secondary failure of botulinum toxin therapy Eur Neurol 48 2002 26 29 (Pubitemid 34899274)
    • (2002) European Neurology , vol.48 , Issue.1 , pp. 26-29
    • Dressler, D.1
  • 35
    • 68849088586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dissociation of the 900 kDa neurotoxin complex from Clostridium botulinum under physiological conditions
    • K.H. Eisele, and H.V. Taylor Dissociation of the 900 kDa neurotoxin complex from Clostridium botulinum under physiological conditions Toxicon 51 Suppl. 1 2008 10
    • (2008) Toxicon , vol.51 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 10
    • Eisele, K.H.1    Taylor, H.V.2
  • 36
    • 42149190017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From poison to remedy: The chequered history of botulinum toxin
    • F.J. Erbguth From poison to remedy: the chequered history of botulinum toxin J Neural Transm 115 2008 559 565
    • (2008) J Neural Transm , vol.115 , pp. 559-565
    • Erbguth, F.J.1
  • 40
    • 0037428398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of the therapeutic usefulness of botulinum neurotoxin B, C1, E, and F compared with the long lasting type A: Basis for distinct durations of inhibition of exocytosis in central neurons
    • DOI 10.1074/jbc.M209821200
    • P.G. Foran, N. Mohammed, G.O. Lisk, S. Nagwaney, G.W. Lawrence, and E. Johnson Evaluation of the therapeutic usefulness of botulinum neurotoxin B, C1, E, and F compared with the long lasting type A. Basis for distinct durations of inhibition of exocytosis in central neurons J Biol Chem. 278 2003 1363 1371 (Pubitemid 36790822)
    • (2003) Journal of Biological Chemistry , vol.278 , Issue.2 , pp. 1363-1371
    • Foran, P.G.1    Mohammed, N.2    Lisk, G.O.3    Nagwaney, S.4    Lawrence, G.W.5    Johnson, E.6    Smith, L.7    Roger Aoki, K.8    Dolly, J.O.9
  • 41
    • 0036428574 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Time course of motor cortex reorganization following botulinum toxin injection into the vibrissal pad of the adult rat
    • DOI 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02195.x
    • G. Franchi Time course of motor cortex reorganization following botulinum toxin injection into the vibrissal pad of the adult rat Eur J Neurosci 16 2002 1333 1348 (Pubitemid 35340857)
    • (2002) European Journal of Neuroscience , vol.16 , Issue.7 , pp. 1333-1348
    • Franchi, G.1
  • 42
    • 8144224609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Time course for the reappearance of vibrissal motor representation following botulinum toxin injection into the vibrissal pad of the adult rat
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03653.x
    • G. Franchi, and C. Veronesi Time course for the reappearance of vibrissal motor representation following botulinum toxin injection into the vibrissal pad of the adult rat Eur J Neurosci 20 2004 1873 1884 (Pubitemid 39471581)
    • (2004) European Journal of Neuroscience , vol.20 , Issue.7 , pp. 1873-1884
    • Franchi, G.1    Veronesi, C.2
  • 43
    • 33745698456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A novel type A2 neurotoxin gene cluster in Clostridium botulinum strain Mascarpone
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00331.x
    • G. Franciosa, A. Maugliani, F. Floridi, and P. Aureli A novel type A2 neurotoxin gene cluster in Clostridium botulinum strain Mascarpone FEMS Microbiol Lett. 261 2006 88 94 (Pubitemid 43999706)
    • (2006) FEMS Microbiology Letters , vol.261 , Issue.1 , pp. 88-94
    • Franciosa, G.1    Maugliani, A.2    Floridi, F.3    Aureli, P.4
  • 44
    • 0020073392 scopus 로고
    • Bacterial toxins: A table of lethal amounts
    • D.M. Gill Bacterial toxins: a table of lethal amounts Microbiol Rev 46 1982 86 94
    • (1982) Microbiol Rev , vol.46 , pp. 86-94
    • Gill, D.M.1
  • 45
    • 0031239673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Botulinum a toxin therapy: Neutralizing and nonneutralizing antibodies - Therapeutic consequences
    • DOI 10.1006/exnr.1997.6580
    • H. Göschel, K. Wohlfarth, J. Frevert, R. Dengler, and H. Bigalke Botulinum A toxin therapy: neutralizing and nonneutralizing antibodies - therapeutic consequences Exp Neurol 147 1997 96 102 (Pubitemid 27402446)
    • (1997) Experimental Neurology , vol.147 , Issue.1 , pp. 96-102
    • Goschel, H.1    Wohlfarth, K.2    Frevert, J.3    Dengler, R.4    Bigalke, H.5
  • 46
    • 3242792543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physiological effects of botulinum toxin in spasticity
    • J.M. Gracies Physiological effects of botulinum toxin in spasticity Mov Disord 19 Suppl 8 2004 S120 S128
    • (2004) Mov Disord , vol.19 , Issue.SUPPL. 8
    • Gracies, J.M.1
  • 48
    • 0041494099 scopus 로고
    • Structure-activity relationships of tetanus in comparison to botulinum toxins
    • G. Nistico B. Bizzini B. Bytchenko R. Triau, editors. Pythagora Press
    • E. Habermann, and U. Weller Structure-activity relationships of tetanus in comparison to botulinum toxins G. Nistico B. Bizzini B. Bytchenko R. Triau, editors. Eighth International Conference on Tetanus: Rome-Milan 1989 Pythagora Press 43 50
    • (1989) Eighth International Conference on Tetanus: Rome-Milan , pp. 43-50
    • Habermann, E.1    Weller, U.2
  • 49
    • 0016392380 scopus 로고
    • 125I-labeled neurotoxin from Clostridium botulinum A: Preparation, binding to synaptosomes and ascent to the spinal cord. Naunyn Schmiedebergs
    • 125I-labeled neurotoxin from Clostridium botulinum A: preparation, binding to synaptosomes and ascent to the spinal cord. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 281 1974 47 56
    • (1974) Arch Pharmacol , vol.281 , pp. 47-56
    • Habermann, E.1
  • 52
    • 0027384601 scopus 로고
    • Botulinum toxin paralysis of the orbicularis oculi muscle Types and time course of alterations in muscle structure physiology and lid kinematics
    • A.K. Horn, J.D. Porter, and C. Evinger Botulinum toxin paralysis of the orbicularis oculi muscle. Types and time course of alterations in muscle structure, physiology and lid kinematics Exp. Brain Res 96 1993 39 53 (Pubitemid 23332177)
    • (1993) Experimental Brain Research , vol.96 , Issue.1 , pp. 39-53
    • Horn, A.K.E.1    Porter, J.D.2    Evinger, C.3
  • 55
    • 33845871995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Botulinum neurotoxin B recognizes its protein receptor with high affinity and specificity
    • DOI 10.1038/nature05387, PII NATURE05387
    • R. Jin, A. Rummel, T. Binz, and A.T. Brunger Botulinum neurotoxin B recognizes its protein receptor with high affinity and specificity Nature 444 2006 1092 1095 (Pubitemid 46018531)
    • (2006) Nature , vol.444 , Issue.7122 , pp. 1092-1095
    • Jin, R.1    Rummel, A.2    Binz, T.3    Brunger, A.T.4
  • 56
    • 61449163955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disruption of the epithelial barrier by botulinum haemagglutinin (HA) proteins - Differences in cell tropism and the mechanism of action between HA proteins of types a or B, and HA proteins of type C
    • Y. Jin, Y. Takegahara, Y. Sugawara, T. Matsumura, and Y. Fujinaga Disruption of the epithelial barrier by botulinum haemagglutinin (HA) proteins - differences in cell tropism and the mechanism of action between HA proteins of types A or B, and HA proteins of type C Microbiology. 155 2009 35 45
    • (2009) Microbiology , vol.155 , pp. 35-45
    • Jin, Y.1    Takegahara, Y.2    Sugawara, Y.3    Matsumura, T.4    Fujinaga, Y.5
  • 57
    • 34047207959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Botulinum neurotoxin type A free of complexing proteins (XEOMIN) in focal dystonia
    • DOI 10.2165/00003495-200767050-00003
    • W.H. Jost, J. Blümel, and S. Grafe Botulinum neurotoxin type A free of complexing proteins (XEOMIN) in focal dystonia Drugs. 67 2007 669 683 (Pubitemid 46535642)
    • (2007) Drugs , vol.67 , Issue.5 , pp. 669-683
    • Jost, W.H.1    Blumel, J.2    Grafe, S.3
  • 58
    • 0029898538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nerve terminal sprouting in botulinum type-A treated mouse levator auris longus muscle
    • DOI 10.1016/0960-8966(96)00041-7
    • P. Juzans, J.X. Comella, J. Molgó, L. Faille, and D. Angaut-Petit Nerve terminal sprouting in botulinum type-A treated mouse levator auris longus muscle Neuromuscul Disord. 6 1996 177 185 (Pubitemid 26171260)
    • (1996) Neuromuscular Disorders , vol.6 , Issue.3 , pp. 177-185
    • Juzans, P.1    Comella, J.X.2    Molgo, J.3    Faille, L.4    Angaut-Petit, D.5
  • 60
    • 0018867612 scopus 로고
    • Interaction between Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin and gangliosides
    • M. Kitamura, M. Iwamori, and Y. Nagai Interaction between Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin and gangliosides Biochim Biophys Acta. 628 1980 328 335 (Pubitemid 10119130)
    • (1980) Biochimica et Biophysica Acta , vol.628 , Issue.3 , pp. 328-335
    • Kitamura, M.1    Iwamori, M.2    Nagai, Y.3
  • 61
    • 37848998698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neutralizing antibodies in dystonic patients who still respond well to botulinum toxin type A
    • G. Kranz, T. Sycha, B. Voller, G.S. Kranz, P. Schnider, and E. Auff Neutralizing antibodies in dystonic patients who still respond well to botulinum toxin type A Neurology 70 2008 133 136
    • (2008) Neurology , vol.70 , pp. 133-136
    • Kranz, G.1    Sycha, T.2    Voller, B.3    Kranz, G.S.4    Schnider, P.5    Auff, E.6
  • 62
    • 0037222077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Translocation of botulinum neurotoxin light chain protease through the heavy chain channel
    • DOI 10.1038/nsb879
    • L.K. Koriazova, and M. Montal Translocation of botulinum neurotoxin light chain protease through the heavy chain channel Nat Struct Biol. 10 2003 13 18 (Pubitemid 36034171)
    • (2003) Nature Structural Biology , vol.10 , Issue.1 , pp. 13-18
    • Koriazova, L.K.1    Montal, M.2
  • 63
    • 0031712779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crystal structure of botulinum neurotoxin type A and implications for toxicity
    • DOI 10.1038/2338
    • D.B. Lacy, W. Tepp, A.C. Cohen, B.R. DasGupta, and R.C. Stevens Crystal structure of botulinum neurotoxin type A and implications for toxicity Nat Struct Biol. 5 1998 898 902 (Pubitemid 28467413)
    • (1998) Nature Structural Biology , vol.5 , Issue.10 , pp. 898-902
    • Lacy, D.B.1    Tepp, W.2    Cohen, A.C.3    DasGupta, B.R.4    Stevens, R.C.5
  • 64
    • 0001887512 scopus 로고
    • Botulinum toxin (type A); including a study of shaking with chloroform as a step in the isolation procedure
    • C. Lamanna, H.W. Eklund, and O.E. McElroy Botulinum toxin (type A); including a study of shaking with chloroform as a step in the isolation procedure J Bacteriol. 52 1946 1 13
    • (1946) J Bacteriol , vol.52 , pp. 1-13
    • Lamanna, C.1    Eklund, H.W.2    McElroy, O.E.3
  • 65
    • 27744451445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Production of anti-neurotoxin antibody is enhanced by two subcomponents, HA1 and HA3b, of Clostridium botulinum type B 16S toxin-haemagglutinin
    • DOI 10.1099/mic.0.28421-0
    • J.C. Lee, K. Yokota, H. Arimitsu, H.J. Hwang, Y. Sakaguchi, and J. Cui Production of anti-neurotoxin antibody is enhanced by two subcomponents, HA1 and HA3b, of Clostridium botulinum type B 16S toxin-haemagglutinin Microbiology. 151 2005 3739 3747 (Pubitemid 41632084)
    • (2005) Microbiology , vol.151 , Issue.11 , pp. 3739-3747
    • Lee, J.-C.1    Yokota, K.2    Arimitsu, H.3    Hwang, H.-J.4    Sakaguchi, Y.5    Cui, J.6    Takeshi, K.7    Watanabe, T.8    Ohyama, T.9    Oguma, K.10
  • 66
    • 57349190038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subunit stoichiometry of the Clostridium botulinum type A neurotoxin complex determined using denaturing capillary electrophoresis
    • M.A. Lietzow, E.T. Gielow, D. Le, J. Zhang, and M.F. Verhagen Subunit stoichiometry of the Clostridium botulinum type A neurotoxin complex determined using denaturing capillary electrophoresis Protein J 27 2008 420 425
    • (2008) Protein J , vol.27 , pp. 420-425
    • Lietzow, M.A.1    Gielow, E.T.2    Le, D.3    Zhang, J.4    Verhagen, M.F.5
  • 67
    • 37849017970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Botulinum toxin: Description of injection techniques and examination of controversies surrounding toxin diffusion
    • E.C. Lim, and R.C. Seet Botulinum toxin: description of injection techniques and examination of controversies surrounding toxin diffusion Acta Neurol Scand 117 2008 73 84
    • (2008) Acta Neurol Scand , vol.117 , pp. 73-84
    • Lim, E.C.1    Seet, R.C.2
  • 68
    • 33645212684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The synaptic vesicle protein 2C mediates the uptake of botulinum neurotoxin A into phrenic nerves
    • S. Mahrhold, A. Rummel, H. Bigalke, B. Davletov, and T. Binz The synaptic vesicle protein 2C mediates the uptake of botulinum neurotoxin A into phrenic nerves FEBS Lett 580 2006 2011 2014
    • (2006) FEBS Lett , vol.580 , pp. 2011-2014
    • Mahrhold, S.1    Rummel, A.2    Bigalke, H.3    Davletov, B.4    Binz, T.5
  • 69
    • 38049150493 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The HA proteins of botulinum toxin disrupt intestinal epithelial intercellular junctions to increase toxin absorption
    • T. Matsumura, Y. Jin, Y. Kabumoto, Y. Takegahara, K. Oguma, W.I. Lencer, et al. The HA proteins of botulinum toxin disrupt intestinal epithelial intercellular junctions to increase toxin absorption Cell Microbiol 10 2008 355 364
    • (2008) Cell Microbiol , vol.10 , pp. 355-364
    • Matsumura, T.1    Jin, Y.2    Kabumoto, Y.3    Takegahara, Y.4    Oguma, K.5    Lencer, W.I.6
  • 70
    • 0036146348 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Botulinum neurotoxins: From paralysis to recovery of functional neuromuscular transmission
    • DOI 10.1016/S0928-4257(01)00086-9, PII S0928425701000869
    • F.A. Meunier, G. Schiavo, and J. Molgó Botulinum neurotoxins: from paralysis to recovery of functional neuromuscular transmission J Physiol (Paris). 96 2002 105 113 (Pubitemid 34087038)
    • (2002) Journal of Physiology Paris , vol.96 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 105-113
    • Meunier, F.A.1    Schiavo, G.2    Molgo, J.3
  • 72
    • 18744410709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Botulinal neurotoxins: Revival of an old killer
    • DOI 10.1016/j.coph.2004.12.006, PII S147148920500038X
    • C. Montecucco, and J. Molgó Botulinal neurotoxins: revival of an old killer Curr Opin Pharmacol. 5 2005 274 279 (Pubitemid 40674251)
    • (2005) Current Opinion in Pharmacology , vol.5 , Issue.3 SPEC. ISS. , pp. 274-279
    • Montecucco, C.1    Molgo, J.2
  • 73
    • 34250004607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuromuscular paralysis and recovery in mice injected with botulinum neurotoxins A and C
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05529.x
    • L. Morbiato, L. Carli, E.A. Johnson, C. Montecucco, J. Molgó, and O. Rossetto Neuromuscular paralysis and recovery in mice injected with botulinum neurotoxins A and C Eur J Neurosci. 25 2007 2697 2704 (Pubitemid 46888844)
    • (2007) European Journal of Neuroscience , vol.25 , Issue.9 , pp. 2697-2704
    • Morbiato, L.1    Carli, L.2    Johnson, E.A.3    Montecucco, C.4    Molgo, J.5    Rossetto, O.6
  • 74
    • 0028134740 scopus 로고
    • Botulinum neurotoxin alters the discharge characteristics of abducens motoneurons in the alert cat
    • B. Moreno-Lopez, R.R. de La Cruz, A.M. Pastor, and J.M. Delgado-Garcia Botulinum neurotoxin alters the discharge characteristics of abducens motoneurons in the alert cat J Neurophysiol. 72 1994 2041 2044 (Pubitemid 24325122)
    • (1994) Journal of Neurophysiology , vol.72 , Issue.4 , pp. 2041-2044
    • Moreno-Lopez, B.1    De La Cruz, R.R.2    Pastor, A.M.3    Delgado-Garcia, J.M.4
  • 76
    • 50849114170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT-A) a novel therapy for lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic enlargement? A review of the literature
    • A. Oeconomou, H. Madersbacher, G. Kiss, T.J. Berger, M. Melekos, and P. Rehder Is botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT-A) a novel therapy for lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic enlargement? A review of the literature Eur Urol 54 2008 765 775
    • (2008) Eur Urol , vol.54 , pp. 765-775
    • Oeconomou, A.1    Madersbacher, H.2    Kiss, G.3    Berger, T.J.4    Melekos, M.5    Rehder, P.6
  • 77
    • 68849132535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biochemical, functional and potency characteristics of type A botulinum toxin in clinical use
    • N. Panjwani, O'Keeffe, and A. Pickett Biochemical, functional and potency characteristics of type A botulinum toxin in clinical use Botulinum J 1 2008 153 166
    • (2008) Botulinum J , vol.1 , pp. 153-166
    • Panjwani, N.1    O'Keeffe2    Pickett, A.3
  • 78
    • 0031559898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of botulinum neurotoxin type A on abducens motoneurons in the cat: Ultrastructural and synaptic alterations
    • DOI 10.1016/S0306-4522(97)00200-5, PII S0306452297002005
    • A.M. Pastor, B. Moreno-Lopez, R.R. de La Cruz, and J.M. Delgado-Garcia Effects of botulinum neurotoxin type A on abducens motoneurons in the cat: ultrastructural and synaptic alterations Neuroscience 81 1997 457 478 (Pubitemid 27382000)
    • (1997) Neuroscience , vol.81 , Issue.2 , pp. 457-478
    • Pastor, A.M.1    Moreno-Lopez, B.2    De La Cruz, R.R.3    Delgado-Garcia, J.M.4
  • 79
    • 33947601155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The protein load of therapeutic botulinum toxin
    • A. Pickett, R. O'Keeffe, and N. Panjwani The protein load of therapeutic botulinum toxin Eur J Neurol 14 2007 e11
    • (2007) Eur J Neurol , vol.14 , pp. 11
    • Pickett, A.1    O'Keeffe, R.2    Panjwani, N.3
  • 80
    • 43049106466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of type a botulinum toxin products in clinical use
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2710.2008.00904.x
    • A. Pickett, and D. Caird Comparison of type a botulinum toxin products in clinical use J Clin Pharm Ther. 33 2008 327 328 (Pubitemid 351629749)
    • (2008) Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics , vol.33 , Issue.3 , pp. 327-328
    • Pickett, A.1    Caird, D.2
  • 82
    • 0026018943 scopus 로고
    • Botulinum-induced changes in monkey eyelid muscle. Comparison with changes seen in extraocular muscle
    • J.D. Porter, S. Strebeck, and N.F. Capra Botulinum-induced changes in monkey eyelid muscle. Comparison with changes seen in extraocular muscle Arch Ophthalmol 109 1991 396 404
    • (1991) Arch Ophthalmol , vol.109 , pp. 396-404
    • Porter, J.D.1    Strebeck, S.2    Capra, N.F.3
  • 83
    • 67649292434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How do the botulinum neurotoxins block neurotransmitter release: From botulism to the molecular mechanism of action
    • B. Poulain, M.R. Popoff, and J. Molgó How do the botulinum neurotoxins block neurotransmitter release: from botulism to the molecular mechanism of action Botulinum J 1 2008 14 87
    • (2008) Botulinum J , vol.1 , pp. 14-87
    • Poulain, B.1    Popoff, M.R.2    Molgó, J.3
  • 85
    • 0029042106 scopus 로고
    • Physiological effects produced by botulinum toxin treatment of upper limb dystonia. Changes in reciprocal inhibition between forearm muscles
    • A. Priori, A. Berardelli, B. Mercuri, and M. Manfredi Physiological effects produced by botulinum toxin treatment of upper limb dystonia. Changes in reciprocal inhibition between forearm muscles Brain 118 1995 801 807
    • (1995) Brain , vol.118 , pp. 801-807
    • Priori, A.1    Berardelli, A.2    Mercuri, B.3    Manfredi, M.4
  • 87
    • 0029920995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extrafusal and intrafusal muscle effects in experimental botulinum toxin- A injection
    • DOI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4598(199604)19:4<488::AID-MUS9>3.0.CO;2-8
    • R.L. Rosales, K. Arimura, S. Takenaga, and M. Osame Extrafusal and intrafusal muscle effects in experimental botulinum toxin-A injection Muscle Nerve. 19 1996 488 496 (Pubitemid 26104299)
    • (1996) Muscle and Nerve , vol.19 , Issue.4 , pp. 488-496
    • Rosales, R.L.1    Arimura, K.2    Takenaga, S.3    Osame, M.4
  • 88
    • 33645099746 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacology of botulinum toxin: Differences between type A preparations
    • R.L. Rosales, H. Bigalke, and D. Dressler Pharmacology of botulinum toxin: differences between type A preparations Eur J Neurol. 13 Suppl 1 2006 2 10
    • (2006) Eur J Neurol , vol.13 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 2-10
    • Rosales, R.L.1    Bigalke, H.2    Dressler, D.3
  • 90
    • 3142735021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synaptotagmins I and II act as nerve cell receptors for botulinum neurotoxin G
    • DOI 10.1074/jbc.M403945200
    • A. Rummel, T. Karnath, T. Henke, H. Bigalke, and T. Binz Synaptotagmins I and II act as nerve cell receptors for botulinum neurotoxin G J Biol Chem. 279 2004 30865 30870 (Pubitemid 38938022)
    • (2004) Journal of Biological Chemistry , vol.279 , Issue.29 , pp. 30865-30870
    • Rummel, A.1    Karnath, T.2    Henke, T.3    Bigalke, H.4    Binz, T.5
  • 92
    • 22244474919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroscience: Distinct kinetic changes in neurotransmitter release after SNARE protein cleavage
    • DOI 10.1126/science.1112645
    • T. Sakaba, A. Stein, R. Jahn, and E. Neher Distinct kinetic changes in neurotransmitter release after SNARE protein cleavage Science. 309 2005 491 494 (Pubitemid 40994692)
    • (2005) Science , vol.309 , Issue.5733 , pp. 491-494
    • Sakaba, T.1    Stein, A.2    Jahn, R.3    Neher, E.4
  • 94
    • 0026548114 scopus 로고
    • Properties and use of botulinum toxin and other microbial neurotoxins in medicine
    • E.J. Schantz, and E.A. Johnson Properties and use of botulinum toxin and other microbial neurotoxins in medicine Microbiol Rev. 56 1992 80 99
    • (1992) Microbiol Rev , vol.56 , pp. 80-99
    • Schantz, E.J.1    Johnson, E.A.2
  • 95
    • 0026497466 scopus 로고
    • Tetanus and botulinum-B neurotoxins block neurotransmitter release by proteolytic cleavage of synaptobrevin
    • G. Schiavo, F. Benfenati, B. Poulain, O. Rossetto, P. Polverino de Laureto, B.R. DasGupta, et al. Tetanus and botulinum-B neurotoxins block neurotransmitter release by proteolytic cleavage of synaptobrevin Nature. 359 1992 832 835
    • (1992) Nature , vol.359 , pp. 832-835
    • Schiavo, G.1    Benfenati, F.2    Poulain, B.3    Rossetto, O.4    Polverino De Laureto, P.5    DasGupta, B.R.6
  • 97
    • 0024194826 scopus 로고
    • Systemic toxicity of botulinum toxin by intramuscular injection in the monkey
    • A.B. Scott, and D. Suzuki Systemic toxicity of botulinum toxin by intramuscular injection in the monkey Mov Disord 3 1988 333 335
    • (1988) Mov Disord , vol.3 , pp. 333-335
    • Scott, A.B.1    Suzuki, D.2
  • 98
    • 1342323663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of the Major Steps in Botulinum Toxin Action
    • DOI 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.44.101802.121554
    • L.L. Simpson Identification of the major steps in botulinum toxin action Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 44 2004 167 193 (Pubitemid 38263838)
    • (2004) Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology , vol.44 , pp. 167-193
    • Simpson, L.L.1
  • 100
    • 43049146299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of the neurotoxin complex genes in Clostridium botulinum A1-A4 and B1 strains: BoNT/A3, /Ba4 and /B1 clusters are located within plasmids
    • T.J. Smith, K.K. Hill, B.T. Foley, J.C. Detter, A.C. Munk, D.C. Bruce, et al. Analysis of the neurotoxin complex genes in Clostridium botulinum A1-A4 and B1 strains: BoNT/A3, /Ba4 and /B1 clusters are located within plasmids PLoS ONE 2 2007 e1271
    • (2007) PLoS ONE , vol.2
    • Smith, T.J.1    Hill, K.K.2    Foley, B.T.3    Detter, J.C.4    Munk, A.C.5    Bruce, D.C.6
  • 101
    • 76349114323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacterial protein toxins as biological weapons
    • J. Alouf M.R. Popoff, editors. 3rd ed. Academic Press San Diego
    • L.A. Smith Bacterial protein toxins as biological weapons J. Alouf M.R. Popoff, editors. The comprehensive sourcebook of bacterial protein toxins 3rd ed. 2006 Academic Press San Diego 1019 1030
    • (2006) The Comprehensive Sourcebook of Bacterial Protein Toxins , pp. 1019-1030
    • Smith, L.A.1
  • 102
    • 0017378439 scopus 로고
    • Intestinal absorption of botulinum toxins of different molecular sizes in rats
    • S. Sugii, I. Ohishi, and G. Sakaguchi Intestinal absorption of botulinum toxins of different molecular sizes in rats Infect Immun. 17 1977 491 496 (Pubitemid 8184173)
    • (1977) Infection and Immunity , vol.17 , Issue.3 , pp. 491-496
    • Sugii, S.1    Ohishi, I.2    Sakaguchi, G.3
  • 103
    • 0016678458 scopus 로고
    • Molecular construction of Clostridium botulinum type A toxins
    • S. Sugii, and G. Sakaguchi Molecular construction of Clostridium botulinum type A toxins Infect Immun. 12 1975 1262 1270
    • (1975) Infect Immun , vol.12 , pp. 1262-1270
    • Sugii, S.1    Sakaguchi, G.2
  • 105
    • 1542601414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intramuscular injection of 125I-botulinum neurotoxin-complex versus 125I-botulinum-free neurotoxin: Time course of tissue distribution
    • D.D. Tang-Liu, K.R. Aoki, J.O. Dolly, A. de Paiva, T.L. Houchen, L.F. Chasseaud, et al. Intramuscular injection of 125I-botulinum neurotoxin-complex versus 125I-botulinum-free neurotoxin: time course of tissue distribution Toxicon. 42 2003 461 469
    • (2003) Toxicon , vol.42 , pp. 461-469
    • Tang-Liu, D.D.1    Aoki, K.R.2    Dolly, J.O.3    De Paiva, A.4    Houchen, T.L.5    Chasseaud, L.F.6
  • 106
    • 34548317020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intraglandular application of botulinum toxin leads to structural and functional changes in rat acinar cells
    • DOI 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707375, PII 0707375
    • A. Teymoortash, F. Sommer, R. Mandic, S. Schulz, M. Bette, and G. Aumüller Intraglandular application of botulinum toxin leads to structural and functional changes in rat acinar cells Br J Pharmacol. 152 2007 161 167 (Pubitemid 47339910)
    • (2007) British Journal of Pharmacology , vol.152 , Issue.1 , pp. 161-167
    • Teymoortash, A.1    Sommer, F.2    Mandic, R.3    Schulz, S.4    Bette, M.5    Aumuller, G.6    Werner, J.A.7
  • 107
    • 0025131199 scopus 로고
    • Trophic interrelations at the neuromuscular junction as revealed by the use of botulinal neurotoxins
    • S. Thesleff, J. Molgó, and S. Tagerud Trophic interrelations at the neuromuscular junction as revealed by the use of botulinal neurotoxins J Physiol (Paris). 84 1990 167 173 (Pubitemid 20327512)
    • (1990) Journal de Physiologie , vol.84 , Issue.2 , pp. 167-173
    • Thesleff, S.1    Molgo, J.2    Tagerud, S.3
  • 108
    • 33745820860 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Botulinum toxin changes intrafusal feedback in dystonia: A study with the tonic vibration reflex
    • DOI 10.1002/mds.20801
    • C. Trompetto, A. Curra, A. Buccolieri, A. Suppa, G. Abbruzzese, and A. Berardelli Botulinum toxin changes intrafusal feedback in dystonia: a study with the tonic vibration reflex Mov Disord. 21 2006 777 782 (Pubitemid 44028296)
    • (2006) Movement Disorders , vol.21 , Issue.6 , pp. 777-782
    • Trompetto, C.1    Curra, A.2    Buccolieri, A.3    Suppa, A.4    Abbruzzese, G.5    Berardelli, A.6
  • 109
    • 0013602913 scopus 로고
    • Botulinus toxin: Effect on the central nervous system of man
    • H.R. Tyler Botulinus toxin: effect on the central nervous system of man Science. 139 1963 847 848
    • (1963) Science , vol.139 , pp. 847-848
    • Tyler, H.R.1
  • 110
    • 33144472842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Botulinum toxin treatment of extraocular muscles in rabbits results in increased myofiber remodeling
    • DOI 10.1167/iovs.05-0549
    • I. Ugalde, S.P. Christiansen, and L.K. McLoon Botulinum toxin treatment of extraocular muscles in rabbits results in increased myofiber remodeling Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 46 2005 4114 4120 (Pubitemid 44264612)
    • (2005) Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science , vol.46 , Issue.11 , pp. 4114-4120
    • Ugalde, I.1    Christiansen, S.P.2    McLoon, L.K.3
  • 111
    • 0002837246 scopus 로고
    • Über einen neuen anaeroben Bacillus und seine Beziehung zum Botulismus
    • E.P. van Ermengem Über einen neuen anaeroben Bacillus und seine Beziehung zum Botulismus Z Hyg Infektionskrankh. 26 1897 1 56
    • (1897) Z Hyg Infektionskrankh , vol.26 , pp. 1-56
    • Van Ermengem, E.P.1
  • 112
    • 0018489132 scopus 로고
    • A new anaerobic bacillus and its relation to botulism
    • English translation:
    • (English translation: Van Ermengem EP. A new anaerobic bacillus and its relation to botulism. Rev Infect Dis. 1979;1:701-19.).
    • (1979) Rev Infect Dis , vol.1 , pp. 701-719
    • Van Ermengem, E.P.1
  • 115
    • 0017701735 scopus 로고
    • The action of botulinum A neurotoxin on the inhibition by antidromic stimulation of the lumbar monosynaptic reflex
    • H. Wiegand, and H.H. Wellhöner The action of botulinum A neurotoxin on the inhibition by antidromic stimulation of the lumbar monosynaptic reflex Naunyn Schmiedebergs' Arch Pharmacol 298 1977 235 238 (Pubitemid 8140643)
    • (1977) Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology , vol.298 , Issue.3 , pp. 235-238
    • Wiegand, H.1    Wellhoener, H.H.2
  • 116
    • 0035087750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Remote F-wave changes after local botulinum toxin application
    • DOI 10.1016/S1388-2457(01)00478-3, PII S1388245701004783
    • K. Wohlfarth, M. Schubert, B. Rothe, J. Elek, and R. Dengler Remote F-wave changes after local botulinum toxin application Clin Neurophysiol 112 2001 636 640 (Pubitemid 32245637)
    • (2001) Clinical Neurophysiology , vol.112 , Issue.4 , pp. 636-640
    • Wohlfarth, K.1    Schubert, M.2    Rothe, B.3    Elek, J.4    Dengler, R.5
  • 117
    • 34147222256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurophysiological double-blind trial of A botulinum neurotoxin type a free of complexing proteins
    • DOI 10.1097/01.WNF.0000240951.18821.50, PII 0000282620070300000003
    • K. Wohlfarth, C. Müller, I. Sassin, G. Comes, and S. Grafe Neurophysiological double-blind trial of a botulinum neurotoxin type a free of complexing proteins Clin Neuropharmacol 30 2007 86 94 (Pubitemid 46581201)
    • (2007) Clinical Neuropharmacology , vol.30 , Issue.2 , pp. 86-94
    • Wohlfarth, K.1    Muller, C.2    Sassin, I.3    Comes, G.4    Grafe, S.5
  • 118
    • 67349097370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biological activity of two botulinum toxin type A complexes (Dysport and Botox) in volunteers: A double-blind, randomized, dose-ranging study
    • K. Wohlfarth, I. Schwandt, F. Wegner, T. Jürgens, G. Gelbrich, A. Wagner, et al. Biological activity of two botulinum toxin type A complexes (Dysport and Botox) in volunteers: a double-blind, randomized, dose-ranging study J Neurol 255 2008 1932 1939
    • (2008) J Neurol , vol.255 , pp. 1932-1939
    • Wohlfarth, K.1    Schwandt, I.2    Wegner, F.3    Jürgens, T.4    Gelbrich, G.5    Wagner, A.6
  • 119
    • 0026440986 scopus 로고
    • Clinical and laboratory comparison of botulism from toxin types A, B, and E in the United States, 1975-1988
    • B.A. Woodruff, P.M. Griffin, L.M. McCroskey, J.F. Smart, R.B. Wainwright, R.G. Bryant, et al. Clinical and laboratory comparison of botulism from toxin types A, B, and E in the United States, 1975-1988 J Infect Dis 166 1992 1281 1286
    • (1992) J Infect Dis , vol.166 , pp. 1281-1286
    • Woodruff, B.A.1    Griffin, P.M.2    McCroskey, L.M.3    Smart, J.F.4    Wainwright, R.B.5    Bryant, R.G.6
  • 120
    • 0037031826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Botulinum neurotoxin A activity is dependent upon the presence of specific gangliosides in neuroblastoma cells expressing synaptotagmin I
    • B.C. Yowler, R.D. Kensinger, and C.L. Schengrund Botulinum neurotoxin A activity is dependent upon the presence of specific gangliosides in neuroblastoma cells expressing synaptotagmin I J Biol Chem 277 2002 32815 32819
    • (2002) J Biol Chem , vol.277 , pp. 32815-32819
    • Yowler, B.C.1    Kensinger, R.D.2    Schengrund, C.L.3
  • 121
    • 0141483181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complete DNA sequences of the botulinum neurotoxin complex of Clostridium botulinum type A-Hall (Allergan) strain
    • DOI 10.1016/S0378-1119(03)00792-3
    • L. Zhang, W.J. Lin, S. Li, and K.R. Aoki Complete DNA sequences of the botulinum neurotoxin complex of Clostridium botulinum type A-Hall (Allergan) strain Gene 315 2003 21 32 (Pubitemid 37214894)
    • (2003) Gene , vol.315 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 21-32
    • Zhang, L.1    Lin, W.-J.2    Li, S.3    Aoki, K.R.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.